Statistical information Ethiopia 1996Ethiopia

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Ethiopia - Introduction 1996
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Background: on 28 May 1991 the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) toppled the authoritarian government of MENGISTU Haile-Mariam and took control in Addis Ababa; a new constitution was promulgated in December 1994 and national and regional popular elections were held in May and June 1995


Ethiopia - Geography 1996
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Location: Eastern Africa, west of Somalia

Geographic coordinates

Map reference

Area
Total: 1,127,127 km²
Land: 1,119,683 km²
Comparative: slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Land boundaries: Total 5,311 km, Djibouti 337 km, Eritrea 912 km, Kenya 830 km, Somalia 1,626 km, Sudan 1,606 km

Coastline: None_landlocked

Maritime claims: None; landlocked

Climate: Tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation

Terrain: High plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift Valley

Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Denakil -125 m
Extremes highest point: Ras Dashen Terara 4,620 m

Natural resources:
Small reserves of gold
Platinum
Copper
Potash

Land use

Land use
Arable land: 12%
Permanent crops: 1%
Permanent pastures: 41%
Forests and woodland: 24%
Other: 22%

Irrigated land: 1,620 km² (1989 est.)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards

Geography


Ethiopia - People 1996
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Population:
57,171,662 (July 1996 est.)
55,979,018 (July 1995 est.)

Growth rate:
2.72% (1996 est.)
3.09% (1995 est.)


Nationality
Noun: Ethiopian(s)
Adjective: Ethiopian

Ethnic groups:
Oromo 40%
Amhara and Tigrean 32%
Sidamo 9%
Shankella 6%
Somali 6%
Afar 4%
Gurage 2%
Other 1%


Languages: Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Orominga, Guaraginga, Somali, Arabic, English (major foreign language taught in schools)

Religions:
Muslim 45%-50%
Ethiopian Orthodox 35%-40%
Animist 12%
Other 5%


Demographic profile
Age structure

Age structure
0-14 years:
46% (male 13,116,158; female 13,080,276) (July 1996 est.)
46% (male 12,802,187; female 12,782,345) (July 1995 est.)

15-64 years:
51% (male 14,782,995; female 14,624,779) (July 1996 est.)
52% (male 14,511,342; female 14,352,059) (July 1995 est.)

65 years and over:
3% (male 728,808; female 838,646) (July 1996 est.)
2% (male 715,111; female 815,974) (July 1995 est.)


Dependency ratios

Median age

Population growth rate:
2.72% (1996 est.)
3.09% (1995 est.)


Birth rate:
46.05 births/1000 population (1996 est.)
46.68 births/1000 population (1995 est.)


Death rate:
17.53 deaths/1000 population (1996 est.)
15.77 deaths/1000 population (1995 est.)


Net migration rate: -1.36 migrant(s)/1000 population (1996 est.)
Note: Repatriation of Ethiopians who fled to Sudan, Kenya and Somalia for refuge from war and famine in earlier years, is expected to continue in 1996; entry into Ethiopia of Sudanese and Somalis fleeing the fighting in their own countries is also continuing in 1996

Population distribution

Urbanization

Major urban areas

Environment
Current issues: deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; famine
Current issues Natural hazards: geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts
International agreements: party to_Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified_Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban
International agreements note: Landlocked_entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 27 April 1993

Air pollutants

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
Under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
All ages:
1 male(s)/female (1996 est.) Infant Mortality Rate:122.8 deaths/1000 live births (1996 est.)
120.6 deaths/1000 live births (1995 est.)


Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 46.85 years (1996 est.), 50 years (1995 est.)
Male: 45.71 years (1996 est.), 48.28 years (1995 est.)
Female: 48.02 years (1996 est.), 51.78 years (1995 est.)

Total fertility rate:
7 children born/woman (1996 est.)
7.07 children born/woman (1995 est.)


Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density

Sanitation facility access

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures

Literacy
Definition: age 10 and over that can read and write (1995 est.)
Total population: 35.5%
Male: 45.5%
Female: 25.3%

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education

Youth unemployment


Ethiopia - Government 1996
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Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Ethiopia
Local long form: none
Local short form: Ityop'iya

Government type: Transitional government
Note: On 28 May 1991 the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) toppled the authoritarian government of MENGISTU Haile-Mariam and took control in Addis Ababa; a new constitution was promulgated in December 1994 and national and regional popular elections were held in May and June 1995

Capital: Addis Ababa

Administrative divisions: 9 ethnically-based administrative regions (astedader akababiwach, singular_astedader akababi) and 1 federal capital*:Addis Ababa*; Afar; Amhara; Benshangul/Gumaz; Gambela; Harar; Oromia; Somali; Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples; Tigray

Dependent areas

Independence: Oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world_at least 2,000 years

National holiday: National Day, 28 May (1991) (defeat of Mengistu regime)

Constitution: New constitution promulgated in December 1994

Legal system: NA

International law organization participation

Citizenship

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President NEGASSO Gidada (since NA August 1995) elected by the Council of People's Representatives following the elections of legislators in May and June 1995 1 june 1991_august 1995:President MELES Zenawi
Head of government: Prime Minister MELES Zenawi (since NA August 1995) designated by the party in power, EPRDF, following the elections of legislators in May and June 1995
Cabinet: Council of Ministers as provided in the December 1994 constitution; ministers are selected by the prime minister and approved by the Council of People's Representatives

Legislative branch: Federal Council:Upper chamber, having NA members, represents the ethnic interests of the regional governments and is elected by the regional assemblies Council of People's Representatives:Lower chamber, having 550 members, elected by popular vote
Note: both bodies have five-year terms of office; regional and national popular elections were held in May and June 1995; results - EPRDF swept nearly all seats

Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges are elected by the national legislature

Political parties and leaders

International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)

Diplomatic representation

Flag descriptionflag of Ethiopia:
The flag of Ethiopia has three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands.
Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the colors of her flag were so often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the pan-African colors


National symbols

National anthem

National heritage


Ethiopia - Economy 1996
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Economy overview: Ethiopia continues to face difficult economic problems as one of the poorest and least developed countries in Africa. Its economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for about half of GDP, 90% of exports, and 80% of total employment; coffee generates 60% of export earnings. The agricultural sector suffers from frequent periods of drought, poor cultivation practices, and deterioration of internal security conditions. The manufacturing sector is heavily dependent on inputs from the agricultural sector. Over 90% of large-scale industry, but less than 10% of agriculture, is state-run. The government is considering selling off a portion of state-owned plants and is implementing reform measures that are gradually liberalizing the economy. A major medium-term problem is the improvement of roads, water supply, and other parts of an infrastructure badly neglected during years of civil strife.

Real gdp purchasing power parity

Real gdp growth rate:
2.7% (1995 est.)
3% (1994 est.)


Real gdp per capita:
purchasing power parity_ $400 (1995 est.)
$380 (1993 est.)


Gross national saving
Gdp composition by sector of origin

Gdp composition by end use

Gdp composition by sector of origin

Agriculture products: Accounts for 45% of GDP; export crops of coffee and oilseeds are grown partly on state farms; estimated 50% of agricultural production is at subsistence level; principal crops and livestock_cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseeds, sugarcane, potatoes and other vegetables, hides and skins, cattle, sheep, goats

Industries:
Food processing
Beverages
Textiles
Chemicals
Metals processing
Cement


Industrial production growth rate: Growth rate -3.3% (FY91/92; accounts for 12% of GDP

Labor force: 18 million
By occupation Agriculture and animal husbandry: 80%
By occupation Government and services: 12%
By occupation Industry and construction: 8% (1985)
Labor force

Unemployment rate: NA

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $1.2 billion
Expenditures: $1.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $707 million (FY93/94)

Taxes and other revenues

Public debt

Revenue

Fiscal year: 8 July_7 July

Inflation rate consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance

Exports:
total value. $296 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.)
$219.8 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.)

Commodities:
Coffee
Leather products
Gold

Partners:
Germany
Japan
Saudi Arabia
France
Italy


Imports
Total value:
$972 million (c.i.f., 1994 est.)
$1.04 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.)

Commodities:
Capital goods
Consumer goods
Fuel

Partners:
U.S.
Germany
Italy
Saudi Arabia
Japan


Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Debt external: $3.7 billion (1993 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates: Birr (Br) per US$1_6.3200 (December 1995), 6.3200 (1995), 5.9500 (1994), 5.0000 (fixed rate 1992-93; fixed at 2.070 before 1992; note_official rate pegged to the US$


Ethiopia - Energy 1996
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Electricity
Capacity: 460,000 kW
Production: 1.3 billion kWh
Consumption per capita: 23 kWh (1993)

Coal

Petroleum

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


Ethiopia - Communication 1996
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Telephones

Telephone system: 100.000 telephones (1983 est.); open-wire and radio relay system adequate for government use
Local: NA
Intercity: open wire and microwave radio relay links
International: open-wire to Sudan and Djibouti; microwave radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; 3 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean) earth stations

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


Ethiopia - Military 1996
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Military expenditures
Dollar figure: $140 million, 4.1% of GDP (FY93/94)

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation

Space program

Terrorist groups


Ethiopia - Transportation 1996
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National air transport system

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports: 58
With paved runways over 3047 m: 2
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 3
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 1
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 1
With paved runways under 914 m: 6
With paved runways With unpaved runways over 3047 m: 2
With unpaved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 5
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 9
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 29 (1995 est.)

Heliports

Pipelines

Railways

Roadways

Waterways

Merchant marine
Total: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 62,627 GRT/88,908 DWT
Ships by type: cargo 8, oil tanker 2, roll-on/roll-off cargo 2 (1995 est.)

Ports and terminals


Ethiopia - Transnational issues 1996
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Disputes international

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Illicit drugs: Transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and Southeast Asia and destined for Europe and North America as well as cocaine destined for southern African markets; cultivates qat (chat) for local use and regional export


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