Map of Yugoslavia | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

Background


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Location

Geographic coordinates

Map reference

Area

Land boundaries: 2,961 km total; Albania 486 km, Austria 311 km, Bulgaria 539 km, Greece 246 km, Hungary 631 km, Italy 202 km, Romania 546 km

Coastline: 3,935 km (including 2,414 km offshore islands)

Maritime claims
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation
Territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate: temperate; hot, relatively dry summers with mild, rainy winters along coast; warm summer with cold winters inland

Terrain: mostly mountains with large areas of karst topography; plain in north

Elevation

Natural resources: coal, copper, bauxite, timber, iron ore, antimony, chromium, lead, zinc, asbestos, mercury, crude oil, natural gas, nickel, uranium

Land use: 28% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 25% meadows and pastures; 36% forest and woodland; 8% other; includes 1% irrigated

Irrigated land

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards

Geography
Note: controls the most important land routes from central and western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish straits Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Yugoslavia


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Population: 23,841,608 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)

Nationality: noun--Yugoslav(s; adjective--Yugoslav

Ethnic groups: 36.3% Serb, 19.7% Croat, 8.9% Muslim, 7.8% Slovene, 7.7% Albanian, 5.9% Macedonian, 5.4% Yugoslav, 2.5% Montenegrin, 1.9% Hungarian, 3.9% other (1981 census)

Languages: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian (all official; Albanian, Hungarian

Religions: 50% Eastern Orthodox, 30% Roman Catholic, 9% Muslim, 1% Protestant, 10% other

Demographic profile

Age structure

Dependency ratios

Median age

Population growth rate

Birth rate: 15 births/1000 population (1990)

Death rate: 9 deaths/1000 population (1990)

Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1000 population (1990)

Population distribution

Urbanization

Major urban areas

Environment
Current issues: subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes

Air pollutants

Sex ratio

Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate: 22 deaths/1000 live births (1990)

Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1990)

Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1990)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density

Sanitation facility access

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures

Literacy: 90.5%

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education

Youth unemployment


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Country name: conventional long form: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; abbreviated SFRY

Government type: Communist state, federal republic in form

Capital: Belgrade

Administrative divisions: 6 socialist republics (socijalisticke republike, singular--socijalisticka republika; Bosna I Hercegovina, Crna Gora, Hrvatska, Makedonija, Slovenija, Srbija; note--there are two autonomous provinces (autonomne pokajine, singular--autonomna pokajina) named Kosovo and Vojvodina within Srbija

Dependent areas

Independence: 1 December 1918; independent monarchy established from the Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro, parts of the Turkish Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire; SFRY proclaimed 29 November 1945

National holiday: Proclamation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 29 November (1945)

Constitution: 21 February 1974

Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

International law organization participation

Citizenship

Suffrage: at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18

Executive branch: Chief of State President of the Collective State Presidency Borisav JOVIC (from Srbija; one-year term expires 15 May 1991; Vice President of the Collective State Presidency--Stipe SUVAR (from Hrvatska; one-year term expires 15 May 1991; note--the offices of president and vice president rotate annually among members of the Collective State Presidency with the current vice president assuming the presidency and a new vice president selected from area which has gone the longest without filling the position (the current sequence is Srbija, Hrvatska, Crna Gora, Vojvodina, Kosovo, Makedonija, Bosna i Hercegovina, and Slovenija; Head of Government President of the Federal Executive Council Ante MARKOVIC (since 16 March 1989; Vice President of the Federal Executive Council Aleksandar MITROVIC (since 16 March 1989; Vice President of the Federal Executive Council Zivko PREGL (since 16 March 1989)

Legislative branch: Yugoslav People's Army--Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force, Civil Defense

Judicial branch: Federal Court (Savezna Sud), Constitutional Court

Political parties and leaders

International organization participation: ASSIMER, CCC, CEMA (observer but participates in certain commissions), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OECD (participant in some activities), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us: Ambassador Dzevad MUJEZINOVIC; Chancery at 2,410 California Street NW, Washington DC 20,008; telephone (202) 462-6,566; there are Yugoslav Consulates General in Chicago, Cleveland, New York, Pittsburgh, and San Francisco; US--Ambassador Warren ZIMMERMAN; Embassy at Kneza Milosa 50, Belgrade; telephone p38o (11) 645-655; there is a US Consulate General in Zagreb

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red with a large red five-pointed star edged in yellow superimposed in the center over all three bands Yugoslavia YugoslaviaYugoslavia

National symbols

National anthem

National heritage


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Economy overview: Tito's reform programs 20 years ago changed the Stalinist command economy to a decentralized semimarket system but a system that the rigid, ethnically divided political structure ultimately could not accommodate. A prominent feature of the reforms was the establishment of workers' self-management councils in all large plants, which were to select managers, stimulate production, and divide the proceeds. The general result of these reforms has been rampant wage-price inflation, substantial rundown of capital plant, consumer shortages, and a still larger income gap between the poorer southern regions and the relatively affluent northern provinces of Hrvatska and Slovenija. In 1988-89 the beleaguered central government has been reforming the reforms, trying to create an open market economy with still considerable state ownership of major industrial plants. These reforms have been moving forward with the advice and support of the International Monetary Fund through a series of tough negotiations. Self-management supposedly is to be replaced by the discipline of the market and by fiscal austerity, ultimately leading to a stable dinar. However, strikes in major plants, hyperinflation, and interregional political jousting have held back progress. According to US economic advisers, only a highly unlikely combination of genuine privatization, massive Western economic investment and aid, and political moderation can salvage this economy.

Real gdp purchasing power parity

Real gdp growth rate

Real gdp per capita

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use

Gdp composition by sector of origin

Agriculture products: diversified, with many small private holdings and large combines; main crops--corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, sunflowers; occasionally a net exporter of corn, tobacco, foodstuffs, live animals

Industries: metallurgy, machinery and equipment, petroleum, chemicals, textiles, wood processing, food processing, pulp and paper, motor vehicles, building materials

Industrial production growth rate: - 1% (1989 est.)

Labor force: 9,600,000; 22% agriculture, 27% mining and manufacturing; about 5% of labor force are guest workers in Western Europe (1986)

Unemployment rate: 15% (1989)

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget: revenues $6.4 billion; expenditures $6.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990)

Taxes and other revenues

Public debt

Revenue

Fiscal year: calendar year Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Yugoslavia

Inflation rate consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance

Exports: $13.1 billion (f.o.b., 1988)
Commodities: raw materials and semimanufactures 50%, consumer goods 31%, capital goods and equipment 19%
Partners: EC 30%, CEMA 45%, less developed countries 14%, US 5%, other 6%

Imports: $13.8 billion (c.i.f., 1988)
Commodities: raw materials and semimanufactures 79%, capital goods and equipment 15%, consumer goods 6%
Partners: EC 30%, CEMA 45%, less developed countries 14%, US 5%, other 6%

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Debt external: $17.0 billion, medium and long term (1989)

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates: Yugoslav dinars (YD) per US$1--118,568 (January 1990), 28,764 (1989), 2,523 (1988), 737 (1987), 379 (1986), 270 (1985; note--as of February 1990 the new dinar is linked to the FRG deutsche mark at the rate of 7 new dinars per 1 deustche mark


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Electricity
Capacity: 21,000,000 kW capacity; 87,100 million kWh produced, 3,650 kWh per capita (1989)

Coal

Petroleum

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures
Percent of gdp: 14.8 trillion dinars, 4.6% of national income (1989 est.), note--conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Yugoslavia

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports: 184 total, 184 usable; 54 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3.659 m; 22 with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Heliports

Pipelines: 1,373 km crude oil; 2,900 km natural gas; 150 km refined products

Railways

Roadways

Waterways: 2,600 km (1982)

Merchant marine: 270 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,608,705 GRT/5,809,219 DWT; includes 3 passenger, 4 short-sea passenger, 131 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 16 container, 14 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 multifunction large-load carrier, 9 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 73 bulk, 8 combination bulk; note--Yugoslavia owns 19 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 229,614 GRT/353,224 DWT under the registry of Liberia, Panama, and Cyprus

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international: Kosovo question with Albania; Macedonia question with Bulgaria and Greece

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Illicit drugs