Map of Serbia and Montenegro | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
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Background: Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independent state, but this entity has not been formally recognized as a state by the US. The US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation.


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Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 21 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 102,350 km² (Serbia 88,412 km²; Montenegro 13,938 km²)
Land: 102,136 km² (Serbia 88,412 km²; Montenegro 13,724 km²)
Water: 214 km² (Serbia 0 km²; Montenegro 214 km²)
Comparative: slightly smaller than Kentucky (Serbia is slightly larger than Maine; Montenegro is slightly smaller than Connecticut)

Land boundaries
Total: 2,246 km
Border countries: (11) Albania 287 km; (114 km; with Serbia, 173 km; with Montenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km; (312 km; with Serbia, 215 km; with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km; (with Serbia), Croatia (north) 241 km; (with Serbia), Croatia (south) 25 km; (with Montenegro), Hungary 151 km; (with Serbia), The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 221 km; (with Serbia), Romania 476 km
Note: the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km

Coastline: 199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)

Maritime claims: NA

Climate: in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall; central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland

Terrain: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast

Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
Extremes highest point: Daravica 2,656 m

Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome

Land use
Arable land: NA%
Permanent crops: NA%
Permanent pastures: NA%
Forests and woodland: NA%
Other: NA%

Irrigated land: NA km²

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes

Geography
Note: controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast


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Population: 11,206,847 (Serbia_10,526,478; Montenegro_680,369) (July 1999 est.)
Note: all data dealing with population is subject to considerable error because of the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic cleansing
Growth rate: Serbia_0.02%; Montenegro_0.07% (1999 est.)
Below poverty line: NA%

Nationality
Noun: Serb(s); Montenegrin(s)
Adjective: Serbian; Montenegrin

Ethnic groups: Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%, other 13%

Languages: Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%

Religions: Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: Serbia_20% (male 1,102,109; female 1,025,069); Montenegro_21% (male 75,633; female 70,464)
15-64 years: Serbia_67% (male 3,538,689; female 3,483,192); Montenegro_68% (male 232,223; female 227,371)
65 years and over: Serbia_13% (male 595,200; female 782,219); Montenegro_11% (male 30,829; female 43,849) (July 1999 est.)

Dependency ratios

Median age

Population growth rate: Serbia_0.02%; Montenegro_0.07% (1999 est.)

Birth rate: Serbia_12.54 births/1000 population; Montenegro_ 13.19 births/1000 population (1999 est.)

Death rate: Serbia_9.68 deaths/1000 population; Montenegro_ 7.44 deaths/1000 population (1999 est.)

Net migration rate: Serbia_-2.65 migrants/1000 population; Montenegro_-5.09 migrants/1000 population (1999 est.)

Population distribution

Urbanization

Major urban areas

Environment
Current issues: pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube
International agreements party to: none of the selected agreements
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants

Sex ratio
At birth: Serbia_1.08 male(s)/female; Montenegro_1.08 male(s)/female
Under 15 years: Serbia_1.08 male(s)/female; Montenegro_1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: Serbia_1.02 male(s)/female; Montenegro_1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: Serbia_0.76 male(s)/female; Montenegro_0.70 male(s)/female
Total population: Serbia_0.99 male(s)/female; Montenegro_0.99 male(s)/female (1999 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate: Serbia_16.49 deaths/1000 live births; Montenegro_10.99 deaths/1000 live births (1999 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: Serbia_73.45 years; Montenegro_76.32 years
Male: Serbia_71.03 years; Montenegro_ 72.87 years
Female: Serbia_76.05 years; Montenegro_80.07 years (1999 est.)

Total fertility rate: Serbia_1.74 children born/woman; Montenegro_1.76 children born/woman (1999 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density

Sanitation facility access

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures

Literacy: NA

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education

Youth unemployment


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Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Serbia and Montenegro
Local long form: none
Local short form: Srbija-Crna Gora
Note: Serbia and Montenegro has self-proclaimed itself the "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" (FRY) but the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation

Government type: republic

Capital: Belgrade (Serbia), Podgorica (Montenegro)

Administrative divisions: 2 republics (republike, singular_republika; and 2 nominally autonomous provinces* (autonomn pokrajine, singular_autonomna pokrajina; Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*

Dependent areas

Independence: 11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or FRY formed as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or SFRY)

National holiday: St. Vitus Day, 28 June

Constitution: 27 April 1992

Legal system: based on civil law system

International law organization participation

Citizenship

Suffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Slobodan MILOSEVIC (since 23 July 1997); note_Milan MILUTINOVIC is president of Serbia (since 21 December 1997); Milo DJUKANOVIC is president of Montenegro (since 21 December 1997)
Head of government: Prime Minister Momir BULATOVIC (since 20 May 1998); Deputy Prime Ministers Nikola SAINOVIC (since 15 September 1995), Vuk DRASKOVIC (since 1 February 1999), Jovan ZEBIC (since 9 April 1998), and Vladan KUTLESIC (since 20 March 1997), Zoran LILIC (since 20 May 1998), Danilo VUKSANOVIC (since 20 May 1998)
Cabinet: Federal Executive Council
Elections: president elected by the Federal Assembly for a four-year term; election last held 23 July 1997 (next to be held NA 2001); prime minister appointed by the president
Election results: Slobodan MILOSEVIC elected president; percent of legislative vote_Slobodan MILOSEVIC 90%

Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly or Savezna Skupstina consists of the Chamber of Republics or Vece Republika (40 seats_20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin; members distributed on the basis of party representation in the republican assemblies to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Citizens or Vece Gradjana (138 seats -, 108 Serbian with half elected by constituency majorities and half by proportional representation, 30 Montenegrin with six elected by constituency and 24 proportionally; members serve four-year terms)
Elections: Chamber of Republics_last held 24 December 1996 (next to be held NA 2000); Chamber of Citizens_last held 3 November 1996 (next to be held NA 2000)
Election results: Chamber of Republics_percent of vote by party_NA; seats by party_NA; note_seats are filled on a proportional basis to reflect the composition of the legislatures of the republics of Montenegro and Serbia; Chamber of Citizens_percent of vote by party_NA; seats by party_SPS/JUL/ND 64, Zajedno 22, DPSCG 20, SRS 16, NS 8, SVM 3, other 5; note_Zajedno coalition includes SPO, DS, GSS

Judicial branch: Federal Court or Savezni Sud, judges are elected by the Federal Assembly for nine-year terms; Constitutional Court, judges are elected by the Federal Assembly for nine-year terms

Political parties and leaders

International organization participation: ICFTU, IOC, OPCW

Diplomatic representation
In the us: the US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations; the Embassy of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continues to function in the US
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Nebojsa VUJOVIC
In the us chancery: 2,410 California St. NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 462-6,566
From the us: the US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chief of Mission Richard M. MILES
From the us embassy: Kneza Milosa 50, 11,000 Belgrade
From the us mailing address: American Embassy, Belgrade, United States Department of State, Washington, DC 20,521-5,070 (pouch)
From the us telephone: [381] (11) 645,655
From the us FAX: [381] (11) 645,221

Flag description

National symbols

National anthem

National heritage


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Economy overview: The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation in 1991 has been followed by highly destructive warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. Output in Serbia and Montenegro dropped by half in 1992-93. Like the other former Yugoslav republics, it had depended on its sister republics for large amounts of energy and manufactures. Wide differences in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the republics accentuated this interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia is the continuation in office of a government that is primarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform. Hyperinflation ended with the establishment of a new currency unit in June 1993; prices were relatively stable from 1995 through 1997, but inflationary pressures resurged in 1998. Reliable statistics continue to be hard to come by, and the GDP estimate is extremely rough. The economic boom anticipated by the government after the suspension of UN sanctions in December 1995 has failed to materialize. Government mismanagement of the economy is largely to blame. Also, the Outer Wall sanctions that exclude Belgrade from international financial institutions and an investment ban and asset freeze imposed in 1998 because of Belgrade's repressive actions in Kosovo have added to economic difficulties.

Real gdp purchasing power parity

Real gdp growth rate: 3.5% (1998 est.)

Real gdp per capita ppp

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 25%
Industry: 50%
Services: 25% (1994 est.)

Agriculture products: cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives; cattle, sheep, goats

Industries: machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery; metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium; mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone; consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances; electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals

Industrial production growth rate: 8% (1997 est.)

Labor force: NA
By occupation industry: 41%
By occupation services: 35%
By occupation tradeandtourism: 12%
By occupation transportationandcommunication: 7%
By occupation agriculture: 5% (1994)

Unemployment rate: more than 35% (1995 est.)

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line: NA%

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $N/A
Expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Public debt

Taxes and other revenues

Revenue

Fiscal year: calendar year

Current account balance

Inflation rate consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance

Exports: $2.3 billion (1998 est.)
Commodities: manufactured goods, food and live animals, raw materials
Partners: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Imports: $3.9 billion (1998 est.)
Commodities: machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials
Partners: Germany, Italy, Russia

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Debt external: $11.2 billion (1995 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates: Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1_official rate:10.0 (December 1998), 5.85 (December 1997), 5.02 (September 1996), 1.5 (early 1995; black market rate:14.5 (December 1998), 8.9 (December 1997), 2 to 3 (early 1995)


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Electricity access

Electricity production: 36.155 billion kWh (1996)
By source fossil fuel: 63.44%
By source hydro: 36.56%
By source nuclear: 0%
By source other: 0% (1996)

Electricity consumption: 35.999 billion kWh (1996)

Electricity exports: 156 million kWh (1996)

Electricity imports: 0 kWh (1996)

Electricity installed generating capacity

Electricity transmission distribution losses

Electricity generation sources

Petroleum

Refined petroleum

Natural gas

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones fixed lines

Telephones mobile cellular

Telephone system
Domestic: NA
International: satellite earth station_1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Broadcast media

Internet country code

Internet users

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures
Dollar figure: $911 million (1999)
Percent of gdp: 6.5% (1999)

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports: 48 (Serbia 43, Montenegro 5) (1998 est.)
With paved runways total: 18
With paved runways over 3047 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 5 (Serbia 3, Montenegro 2)
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 5 (Serbia 4, Montenegro 1)
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)
With paved runways under 914 m: 4 (Serbia 4, Montenegro 0) (1998 est.)
With unpaved runways total: 30
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 14 (Serbia 13, Montenegro 1)
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 14 (Serbia 13, Montenegro 1) (1998 est.)

Airports with paved runways
Total: 18
Over 3047 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)
2438 to 3047 m: 5 (Serbia 3, Montenegro 2)
15-24 to 2437 m: 5 (Serbia 4, Montenegro 1)
914 to 1523 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)
Under 914 m: 4 (Serbia 4, Montenegro 0) (1998 est.)

Airports with unpaved runways
Total: 30
15-24 to 2437 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)
914 to 1523 m: 14 (Serbia 13, Montenegro 1)
Under 914 m: 14 (Serbia 13, Montenegro 1) (1998 est.)

Heliports

Pipelines: crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km

Railways
Total: 3,987 km
Standard gauge: 3,987 km 1.435-m gauge (1,377 km partially electrified since 1992) (1998)

Roadways

Waterways: NA km

Merchant marine: total:1 short-sea passenger (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,437 GRT/400 DWT (owned by Montenegro) (1998 est.)

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international: disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina over Serbian populated areas; Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian republic; Serbia and Montenegro is disputing Croatia's claim to the Prevlaka Peninsula in southern Croatia because it controls the entrance to Boka Kotorska in Montenegro; Prevlaka is currently under observation by the UN military observer mission in Prevlaka (UNMOP; the border commission formed by The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia and Montenegro in April 1996 to resolve differences in delineation of their mutual border has made no progress so far

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Illicit drugs: major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route