Map of Yugoslavia | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
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Background


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Location

Geographic coordinates

Map reference

Area

Land boundaries:

Coastline: 3,935 km (including 2,414 km offshore islands)

Maritime claims
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation
Territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate: temperate; hot, relatively dry summers with mild, rainy winters along coast; warm summer with cold winters inland

Terrain: mostly mountains with large areas of karst topography; plain in north

Elevation

Natural resources: coal, copper, bauxite, timber, iron ore, antimony, chromium, lead, zinc, asbestos, mercury, crude oil, natural gas, nickel, uranium

Land use: 28% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 25% meadows and pastures; 36% forest and woodland; 8% other; includes 1% irrigated

Irrigated land

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards

Geography
Note: controls the most important land routes from central and western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish straits


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Population: 23,724,919 (July 1989), growth rate 0.6% (1989)

Nationality: noun - Yugoslav(s; adjective - Yugoslav

Ethnic groups: 36.3% Serb, 19.7% Croat, 8.9% Muslim, 7.8% Slovene, 7.7% Albanian, 5.9% Macedonian, 5.4% Yugoslav, 2.5% Montenegrin, 1.9% Hungarian, 3.9% other (1981 census)

Languages: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian (all official; Albanian, Hungarian

Religions: 50% Eastern Orthodox, 30% Roman Catholic, 9% Muslim, 1% Protestant, 10% other

Demographic profile

Age structure

Dependency ratios

Median age

Population growth rate

Birth rate: 15 births/1000 population (1989)

Death rate: 9 deaths/1000 population (1989)

Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1000 population (1989)

Population distribution

Urbanization

Major urban areas

Environment
Current issues: subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes

Air pollutants

Sex ratio

Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate: 25 deaths/1000 live births (1989)

Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 75 years female (1989)

Total fertility rate: 2.0 children born/woman (1989)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density

Sanitation facility access

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures

Literacy: 90.5%

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education

Youth unemployment


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Country name: conventional long form: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; abbreviated SFRY

Government type: Communist state, federal republic in form

Capital: Belgrade

Administrative divisions: 6 socialist republics (socijalisticke republike, singular - socijalisticka republika; Bosna i Hercegovina, Crna Gora, Hrvatska, Makedonija, Slovenija, Srbija

Dependent areas

Independence: 1 December 1918; independent monarchy established from the Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro, parts of the Turkish Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire

National holiday: Proclamation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 29 November (1945)

Constitution: 21 February 1974

Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

International law organization participation

Citizenship

Suffrage: universal over age 18

Executive branch: Ante MARKOVIC, President of the Federal Executive Council (since March 1989; nonrenewable four-year term expires May 1990; Janez DRNOVSEK (from Slovenia), Head of State; one-year rotating term expires May 1990

Legislative branch: Yugoslav People's Army - Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force, Civil Defense

Judicial branch

Political parties and leaders

International organization participation: ASSIMER, CCC, CEMA (observer but participates in certain commissions), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB - Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OECD (participant in some activities), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us: Ambassador Zivorad KOVACEVIC; Chancery at 2,410 California Street NW, Washington DC 20,008; telephone (202) 462-6,566; there are Yugoslav Consulates General in Chicago, Cleveland, New York, Pittsburgh, and San Francisco; US - Ambassador John D. SCANLAN; Embassy at Kneza Milosa 50, Belgrade; telephone Õ38å (11) 645-655; there is a US Consulate General in Zagreb

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red with a large red five-pointed star edged in yellow superimposed in the center over all three bands

National symbols

National anthem

National heritage


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Economy overview: Economic problems have bedeviled the country since Tito's death in 1980, when the economic boom of the 1970s, financed largely with foreign loans, came to an end. During the early 1980s the government responded to the urgings of the IMF and Western creditors and approved ambitious economic reform programs that emphasized the role of market forces. However, Yugoslavia has failed to make good on the programs. Inflation and unemployment remain among the highest in Europe. Half of GDP comes from industry and 14% from agriculture, including fisheries and forestry. Socialized enterprise dominates industry, while over 80% of the agricultural land is privately owned.

Real gdp purchasing power parity

Real gdp growth rate

Real gdp per capita

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use

Gdp composition by sector of origin

Agriculture products: diversified with many small private holdings and large combines; main crops - corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, sunflowers; occasionally a net exporter of corn, tobacco, foodstuffs, live animals

Industries: metallurgy, machinery and equipment, petroleum, chemicals, textiles, wood processing, food processing, pulp and paper, motor vehicles, building materials

Industrial production growth rate: - 1.0% (1988 est.)

Labor force: 9,600,000; 22% agriculture, 27% mining and manufacturing; about 5% of labor force are guest workers in Western Europe (1986)

Unemployment rate: 15% (1988)

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget: revenues $4.5 billion; expenditures $4.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989)

Taxes and other revenues

Public debt

Revenue

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance

Exports: $11.4 billion (f.o.b., 1987)
Commodities: raw materials and semimanufactures 50%, consumer goods 31%, capital goods and equipment 19%
Partners: EC 30%, CEMA 45%, less developed countries 14%, US 5%, other 6%

Imports: $12.6 billion (c.i.f., 1987)
Commodities: raw materials and semimanufactures 79%, capital goods and equipment 15%, consumer goods 6%
Partners: EC 30%, CEMA 45%, less developed countries 14%, US 5%, other 6%

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Debt external: $20.5 billion, medium and long term debt (1987)

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates: Yugoslav dinars (YD) per US$1 - 5,557.7 (January 1989), 2,522.6 (1988), 737.0 (1987), 379.2 (1986), 270.2 (1985)


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Electricity
Capacity: 20,000,000 kW capacity; 83,500 million kWh produced, 3,540 kWh per capita (1988)

Coal

Petroleum

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures
Dollar figure: 14.8 trillion dinars, 4.94% of national income (1989 est.), note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports: 184 total, 184 usable; 54 with permanent-surface runways; 23 with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Heliports

Pipelines: 1,373 km crude oil; 2,900 km natural gas; 150 km refined products

Railways

Roadways

Waterways: 2,600 km (1982)

Merchant marine: 269 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,404,598 GRT/5,439,336 DWT; includes 4 passenger, 3 short-sea passenger, 134 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 15 container, 14 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 multifunction heavy-lift carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 9 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 1 combination ore/oil, 72 bulk, 8 combination bulk; note - Yugoslavia owns 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 238,000 GRT/347,171 DWT under the registry of Liberia and Panama

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international: Kosovo question with Albania; Macedonia question with Bulgaria and Greece; Trieste question with Italy

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Illicit drugs