Statistical information Russia 1993Russia

Map of Russia | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year:  | More stats

Russia in the World
Russia in the World

Bahia Principe Hotels Americas


Russia - Introduction 1993
top of page


Background: The defeat of the Russian Empire in World War I led to the seizure of power by the communists and the formation of the USSR. The brutal rule of Josef STALIN (1924-53) strengthened Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize communism but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 broke up the USSR into 15 independent republics. Since then Russia has struggled in its efforts to build a democratic political system and market economy to replace the strict social political and economic controls of the communist period.


Russia - Geography 1993
top of page


Location: Europe/North Asia, between Europe and the North Pacific Ocean

Geographic coordinates

Map reference:
Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian
States, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Standard Time
Zones of the World


Area
Total: 17,075,200 km²
Land: 16,995,800 km²

Land boundaries:
total 20,139 km, Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km,
Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km,
Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 167 km,
Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 km


Coastline: 37,653 km
Continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm

Maritime claims

Climate: ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

Terrain: broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions

Elevation

Natural resources: wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber
Land use

Land use

Irrigated land: 61,590 km² (1990)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards

Geography


Russia - People 1993
top of page


Population: 149,300,359 (July 1993 est.)
Growth rate: 0.21% (1993 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Russian(s)
Adjective: Russian

Ethnic groups:
Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%,
Bashkir 0.9%, Belarusian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1%


Languages: Russian, other
Total population: 100%
Male: 100%
Female: 100%

Religions: Russian Orthodox, Muslim, other

Demographic profile
Age structure

Age structure

Dependency ratios

Median age

Population growth rate: 0.21% (1993 est.)

Birth rate: 12.73 births/1000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate: 11.32 deaths/1000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate: 0.69 migrant(s)/1000 population (1993 est.)

Population distribution

Urbanization

Major urban areas

Environment
Current issues: despite its size, only a small percentage of land is arable and much is too far north for cultivation; permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; catastrophic pollution of land, air, water, including both inland waterways and sea coasts
Current issues note: largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world

Air pollutants

Sex ratio

Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate: 27.6 deaths/1000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 68.69 years
Male: 63.59 years
Female: 74.04 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density

Sanitation facility access

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures

Literacy

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education

Youth unemployment


Russia - Government 1993
top of page


Country name
Conventional long form: Russian Federation
Conventional short form: Russia
Local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
Local short form: Rossiya
Former: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

Government type: federation

Capital: Moscow

Administrative divisions:
21 autonomous republics (avtomnykh respublik, singular - avtomnaya respublika); Adygea (Maykop), Bashkortostan (Ufa),
Buryatia (Ulan-Ude), Chechenia, Chuvashia (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Gorno-Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria (Nal'chik), Kalmykia (Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), Karelia (Petrozavodsk), Khakassia (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola),
Mordvinia (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz; formerly Ordzhonikidze),
Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tuva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Yakutia (Yakutsk); 49 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk,
Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo,
Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov,
Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow,
Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod (formerly Gor'kiy), Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk,
Orel, Orenburg, Penza, Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara (formerly Kuybyshev), Saratov, Smolensk,
Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver' (formerly Kalinin),
Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'; 6 krays (krayev, singular - kray); Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar,
Krasnoyarsk, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol'
the autonomous republics of Chechenia and Ingushetia were formerly the automous republic of Checheno-Ingushetia (the boundary between Chechenia and Ingushetia has yet to be determined); the cities of Moscow and St.
Petersburg have oblast status; an administrative division has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); 4 more administrative divisions may be added


Dependent areas

Independence: 24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) being drafted

National holiday
Independence Day June 12 proreformers:
Christian Democratic Party, Aleksandr CHUYEV; Christian
Democratic Union of Russia, Aleksandr OGORODNIKOV; Democratic Russia Movement, pro-government faction, Lev PONOMAREV, Gleb YAKUNIN, Vladimir BOKSER;
Democratic Russia Movement, radical-liberal faction, Yuriy AFANAS'YEV, Marina
SAL'YE; Economic Freedom Party, Konstantin BOROVOY, Svyatoslav FEDOROV; Free
Labor Party, Igor' KOROVIKOV; Party of Constitutional Democrats, Viktor
ZOLOTAREV; Republican Party of Russia, Vladimir LYSENKO, Vyacheslav
SHOSTAKOVSKIY; Russian Democratic Reform Movement, Gavriil POPOV; Social

Democratic Party Boris ORLOV; Social Liberal Party Vladimir FILIN moderate reformers:
All-Russian Renewal Union (member Civic Union),
Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, Aleksandr VLADISLAVLEV; Democratic Party of Russia (member
Civic Union), Nikolay TRAVKIN, Valeriy KHOMYAKOV; People's Party of Free
Russia (member Civic Union), Aleksandr RUTSKOY, Vasiliy LIPITSKIY; Russian
Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, Arkadiy VOL'SKIY, Aleksandr

VLADISLAVLEV antireformers:
Communists and neo-Communists have 7 parties - All-Union
Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Nina ANDREYEVA; Labor Party, Boris
KAGARLITSKIY; Russian Communist Worker's Party, Viktor ANPILOV, Gen. Albert
MAKASHOV; Russian Party of Communists, Anatoliy KRYUCHKOV; Socialist Party of
Working People, Roy MEDVEDEV; Union of Communists, Aleksey PRIGARIN; Working
Russia Movement, Viktor ANPILOV; National Patriots have 6 parties -
Constitutional Democratic Party, Mikhail ASTAF'YEV; Council of People and
Patriotic Forces of Russia, Gennadiy ZYUGANOV; National Salvation Front,
Mikhail ASTAF'YEV, Sergey BABURIN, Vladimir ISAKOV, Il'ya KONSTANTINOV,
Aleksandr STERLIGOV; Russian Christian Democratic Movement, Viktor AKSYUCHITS;
Russian National Assembly, Aleksandr STERLIGOV; Russian National Union, Sergey
BABURIN, Nikolay PAVLOV; extremists have 5 parties - Liberal Democratic Party,
Vladimir ZHIRNOVKSKIY; Nashi Movement, Viktor ALKSNIS; National Republican
Party of Russia, Nikolay LYSENKO; Russian Party, Viktor KORCHAGIN; Russian
National Patriotic Front (Pamyat), Dmitriy VASIL'YEV


Constitution

Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

International law organization participation

Citizenship

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

Legislative branch: unicameral Congress of People's Deputies, bicameral Supreme Soviet

Judicial branch: Constitutional Court, Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders

International organization participation:
BSEC, CBSS, CCC, CERN (observer), CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ESCAP,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NACC, NSG, OAS (observer), PCA,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN
Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC


Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Vladimir Petrovich LUKIN
In the us chancery: 1125 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20,036
In the us telephone: (202) 628-7,551 and 8,548
In the us consulates general: New York and San Francisco
From the us chief of mission: (vacant)
From the us embassy: Ulitsa Chaykovskogo 19/21/23, Moscow
From the us mailing address: APO AE 9,721
From the us telephone: 7 (095) 252-2,450 through 2,459
From the us fax: 7 (095) 255-9,965
From the us consulates: St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad), Vladivostok

Flag descriptionflag of Russia: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red

National symbols

National anthem

National heritage


Russia - Economy 1993
top of page


Economy overview: Russia, a vast country with a wealth of natural resources and a diverse industrial base, continues to experience great difficulties in moving from its old centrally planned economy to a modern market economy. President YEL'TSIN's government made significant strides toward a market economy in 1992 by freeing most prices, slashing defense spending, unifying foreign exchange rates, and launching an ambitious privatization program. At the same time, GDP fell 19%, according to official statistics, largely reflecting government following the freeing of prices in January. The actual decline, however, may have been less steep, because industrial and agricultural enterprises had strong incentives to understate output to avoid taxes, and official statistics may not have fully captured the output of the growing private sector. Despite the large drop in output, unemployment at yearend stood at an estimated 3%-4% of Russia's 74-million-person labor force; many people, however, are working shortened weeks or are on forced leave. Moscow's financial stabilization program got off to a good start at the beginning of 1992 but began to falter by midyear. Under pressure from industrialists and the Supreme Soviet, the government loosened fiscal policies in the second half. In addition, the Russian Central Bank relaxed its tight credit policy in July at the behest of new Acting Chairman, Viktor GERASHCHENKO. This loosening of financial policies led to a sharp increase in prices during the last quarter, and inflation reached about 25% per month by yearend. The situation of most consumers worsened in 1992. The January price liberalization and a blossoming of private vendors filled shelves across the country with previously scarce food items and consumer goods, but wages lagged behind inflation, making such goods unaffordable for many consumers. Falling real wages forced most Russians to spend a larger share of their income on food and to alter their eating habits. Indeed, many Russians reduced their consumption of higher priced meat, fish, milk, vegetables, and fruit, in favor of more bread and potatoes. As a result of higher spending on food, consumers reduced their consumption of nonfood goods and services. Despite a slow start and some rough going, the Russian government by the end of 1992 scored some successes in its campaign to break the state's stranglehold on property and improve the environment for private businesses. More peasant farms were created than expected; the number of consumers purchasing goods from private traders rose sharply; the portion of the population working in the private sector increased to nearly one-fifth; and the nine-month-long slump in the privatization of small businesses was ended in the fall. Although the output of weapons fell sharply in 1992, most defense enterprises continued to encounter numerous difficulties developing and marketing consumer products, establishing new supply links, and securing resources for retooling. Indeed, total civil production by the defense sector fell in 1992 because of shortages of inputs and lower consumer demand caused by higher prices. Ruptured ties with former trading partners, output declines, and sometimes erratic efforts to move to world prices and decentralize trade - foreign and interstate - took a heavy toll on Russia's commercial relations with other countries. For the second year in a row, foreign trade was down sharply, with exports falling by as much as 25% and imports by 21%. The drop in imports would have been much greater if foreign aid - worth an estimated $8 billion - had not allowed the continued inflow of essential products. Trade with the other former Soviet republics continued to decline, and support for the ruble as a common currency eroded in the face of Moscow's loose monetary policies and rapidly rising prices throughout the region. At the same time, Russia paid only a fraction of the $20 billion due on the former USSR's roughly $80 billion debt; debt rescheduling remained hung up because of a dispute between Russia and Ukraine over division of the former USSR's assets. Capital flight also remained a serious problem in 1992. Russia's economic difficulties did not abate in the first quarter of 1993. Monthly inflation remained at double-digit levels and industrial production continued to slump. To reduce the threat of hyperinflation, the government proposed to restrict subsidies to enterprises; raise interest rates; set quarterly limits on credits, the budget deficit, and supply growth; and impose temporary taxes and cut spending if budget targets are not met. But many legislators and Central Bank officials oppose various of these austerity measures and failed to approve them in the first part of 1993.

Real gdp purchasing power parity

Real gdp growth rate

Real gdp per capita: $NA

Gross national saving
Gdp composition by sector of origin

Gdp composition by end use

Gdp composition by sector of origin

Agriculture products: grain, sugar beet, sunflower seeds, meat, milk, vegetables, fruits; because of its northern location does not grow citrus, cotton, tea, and other warm climate products

Industries: complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; ship- building; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables

Industrial production growth rate: growth rate -19% (1992)

Labor force: 75 million (1993 est.)
By occupation productionandeconomicservices: 83.9%
By occupation government: 16.1%
Labor force

Unemployment rate: 3%-4% of labor force (1 January 1993 est.)

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Taxes and other revenues

Public debt

Revenue

Fiscal year: calendar year electric traction; 71,300 km serves specific industry and is not available for common carrier use (31 December 1991)

Inflation rate consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance

Exports: $39.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992)
Commodoties: petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures
Partners: Europe

Imports: $35.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992)
Commodoties: machinery and equipment, chemicals, consumer goods, grain, meat, sugar, semifinished metal products
Partners: Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Debt external

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations


Russia - Energy 1993
top of page


Electricity
Production: 213,000,000 KW capacity; 1,014.8 billion kWh produced, 6,824 kWh per capita (1 January 1992)

Coal

Petroleum

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


Russia - Communication 1993
top of page


Telephones

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


Russia - Military 1993
top of page


Military expenditures
Percent of gdp: $NA, NA% of GDP

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation

Space program

Terrorist groups


Russia - Transportation 1993
top of page


National air transport system

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports: 2,550
Usable: 964
With permanent surface runways: 565
With runways over 3659 m: 19
With runways 2440-3659 m: 275
With runways 1220-2439 m: 426

Heliports

Pipelines: crude oil 72,500 km, petroleum products 10,600 km, natural gas 136,000 km (1992)

Railways

Roadways

Waterways: total navigable routes 102,000 km; routes with navigation guides serving the Russian River Fleet 97,300 km (including illumination and light reflecting guides; routes with other kinds of navigational aids 34,300 km; man-made navigable routes 16,900 km (31 December 1991)

Merchant marine:
865 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,073,954
GRT/11,138,336 DWT; includes 457 cargo, 82 container, 3 multi-function large load carrier, 2 barge carrier, 72 roll-on/roll-off, 124 oil tanker, 25 bulk cargo, 9 chemical tanker, 2 specialized tanker, 16 combination ore/oil, 5 passenger cargo, 18 short-sea passenger, 6 passenger, 28 combination bulk, 16 refrigerated cargo


Ports and terminals


Russia - Transnational issues 1993
top of page


Disputes international
Inherited disputes from former USSR including:
sections of the boundary with China; boundary with Latvia, Lithuania, and
Estonia; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with
Norway over portion of the Barents Sea; has made no territorial claim in
Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation


Refugees and internally displaced persons

Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption; government has active eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe


Trip.com


You found a piece of the puzzle

Please click here to complete it
TravelPro Europe