Map of Serbia and Montenegro | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
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Background: Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independent state, but this entity has not been formally recognized as a state by various countries including the U.S.; the U.S. view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation. Recently the Kosovo region has seen disturbances by groups demanding its independence.


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Location: Balkan State, Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria

Geographic coordinates

Map reference: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area
Total area total: 102,350 km²
Land: 102,136 km²

Land boundaries: total 2,246 km, Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia; 173 km with Motenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km

Coastline: 199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)

Maritime claims: territorial sea:12 nm

Climate: in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall; central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland

Terrain: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast; home of largest lake in former Yugoslavia, Lake Scutari

Elevation

Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome

Land use
Arable land: 30%
Permanent crops: 5%
Meadows and pastures: 20%
Forest and woodland: 25%
Other: 20%

Irrigated land: NA km²

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards: subject to destructive earthquakes

Geography
Note: controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast


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Population
Total: 10,759,897 (July 1994 est.)
Montenegro: 666,583 (July 1994 est.)
Serbia: 10,093,314 (July 1994 est.)
Growth rate Montenegro: 0.79% (1994 est.)
Growth rate Serbia: 0.54% (1994 est.)

Nationality: noun:Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s)

Ethnic groups: Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%, other 13%

Languages: Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%

Religions: Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%

Demographic profile

Age structure

Dependency ratios

Median age

Population growth rate
Montenegro: 0.79% (1994 est.)
Serbia: 0.54% (1994 est.)

Birth rate
Montenegro: 13.72 births/1000 population (1994 est.)
Serbia: 14.35 births/1000 population (1994 est.)

Death rate
Montenegro: 5.84 deaths/1000 population (1994 est.)
Serbia: 8.94 deaths/1000 population (1994 est.)

Net migration rate
Montenegro: 0 migrant(s)/1000 population (1994 est.)
Serbia: 0 migrant(s)/1000 population (1994 est.)

Population distribution

Urbanization

Major urban areas

Environment
Current issues: coastal water pollution from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube
International agreements: NA

Air pollutants

Sex ratio

Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate
Montenegro: 10.8 deaths/1000 live births (1994 est.)
Serbia: 21.4 deaths/1000 live births (1994 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Montenegro: *** No data for this item ***
Total population: 73.39 years
Male: 70.9 years
Female: 76.07 years (1994 est.)
Serbia: *** No data for this item ***

Total fertility rate
Montenegro: 1.74 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Serbia: 2.06 children born/woman (1994 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density

Sanitation facility access

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures

Literacy
Total population: NA%
Male: NA%
Female: NA%

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education

Youth unemployment


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Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form:

Government type: republic

Capital: Belgrade

Administrative divisions: 2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina; and 2 autonomous provinces*; Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*

Dependent areas

Independence: 11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formed as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - SFRY)

National holiday: NA

Constitution: 27 April 1992

Legal system: based on civil law system

International law organization participation

Citizenship

Suffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of Serbia (since 9 December 1990); Momir BULATOVIC is president of Montenegro (since 23 December 1990); Federal Assembly elected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993
Head of government: Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since 29 December 1992); Deputy Prime Ministers Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Asim TELACEVIC (since NA March 1993), Zeljko SIMIC (since NA 1993)

Legislative branch: People's Army - Ground Forces (internal and border troops), Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force, Civil Defense
Chamber of Republics: elections last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total; 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin)
Chamber of Citizens: elections last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of votes by party NA; seats (138 total; 108 Serbian, 30 Montenegrin) - SPS 73, SRS 33, DPSCG 23, SK-PJ 2, DZVM 2, independents 2, vacant 3

Judicial branch: Savezni Sud (Federal Court), Constitutional Court

Political parties and leaders

International organization participation

Diplomatic representation
From the us: US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations; the Embassy of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continues to function in the US
From the us chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Rudolf V. PERINA
From the us embassy: address NA, Belgrade
From the us mailing address: American Embassy Box 5,070, Unit 25,402, APO AE 9,213-5,070
From the us telephone: [38] (11) 645-655
From the us FAX: [38] (1) 645-221

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red

National symbols

National anthem

National heritage


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Economy overview: The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation has been followed by bloody ethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. Serbia and Montenegro faces major economic problems; output has dropped sharply, particularly in 1993. First, like the other former Yugoslav republics, it depended on its sister republics for large amounts of foodstuffs, energy supplies, and manufactures. Wide varieties in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the republics accentuate this interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a communist government that is primarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform. A further complication is the imposition of economic sanctions by the UN.

Real gdp purchasing power parity

Real gdp growth rate: NA%

Real gdp per capita: $1,000 (1993 est.)

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use

Gdp composition by sector of origin

Agriculture products: the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production of the former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and chicory; Vojvodina also produces fodder crops to support intensive beef and dairy production; Serbia proper, although hilly, has a well-distributed rainfall and a long growing season; produces fruit, grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock production (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo produces fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the mountainous pastures of Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat husbandry; Montenegro has only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the coast where a Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, grapes, and rice

Industries: machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals

Industrial production growth rate: -42% (1993 est.)

Labor force: 2,640,909
By occupation industry mining: 40%
By occupation agriculture: 5% (1990)

Unemployment rate: more than 60% (1993 est.)

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget: revenues:$NA

Taxes and other revenues

Public debt

Revenue

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance

Exports: $4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
Commodities: machinery and transport equipment 29%, manufactured goods 28.5%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 13.5%, chemicals 11%, food and live animals 9%, raw materials 6%, fuels and lubricants 2%, beverages and tobacco 1%
Partners: prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council trade partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; Italy, Germany, other EC, the FSU countries, East European countries, US

Imports: $6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
Commodities: machinery and transport equipment 26%, fuels and lubricants 18%, manufactured goods 16%, chemicals 12.5%, food and live animals 11%, miscellaneous manufactured items 8%, raw materials, including coking coal for the steel industry 7%, beverages, tobacco, and edible oils 1.5%
Partners: prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council the trade partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; the FSU countries, EC countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East European countries, US

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Debt external: $4.2 billion (1993 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates: Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 1,100,000 (15 June 1993), 28.230 (December 1991), 15.162 (1990), 15.528 (1989), 0.701 (1988), 0.176 (1987)


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Electricity
Capacity: 8,850,000 kW
Production: 42 billion kWh
Consumption per capita: 3,950 kWh (1992)

Coal

Petroleum

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures
Dollar figure: 245 billion dinars, 4%-6% of GDP (1992 est.), note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the prevailing exchange rate could produce misleading results

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports: 55
Usable: 51
With permanentsurface runways: 18
With runways over 3659 m: 0
With runways 2440-3659 m: 7
With runways 1220-2439 m: 11

Heliports

Pipelines: crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km

Railways

Roadways

Waterways: NA km

Merchant marine: bulk 19, bulk 2, cargo 16, combination ore/oil 1, conbination tanker/ore carrier 1, container 5, passenger ship 1
Montenegro: total 42 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 804,156 GRT/1,368,813 DWT (controlled by Montenegrin beneficial owners)
Serbia: total 3 (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 246,631 GRT/451,843 DWT (controlled by Serbian beneficial owners)

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international: Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia - Muslims seeking autonomy; disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian Republic

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Illicit drugs: NA