Map of Turkey | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide19891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023 | More stats

top of page


Background: the Ottoman Empire. Soon thereafter the country instituted secular laws to replace


top of page


Location

Geographic coordinates

Map reference

Area

Land boundaries:

Coastline: 7,200 km

Maritime claims
Extended economic zone: 200 nm in Black Sea only
Territorial sea: 6 nm (12 nm in Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea)

Climate: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior

Terrain: mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; central plateau (Anatolia)

Elevation

Natural resources: antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron ore

Land use: 30% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 12% meadows and pastures; 26% forest and woodland; 28% other; includes 3% irrigated

Irrigated land

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards

Geography
Note: strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas; Turkey and Norway only NATO members having a land boundary with the USSR


top of page


Population: 55,355,831 (July 1989), growth rate 2.1% (1989)

Nationality: noun - Turk(s; adjective - Turkish

Ethnic groups: 85% Turkish, 12% Kurd, 3% other

Languages: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic

Religions: 98% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 2% other (mostly Christian and Jewish)

Demographic profile

Age structure

Dependency ratios

Median age

Population growth rate

Birth rate: 30 births/1000 population (1989)

Death rate: 8 deaths/1000 population (1989)

Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1000 population (1989)

Population distribution

Urbanization

Major urban areas

Environment
Current issues: subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major river valleys in west; air pollution; desertification

Air pollutants

Sex ratio

Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate: 80 deaths/1000 live births (1989)

Life expectancy at birth: 63 years male, 66 years female (1989)

Total fertility rate: 3.7 children born/woman (1989)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density

Sanitation facility access

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures

Literacy: 70%

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education

Youth unemployment


top of page


Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Turkey

Government type: republican parliamentary democracy

Capital: Ankara

Administrative divisions: 67 provinces (iller, singular - il; Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak

Dependent areas

Independence: 29 October 1923 (from Ottoman Empire)

National holiday: Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923)

Constitution: 7 November 1982

Legal system: derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

International law organization participation

Citizenship

Suffrage: universal over age 19

Executive branch

Legislative branch: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie

Judicial branch

Political parties and leaders

International organization participation: ASSIMER, CCC, Council of Europe, EC (associate member), ECOSOC, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB - Islamic Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, NATO, OECD, OIC, Economic Cooperation Organization, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us: Ambassador Sukru ELEKDAG; Chancery at 1606 23rd Street NW, Washington DC 20,008; telephone (202) 387-3,200; there are Turkish Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York; US - Ambassador Robert STRAUSZ-HUPE; Embassy at 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara (mailing address is APO New York 9,254 - 0001; telephone Õ90å (4) 126 54 70; there are US Consulates General in Istanbul and Izmir, and a Consulate in Adana

Flag description: red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered on the hoist side

National symbols

National anthem

National heritage


top of page


Economy overview: The economic reforms that Turkey launched in 1980 continue to bring an impressive stream of benefits. The economy has grown steadily since the early 1980s, with real growth in per capita GDP increasing more than 6% annually. Agriculture remains the most important economic sector, employing about 60% of the labor force, accounting for almost 20% of GDP, and contributing about 25% to exports. Impressive growth in recent years has not solved all of the economic problems facing Turkey. Inflation and interest rates remain high, and a large budget deficit will continue to provide difficulties for a country undergoing a substantial transformation from a centrally controlled to a free market economy. The government has launched a multimillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which includes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The planned tapping of huge quantities of Euphrates water has raised serious concern in the downstream riparian nations of Syria and Iraq.

Real gdp purchasing power parity

Real gdp growth rate

Real gdp per capita ppp

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use

Gdp composition by sector of origin

Agriculture products: cotton, tobacco, cereals, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, livestock products; self-sufficient in food in most years; a legal producer of opium poppy for the pharmaceutical trade

Industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

Industrial production growth rate: 10% (1986)

Labor force:

Unemployment rate: 15.3% (1987)

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget: revenues $10.16 billion; expenditures $12.01 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.17 billion (FY86)

Public debt

Taxes and other revenues

Revenue

Fiscal year: calendar year

Current account balance

Inflation rate consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance

Exports: $10.2 billion (f.o.b., 1987)
Commodities: industrial products 70%, crops and livestock products 25%
Partners: FRG 19.4%, US 10.6%, Italy 7.8%, Iran 7.6%, Iraq 7.4%, Japan

Imports: $13.3 billion (c.i.f., 1987)
Commodities: crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, metals, pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics, rubber, mineral fuels, fertilizers, chemicals
Partners: FRG 15.9%, US 10.6%, Italy 7.8%, Iraq 6.9%, Japan 6.2%

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Debt external: $40.3 billion (1988)

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 1,796.8 (December 1988), 1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987), 674.5 (1986), 522.0 (1985)


top of page


Electricity access

Electricity production

Electricity consumption

Electricity exports

Electricity imports

Electricity installed generating capacity

Electricity transmission distribution losses

Electricity generation sources

Petroleum

Refined petroleum

Natural gas

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


top of page


Telephones fixed lines

Telephones mobile cellular

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet country code

Internet users

Broadband fixed subscriptions


top of page


Military expenditures
Dollar figure: $3.10 billion, 18.2% of central government budget (1988 est.)

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation

Space program

Terrorist groups


top of page


National air transport system

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports: 121 total, 114 usable; 68 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Airports with paved runways

Airports with unpaved runways

Heliports

Pipelines: 1,738 km crude oil; 2,321 km refined products; 708 km natural gas

Railways

Roadways

Waterways: about 1,200 km

Merchant marine: 338 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,902,804 GRT/4,903,531 DWT; includes 7 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 205 cargo, 1 container, 5 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 37 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 17 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 4 combination ore/oil, 52 bulk, 4 combination bulk

Ports and terminals


top of page


Disputes international: complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the USSR

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Illicit drugs