Statistical information Russia 1992Russia

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Russia in the World

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Russia - Introduction 1992
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Background: The defeat of the Russian Empire in World War I led to the seizure of power by the communists and the formation of the USSR. The brutal rule of Josef STALIN (1924-53) strengthened Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 broke up the USSR into 15 independent republics. Since then Russia has struggled in its efforts to build a democratic political system and market economy to replace the strict social political and economic controls of the communist period.


Russia - Geography 1992
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Location

Geographic coordinates

Map reference

Area
Total: 17,075,200 km²
Land: 16,995,800 km²
Comparative: slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the US

Land boundaries:
20,139 km total; Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km,
China (southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 167 km,
Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 km


Coastline: 37,653 km

Maritime claims
Contiguous zone: NA nm
Continental shelf: 200-meter depth or to depth of exploitation
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Exclusive fishing zone: NA nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Disputes:
inherited disputes from former USSR including: sections of the boundary with China, a section of the boundary with Tajikistan; boundary with Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan
Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion of the Barents
Sea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation


Climate: ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

Terrain: broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions

Elevation

Natural resources: wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals; timber; note - formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources
Land use

Land use: NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest and woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigated

Irrigated land

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards

Geography


Russia - People 1992
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Population: 149,527,479 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992)

Nationality: noun - Russian(s; adjective - Russian

Ethnic groups:
Estonian NA%, Latvian NA%, Lithuanian NA%, Russian
NA%, other NA%


Languages:
Estonian NA%, Latvian NA%, Lithuanian NA%, Russian NA%, other
NA%


Religions: Russian Orthodox NA%, unknown NA%, none NA%, other NA%

Demographic profile
Age structure

Age structure

Dependency ratios

Median age

Population growth rate

Birth rate: 15 births/1000 population (1992)

Death rate: 11 deaths/1000 population (1992)

Net migration rate: 1 migrant/1000 population (1992)

Population distribution

Urbanization

Major urban areas

Environment
Current issues: despite its size, only a small percentage of land is arable and much is too far north; permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; catastrophic pollution of land, air, water, including both inland waterways and sea coasts
Current issues note: largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world

Air pollutants

Sex ratio

Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate: 31 deaths/1000 live births (1992)

Life expectancy at birth: 63 years male, 74 years female (1992)

Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1992)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density

Sanitation facility access

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures

Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education

Youth unemployment


Russia - Government 1992
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Country name
Conventional long form: Russian Federation

Government type: federation

Capital: Moscow

Administrative divisions:
20 autonomous republics (avtomnykh respublik, singular - automnaya respublika); Adygea (Maykop), Bashkortostan (Ufa),
Buryatia (Ulan-Ude), Checheno-Ingushetia (Groznyy), Chuvashia (Cheboksary),
Dagestan (Makhachkala), Gorno-Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Kabardino-Balkaria (Nal`chik), Kalmykia (Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), Karelia (Petrozavodsk), Khakassia (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola),
Mordvinia (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz; formerly Ordzhonikidze),
Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tuva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Yakutia (Yakutsk); 49 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Amur (Blagoveshchensk),
Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk,
Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kamchata (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy),
Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad (St. Petersburg),
Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhegorod (Nizhniy Novgorod; formerly
Gor'kiy), Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orel, Orenburg, Penza, Perm', Pskov,
Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara (formerly Kuybyshev),
Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver' (formerly Kalinin), Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladmir, Volgograd, Vologda,
Voronezh, Yaroslavl'; 6 krays (krayer, singular - kray); Altay (Barnaul),
Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol; note - the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg have oblast status; an administrative division has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); it is possible that 4 more administrative divisions will be added


Dependent areas

Independence:
24 August 1991, declared by Supreme Council (from Soviet
Union; formerly Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic); 1 December 1991 referendum on independence passed


National holiday: NA

Constitution: a new constitution is in the process of being drafted

Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

International law organization participation

Citizenship

Suffrage: universal at age 18
President: last held 12 June 1991 (next to be held 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA%
Congress of People's Deputies: last held March 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA%; seats - (1,063 total) number of seats by party NA
Supreme Soviet:
last held May 1990 (next to be held 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA%; seats - (252 total) number of seats by party
NA

Communists: NA

Executive branch:
president, vice president, Security Council,
President's Administration, Council of Ministers


Legislative branch: Congress of People's Deputies, Supreme Soviet

Judicial branch: Constitutional Court

Political parties and leaders

International organization participation:
CIS, CSCE, ESCAP, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IMF,
INTERPOL, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZG

Diplomatic representation:
Ambassador LUKIN; Chancery at 1125 16th
Street NW, Washington, DC 20,036; telephone (202) 628-7,551

US:
Ambassador Robert S. STRAUSS; Embassy at Ulitsa Chaykovskogo 19/21/23, Moscow (mailing address is APO AE 9,721); telephone 7 (095) 252-2,450 through 59; there is a consulate at St. Petersburg (formerly
Leningrad); future consulates will be in Yekaterinburg and Vladivostok


Diplomatic representation

Flag descriptionflag of Russia: tricolor; three equal bands of white (top), blue, red (bottom)

National symbols

National anthem

National heritage


Russia - Economy 1992
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Economy overview:
Russia, one of the world's largest economies, possesses a wealth of natural resources and a diverse industrial base. Within the now-dismantled USSR, it had produced 60% of total output, with 55% of the total labor force and 60% of the total capital stock. Russia depends on its world-class deposits of oil and gas not only for its own needs but also for vital hard currency earnings. Self-sufficient in coal and iron ore, it has a crude steel production capacity of about 95 million tons, second only to
Japan. Russia's machine-building sector - 60% of the old USSR's - lags behind world standards of efficiency and quality of product. Other major industrial sectors - chemicals, construction materials, light industry, and food processing - also suffer from quality problems, obsolescent capital equipment, and pollution. Consumer goods have had lower priority, and the product mix has not mirrored household preferences. Furthermore, the transition to a more market-oriented economy has disrupted channels of supply to factories and distribution outlets; substantial imports of foods and medical supplies have helped maintain minimum standards of consumption.
Russia inherited 70% of the former USSR's defense production facilities and is experiencing major social problems during conversion of many of these plants to civilian production. Russia produces almost half of the old USSR's farm products, but most warm-climate crops must be imported. Under the old
USSR, production of industrial and agricultural goods often was concentrated in a single firm or a single republic. Today, producing units often have lost their major customers and their major sources of supply, and the market institutions and incentives for adjusting to the new political and economic situations are only slowly emerging. Rank-and-file Russians will continue to suffer major deprivations in 1992 and beyond before the country begins to realize its great economic potential. The comprehensive economic reform program enacted in January 1992 faces many economic and political hurdles before it will lead to sustained economic growth.

GDP: purchasing power equivalent - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate - 9% (1991)

Real gdp purchasing power parity

Real gdp growth rate

Real gdp per capita

Gross national saving
Gdp composition by sector of origin

Gdp composition by end use

Gdp composition by sector of origin

Agriculture products: grain, meat, milk, vegetables, fruits; because of its northern location Russia does not grow citrus, cotton, tea, and other warm climate products

Industries: complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; ship- building; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables

Industrial production growth rate: -8% after adjustment for inflation due to shift to more expensive products, -2% before this adjustment (1991)

Labor force: 78,682,000 (1989); industry and construction 43.0%, agriculture and forestry 13.0%, transport and communication 7.9%, trade and distribution 7.9%, other 28.2%
Organized labor: NA
Labor force

Unemployment rate: NA%

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget: NA

Taxes and other revenues

Public debt

Revenue

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance

Exports: $58.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
Commodoties: petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, coal, nonferrous metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures
Partners: Western Europe, Japan, Eastern Europe

Imports: $43.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
Commodoties: machinery and equipment, chemicals, consumer goods, grain, meat, semifinished metal products
Partners: Western and Eastern Europe, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Debt external

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates: 150 rubles per US$1 (20 July 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations


Russia - Energy 1992
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Electricity
Production: 42,500 MW capacity; 1,100 billion kWh produced, 7,430 kWh per capita (1991)

Coal

Petroleum

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


Russia - Communication 1992
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Telephones

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


Russia - Military 1992
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Military expenditures
Percent of gdp: $NA, NA% of GDP

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation

Space program

Terrorist groups


Russia - Transportation 1992
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National air transport system

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports:
NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA
with runways over 3,659 m; NA
with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA
with runways 1,220-2,439 m


Heliports

Pipelines: crude oil and petroleum products 68,400 km, natural gas NA km

Railways

Roadways

Waterways: NA km perennially navigable

Merchant marine:
842 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,151,393
GRT/11,308,812 DWT; includes 494 cargo, 39 container, 2 barge carrier, 3 roll-on/float-off, 69 roll-on/roll-off, 131 petroleum tanker, 53 bulk cargo, 9 chemical tanker, 2 specialized liquid carriers, 17 combination ore/oil, 23 passenger

Civil air: NA major transport aircraft

Ports and terminals


Russia - Transnational issues 1992
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Disputes international

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Illicit drugs: illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; government has active eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe


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