Map of Bangladesh | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background: Bangladesh came into existence in 1971 when Bengali East Pakistan seceded from its union with West Pakistan. A third of this desperately poor country annually floods during the monsoon rainy season hampering normal economic development.


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Location

Geographic coordinates

Map reference

Area

Land boundaries:

Coastline: 580 km

Maritime claims
Contiguous zone: 18 nm
Continental shelf: up to outer limits of continental margin
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate: tropical; cool, dry winter (October to March; hot, humid summer (March to June; cool, rainy monsoon (June to October)

Terrain: mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast

Elevation

Natural resources: natural gas, uranium, arable land, timber

Land use: 67% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 4% meadows and pastures; 16% forest and woodland; 11% other; includes 14% irrigated

Irrigated land

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards

Geography
Note: almost completely surrounded by India; Joint River Commission on water sharing with upstream riparian India


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Population: 114,718,395 (July 1989), growth rate 2.8% (1989)

Nationality: noun - Bangladeshi(s; adjective - Bangladesh

Ethnic groups: 98% Bengali; 250,000 Biharis, and less than 1 million tribals

Languages: Bangla (official), English widely used

Religions: 83% Muslim, about 16% Hindu, less than 1% Buddhist, Christian, and other

Demographic profile

Age structure

Dependency ratios

Median age

Population growth rate

Birth rate: 43 births/1000 population (1989)

Death rate: 15 deaths/1000 population (1989)

Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1000 population (1989)

Population distribution

Urbanization

Major urban areas

Environment
Current issues: vulnerable to droughts; much of country routinely flooded during summer monsoon season; overpopulation; deforestation

Air pollutants

Sex ratio

Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate: 138 deaths/1000 live births (1989)

Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male, 53 years female (1989)

Total fertility rate: 5.8 children born/woman (1989)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density

Sanitation facility access

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures

Literacy: 29% (39% men, 18% women)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education

Youth unemployment


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Country name: conventional long form: People's Republic of Bangladesh

Government type: republic

Capital: Dhaka

Administrative divisions: 21 districts (zillagulo, singular - zilla; Bandarban, Barisal, Bogra, Chittagong, Comilla, Dacca, Dinajpur, Faridpur, Jessore, Khulna, Kushtia, Mymensingh, Noakhali, Pabna, Patuakhali, Rajshahi, Ramgarh, Rangamati, Rangpur, Sylhet, Tangail; note - the administrative hierarchy may have been changed to 4 divisions divided into 21 regions (formerly known as districts), and subdivided into 64 districts divisions - (bibhaggulo, singular - bibhag) Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, and Rajshahi regions - (anchalgulo, singular - anchal) Bandarban, Barisal, Bogra, Chittagong, Chittagong Hill Tract, Comilla, Dhaka, Dinajpur, Faridpur, Jamalpur, Jessore, Khulna, Kushtia, Mymensingh, Noakhali, Pabna, Patuakhali, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Sylhet, and Tangail districts - (zillagulo, singular - zilla) Bagerhat, Bandarban, Barguna, Barisal, Bhola, Bogra, Brahmanbaria, Chandpur, Chittagong, Chuadanga, Comilla, Cox's Bazar, Dhaka, Dinajpur, Faridpur, Feni, Gaibandha, Gazipur, Gopalganj, Habiganj, Jamalpur, Jessore, Jhalakati, Jhenida, Jaipur Hat, Khagrachari, Khulna, Kishorganj, Kurigram, Kushtia, Lakshmipur, Lalmanir Hat, Madaripur, Magura, Manikganj, Meherpur, Maulvi Bazar, Munshiganj, Mymensingh, Naogaon, Narail, Narayanganj, Narsinghdi, Nator, Nawabganj, Netrakona, Nilphamari, Noakhali, Pabna, Panchagarh, Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Rajbari, Rajshahi, Rangamati, Rangpur, Satkhira, Shariytpur, Sherpur, Sirajganj, Sunamganj, Sylhet, Tangail, and Thakurgaom

Dependent areas

Independence: 16 December 1971 (from Pakistan; formerly East Pakistan)

National holiday: Independence Day, 26 March (1971)

Constitution: 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986; civil liberties curtailed under 27 November 1987 State of Emergency Declaration

Legal system: based on English common law, but suspended by the 27 November 1987 State of Emergency Declaration

International law organization participation

Citizenship

Suffrage: universal over age 18

Executive branch: Chief of State - President Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD (since 11 December 1983, elected 15 October 1986; Vice President A. K. M. Nural ISLAM (since 30 November 1986; Head of Government - Prime Minister Moudad AHMED (since 27 March 1988)

Legislative branch: Army, Navy, Air Force; paramilitary forces - Bangladesh Rifles, Bangladesh Ansars, Armed Police Reserve, Coastal Police

Judicial branch

Political parties and leaders

International organization participation: ADB, Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization, CCC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB - Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IRC, ITU, NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us: Ambassador A. H. S. Ataul KARIM; Chancery at 2,201 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington DC 20,007; telephone (202) 342-8,372 through 8,376; there is a Bangladesh Consulate General in New York; US - Ambassador Willard A. DE PREE; Embassy at Adamjee Court Building, 5th Floor, Motijheel Commercial Area, Dhaka (mailing address is G. P. O. Box 323, Ramna, Dhaka; telephone Õ88å (2) 237,161 through 237,163 or 235,093 through 235,099 or 235,081 through 235,089

Flag description: green with a large red disk slightly to the hoist side of center; green is the traditional color of Islam

National symbols

National anthem

National heritage


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Economy overview: The economy is based on the output of a narrow range of agricultural products, such as jute, which is the main cash crop and major source of export earnings. Bangladesh is hampered by a relative lack of natural resources, a rapid population growth of 2.8% a year, a limited infrastructure, and is highly vulnerable to natural disasters. Despite these constraints, real GDP averaged about 4% annually during 1981-86. One of the poorest nations in the world, alleviation of poverty remains the cornerstone of the government's development strategy. The agricultural sector contributes over 50% to GDP and 75% to exports, and employs over two-thirds of the labor force. Industry accounts for about 10% of GDP.

Real gdp purchasing power parity

Real gdp growth rate

Real gdp per capita

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use

Gdp composition by sector of origin

Agriculture products: accounts for about 50% of GDP and 75% of both employment and exports; imports 10% of food grain requirements; world's largest exporter of jute; commercial products - jute, rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane, potatoes, beef, milk, poultry; shortages include wheat, vegetable oils and cotton; fish catch 778,000 metric tons in 1986

Industries: jute manufacturing, food processing, cotton textiles, petroleum, urea fertilizer

Industrial production growth rate: 2.0% (FY88 est.)

Labor force:

Unemployment rate: 30% (FY88 est.)

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget: revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $3.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.6 billion (FY88)

Taxes and other revenues

Public debt

Revenue

Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

Inflation rate consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance

Exports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., FY88 est.)
Commodities: jute, tea, leather, shrimp, manufacturing
Partners: US 24%, Western Europe 22%, Middle East 9%, Japan 8%, Eastern Europe 7%

Imports: $2.9 billion (c.i.f., FY88 est.)
Commodities: food, petroleum and other energy, nonfood consumer goods, semiprocessed goods, and capital equipment
Partners: Western Europe 18%, Japan 14%, Middle East 9%, US 8%

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Debt external: $8.86 billion (December 1988)

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates: taka (Tk) per US$1 - 32.270 (January 1989), 31.733 (1988), 30.950 (1987), 30.407 (1986), 27.995 (1985)


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Electricity
Capacity: 1,570,000 kW capacity; 4,800 million kWh produced, 45 kWh per capita (1988)

Coal

Petroleum

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures
Dollar figure: $324.7 million, 19.9% of central government budget (FY89)

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports: 16 total, 13 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Heliports

Pipelines: 650 km natural gas

Railways

Roadways

Waterways: 5,150-8,046 km navigable waterways (includes 2,575-3,058 km main cargo routes)

Merchant marine: 45 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 297,721 GRT/450,308 DWT; includes 38 cargo, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 container, 3 bulk

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international: a portion of the boundary with India is in dispute

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Illicit drugs