Statistical information Mongolia 1994
Mongolia in the World
top of pageBackground: Long a province of China Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. A communist regime was installed in 1924. During the early 1990s the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) gradually yielded its monopoly on power.
top of pageLocation: Northern Asia, between China and Russia
Geographic coordinatesMap reference:
Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldAreaTotal area total: 1.565 million km²
Land: 1.565 million km²
Land boundaries: total 8,114 km, China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none; landlocked
Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in southeast
ElevationNatural resources: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold
Land useArable land: 1%
Permanent crops: 0%
Meadows and pastures: 79%
Forest and woodland: 10%
Other: 10%
Irrigated land: 770 km² (1989)
Major riversMajor watersheds area km²Total water withdrawalTotal renewable water resourcesNatural hazards: NA
GeographyNote: landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia
top of pagePopulation: 2,429,762 (July 1994 est.)
Growth rate: 2.61% (1994 est.)
Nationality: noun:Mongolian(s)
Ethnic groups: Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2%
Languages: Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, Chinese
Religions: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4%
Note: previously limited religious activity because of Communist regime
Demographic profileAge structureDependency ratiosMedian agePopulation growth rate: 2.61% (1994 est.)
Birth rate: 33.04 births/1000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate: 6.99 deaths/1000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1000 population (1994 est.)
Population distributionUrbanizationMajor urban areasEnvironmentCurrent issues: limited water resources; policies of the former communist regime promoting rapid urbanization and industrial growth have raised concerns about their negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal and the concentration of factories in Ulaanbaatar have severely polluted the air; deforestation, overgrazing, the converting of virgin land to agricultural production have increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification
Air pollutantsSex ratioMothers mean age at first birthMaternal mortality ratioInfant mortality rate: 43.4 deaths/1000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birthTotal population: 66.16 years
Male: 63.9 years
Female: 68.52 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate: 4.33 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rateDrinking water sourceCurrent health expenditurePhysicians densityHospital bed densitySanitation facility accessHiv/AidsMajor infectious diseasesObesity adult prevalence rateAlcohol consumptionTobacco useChildren under the age of 5 years underweightEducation expendituresLiteracyTotal population: NA%
Male: NA%
Female: NA%
School life expectancy primary to tertiary educationYouth unemploymenttop of pageCountry nameConventional long form: none
Conventional short form:local long form: none
local short form; Mongol Uls
Former: Outer Mongolia
Government type: republic
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities* (hotuud, singular - hot; Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
Dependent areasIndependence: 13 March 1921 (from China)
National holiday: National Day, 11 July (1921)
Constitution: adopted 13 January 1992
Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
International law organization participationCitizenshipSuffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branchChief of state: President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); election last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1997); results - Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (MNDP and MSDP) elected directly with 57.8% of the vote; other candidate Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP)
Head of government: Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August 1992); Deputy Prime Ministers Lhamsuren ENEBISH and Choijilsurengiyn PUREVDORJ (since NA)
Legislative branch: Mongolian People's Army (includes Internal Security Forces and Frontier Guards), Air Force
State Great Hural: elections first time held 28 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (76 total) MPRP 71, United Party 4, MSDP 1
Note: the People's Small Hural no longer exists
Judicial branch: Supreme Court serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts
Political parties and leadersInternational organization participation: AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representationFrom the us chief of mission: Ambassador Donald C. JOHNSON
From the us chancery: 2,833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20,007
From the us telephone: [976] (1) 329,095 through 329,606
From the us fax: (202) 298-9,227
From the us consulates general: New York
From the us embassy: address NA, Ulaanbaatar
From the us mailing address: Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region II, Big Ring Road; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96,521-0002
From the us FAX: [976] (1) 320-776
Flag description: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red, centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol)
National symbolsNational anthemNational heritagetop of pageEconomy overview: Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock - Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world. In past years extensive mineral resources had been developed with Soviet support; total Soviet assistance at its height amounted to 30% of GDP. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber and fishing are also important sectors. The Mongolian leadership is trying to make the transition from Soviet-style central planning to a market economy through privatization and price reform, and is soliciting support from international financial agencies and foreign investors. The economy, however, has still not recovered from the loss of Soviet aid, and the country continues to suffer substantial economic hardships.
Real gdp purchasing power parityReal gdp growth rate: -1.3% (1993 est.)
Real gdp per capita pppGross national savingGdp composition by sector of origin
Gdp composition by end useGdp composition by sector of originAgriculture products: accounts for about 35% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of the population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, but also cattle, camels, and horses; crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage
Industries: copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food and beverage, mining (particularly coal)
Industrial production growth rate: -15% (1992 est.), accounts for about 42% of GDP
Labor force: NA
By occupation: primarily herding/agricultural
By occupation note: over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor
Unemployment rate: 15% (1991 est.)
Youth unemploymentPopulation below poverty lineGini indexHousehold income or consumption by percentage shareDistribution of family income gini indexBudget: revenues:$NA
Public debtTaxes and other revenuesRevenueFiscal year: calendar year
Current account balanceInflation rate consumer pricesCentral bank discount rateCommercial bank prime lending rateStock of narrow moneyStock of broad moneyStock of domestic creditMarket value of publicly traded sharesCurrent account balanceExports: $355 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
Commodities: copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals
Partners: former CMEA countries 62%, China 17%, EC 8% (1992)
Imports: $501 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
Commodities: machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea
Partners: USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5%
Reserves of foreign exchange and goldDebt external: $16.8 billion (yearend 1990; 98.6% with USSR
Stock of direct foreign investment at homeStock of direct foreign investment abroadExchange rates: tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 150 (1 January 1993), 40 (1992), 7.1 (1991), 5.63 (1990), 3.00 (1989)
Note: the exchange rate 40 tughriks = 1US$ was introduced June 1991 and was in force to the end of 1992
top of pageElectricity accessElectricity production: 3,740 kWh
Electricity consumptionPer capita: 1,622 kWh (1992)
Electricity exportsElectricity importsElectricity installed generating capacityElectricity transmission distribution lossesElectricity generation sourcesPetroleumRefined petroleumNatural gasCarbon dioxide emissionsEnergy consumption per capitatop of pageTelephones fixed linesTelephones mobile cellularTelephone systemBroadcast mediaInternet country codeInternet usersBroadband fixed subscriptionstop of pageMilitary expendituresDollar figure: exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million of GDP, 1% of GDP (1992)
Military and security forcesMilitary service age and obligationSpace programTerrorist groupstop of pageNational air transport systemCivil aircraft registration country code prefixAirports: 81
Usable: 31
With permanentsurface runways: 11
With runways over 3659 m: fewer than 5
With runways 2440-3659 m: fewer than 20
With runways 1220-2439 m: 12
Airports with paved runwaysAirports with unpaved runwaysHeliportsPipelinesRailwaysRoadwaysWaterways: 397 km of principal routes (1988)
Merchant marinePorts and terminalstop of pageDisputes international: none
Refugees and internally displaced personsIllicit drugs