Map of Armenia | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background: Armenia prides itself on being the first state to formally adopt Christianity (early 4th century). Armenia has existed as a political entity for centuries with varying geographical boundaries and differing levels of political independence, but for much of its history it was under the sway of various empires including the Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Persian, Ottoman, and Russian. During World War I, the Ottoman Empire instituted a policy of forced resettlement coupled with other harsh practices targeting its Armenian subjects, especially those living in the eastern provinces of Anatolia, that resulted in at least 1 million Armenian deaths; these actions have been widely recognized as constituting genocide. During the early 19^th century, significant Armenian populations fell under Russian rule as a result of Russian military successes against the Persian (1813) and Ottoman (1828) empires. After the Bolshevik Revolution toppled the last Russian tsar in 1917, Armenia declared its independence in 1918, but was conquered by the Soviet Red Army in 1920. Armenia, along with Azerbaijan and Georgia, was initially incorporated into the USSR as part of the Transcaucasian Federated Soviet Socialist Republic; in 1936, the federated republic was separated into its three constituent entities, which were maintained until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.


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Location: Southwestern Asia, between Turkey (to the west) and Azerbaijan; note - Armenia views itself as part of Europe; geopolitically, it can be classified as falling within Europe, the Middle East, or both

Geographic coordinates: 40 00 N, 45 00 E

Map reference: Asia

Area
Total: 29,743 km²
Land: 28,203 km²
Water: 1,540 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than Maryland

Land boundaries
Total: 1,570 km
Border countries: (4) Azerbaijan 996 km; Georgia 219 km; Iran 44 km; Turkey 311 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: highland continental, hot summers, cold winters

Terrain: Armenian Highland with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing rivers; good soil in Aras River valley

Elevation
Highest point: Aragats Lerrnagagat' 4,090 m
Lowest point: Debed River 400 m
Mean elevation: 1,792 m

Natural resources: small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, bauxite

Land use
Agricultural land: 59.7% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 15.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 1.9% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 42% (2018 est.)
Forest: 9.1% (2018 est.)
Other: 31.2% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 1,554 km² (2020)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 650 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 190 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 1.99 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 7.77 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts

Geography
Note: landlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains; Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan) is the largest lake in this mountain range


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Population
Distribution: most of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the capital of Yerevan is home to more than five times as many people as Gyumri, the second largest city in the country: 2,989,091 (2023 est.)
Growth rate: -0.4% (2023 est.)
Below poverty line: 26.4% (2019 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Armenian(s)
Adjective: Armenian

Ethnic groups: Armenian 98.1%, Yezidi 1.2%, other 0.7% (2011 est.)

Languages: Armenian (official) 97.9%, Kurmanji (spoken by Yezidi minority) 1%, other 1.1%; note - Russian is widely spoken (2011 est.)
Major-language samples:

Religions: Armenian Apostolic Christian 92.6%, Evangelical Christian 1%, other 2.4%, none 1.1%, unspecified 2.9% (2011 est.)

Demographic profile: Armenia’s population peaked at nearly 3.7 million in the late 1980s but has declined sharply since independence in 1991, to just over 3 million in 2021, largely as a result of its decreasing fertility rate, increasing death rate, and negative net emigration rate. The total fertility rate (the average number of children born per woman) first fell below the 2.1 replacement level in the late 1990s and has hovered around 1.6-1.65 for over 15 years. In an effort to increase the country’s birth rate, the government has expanded its child benefits, including a substantial increase in the lump sum payment for having a first and second child and a boost in the monthly payment to mothers of children under two. Reversing net negative migration, however, remains the biggest obstacle to stabilizing or increasing population growth. Emigration causes Armenia not only lose individuals but also the children they might have. 

Age structure
0-14 years: 17.98% (male 282,055/female 255,313)
15-64 years: 67.53% (male 999,784/female 1,018,891)
65 years and over: 14.49% (2023 est.) (male 178,824/female 254,224)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 49.6
Youth dependency ratio: 30.6
Elderly dependency ratio: 19.1
Potential support ratio: 5.2 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 38.3 years (2023 est.)
Male: 36.9 years
Female: 39.8 years

Population growth rate: -0.4% (2023 est.)

Birth rate: 10.8 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate: 9.5 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Net migration rate: -5.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution: most of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the capital of Yerevan is home to more than five times as many people as Gyumri, the second largest city in the country

Urbanization
Urban population: 63.7% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 1.095 million YEREVAN (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; deforestation; pollution of Hrazdan and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a seismically active zone
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
International agreements signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 34.13 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 5.16 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 2.91 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 25.2 years (2019 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 27 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 11.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
Male: 13.4 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 10.2 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 76.4 years (2023 est.)
Male: 73.1 years
Female: 79.9 years

Total fertility rate: 1.65 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 57.1% (2015/16)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 100% of population
Improved rural: 100% of population
Improved total: 100% of population
Unimproved urban: 0% of population
Unimproved rural: 0% of population
Unimproved total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

Current health expenditure: 12.2% of GDP (2020)

Physicians density: 4.4 physicians/1,000 population (2017)

Hospital bed density: 4.2 beds/1,000 population (2014)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 100% of population
Improved urban rural: 84.6% of population
Improved urban total: 94.4% of population
Unimproved urban: 0% of population
Unimproved rural: 15.4% of population
Unimproved total: 5.6% of population (2020 est.)

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 20.2% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 3.77 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 0.52 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 2.78 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 25.5% (2020 est.)
Male: 49.4% (2020 est.)
Female: 1.5% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 2.6% (2015/16)

Education expenditures: 2.8% of GDP (2021 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.8%
Male: 99.8%
Female: 99.7% (2020)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 13 years
Male: 13 years
Female: 14 years (2021)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 36.1% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 34%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 38.7%


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Armenia
Conventional short form: Armenia
Local long form: Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun
Local short form: Hayastan
Former: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, Armenian Republic
Etymology: the etymology of the country's name remains obscure; according to tradition, the country is named after Hayk, the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and the great-great-grandson of Noah; Hayk's descendant, Aram, purportedly is the source of the name Armenia

Government type: parliamentary democracy; note - constitutional changes adopted in December 2015 transformed the government to a parliamentary system

Capital
Name: Yerevan
Geographic coordinates: 40 10 N, 44 30 E
Time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: name likely derives from the ancient Urartian fortress of Erebuni established on the current site of Yerevan in 782 B.C. and whose impressive ruins still survive

Administrative divisions: 11 provinces (marzer, singular - marz); Aragatsotn, Ararat, Armavir, Geghark'unik', Kotayk', Lorri, Shirak, Syunik', Tavush, Vayots' Dzor, Yerevan

Dependent areas

Independence: 21 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier dates: 321 B.C. (Kingdom of Armenia established under the Orontid Dynasty), A.D. 884 (Armenian Kingdom reestablished under the Bagratid Dynasty); 1198 (Cilician Kingdom established); 28 May 1918 (Democratic Republic of Armenia declared)

National holiday: Independence Day, 21 September (1991)

Constitution
History: previous 1915, 1978; latest adopted 5 July 1995
Amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; passage requires approval by the president, by the National Assembly, and by a referendum with at least 25% registered voter participation and more than 50% of votes; constitutional articles on the form of government and democratic procedures are not amendable; amended 2005, 2015, last in 2020; the Constitutional Reform Council formed in 2019 was dissolved in December 2021, and replaced by a new Constitutional Reform Council, whose members were officially appointed in late January 2022; the new council is expected to address the form of government, i.e. presidential or semi-presidential or parliamentary, and whether to merge the Court of Cassation with the Constitutional Court

Legal system: civil law system

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Armenia
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 3 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Vahagn KHACHATURYAN (since 13 March 2022)
Head of government: Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN (since 10 September 2021); Deputy Prime Ministers Mher GRIGORYAN (since 3 August 2021) and Tigran KHACHATRYAN (since 19 December 2022); note - Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN resigned on 25 April 2021 in advance of the 20 June 2021 parliamentary election; he was reappointed by the president on 2 August 2021 and sworn in on 10 September 2021
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
Elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly in 3 rounds if needed for a single 7-year term; election last held on 2-3 March 2022; prime minister indirectly elected by majority vote in 2 rounds if needed by the National Assembly
Election results:
Note: Nikol PASHINYAN was first elected prime minister on 8 May 2018 and reelected on January 2019; in response to a political crisis that followed Armenia's defeat in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in late 2020, PASHINYAN called an early legislative election for June 2021; his party won the election and PASHINYAN was elected to the prime ministership for a third time; his election was confirmed by the president on 2 August 2021, and he was sworn in on 10 September 2021

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral National Assembly (Parliament) or Azgayin Zhoghov (minimum 101 seats, with additional seats allocated as necessary and generally changing with each parliamentary convocation; current - 107; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by closed party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms; four mandates are reserved for national minorities; no more than 70% of the top membership of a party list can belong to the same sex; political parties must meet a 5% threshold and alliances a 7% threshold to win seats; at least three parties must be seated in the Parliament)
Elections: last held early on 20 June 2021 (next to be held in June 2,026)
Election results: percent of vote by party - Civil Contract 53.9%, Armenia Alliance 21%, I Have Honour Alliance 5.2%, other 19.9%; seats by party - Civil Contract 71, Armenia Alliance 29, I Have Honour Alliance 7; composition (as of August 2023) - men 69, women 38, percent of women 35.5%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Court of Cassation or Appeals Court (consists of the Criminal Chamber with a chairman and 5 judges and the Civil and Administrative Chamber with a chairman and 10 judges - with both civil and administrative specializations); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Court of Cassation judges nominated by the Supreme Judicial Council, a 10-member body of selected judges and legal scholars; judges appointed by the president; judges can serve until age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 4 appointed by the president, and 5 elected by the National Assembly; judges can serve until age 70
Subordinate courts: criminal and civil appellate courts; administrative appellate court; first instance courts; specialized administrative and bankruptcy courts

Political parties and leaders:

International organization participation: ADB, BSEC, CD, CE, CIS, CSTO, EAEC (observer), EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Lilit MAKUNTS (since 15 September 2021)
In the us chancery: 2,225 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 319-1976
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 319-2,982
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Kristina A. KVIEN (since 21 February 2023)
From the us embassy: 1 American Ave., Yerevan 0082

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange; the color red recalls the blood shed for liberty, blue the Armenian skies as well as hope, and orange the land and the courage of the workers who farm it

National symbols: Mount Ararat, eagle, lion; national colors: red, blue, orange

National anthem
Name: "Mer Hayrenik" (Our Fatherland)
Lyrics/music: Mikael NALBANDIAN/Barsegh KANACHYAN
Note: adopted 1991; based on the anthem of the Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918-1922) but with different lyrics

National heritage
Total World Heritage Sites: 3 (3 cultural)
Selected World Heritage Site locales:


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Economy overview: EEU-and CIS-member state but seeking more EU and US trade; business-friendly growth environments; stable monetary regime but vulnerable demand economy; key copper and gold exporter; persistent unemployment; large diaspora and remittances

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 76.7% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 14.2% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 17.3% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 4.1% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 38.1% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -50.4% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 16.7% (2017 est.)
Industry: 28.2% (2017 est.)
Services: 54.8% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: milk, potatoes, grapes, vegetables, tomatoes, watermelons, wheat, apples, cabbages, barley

Industries: brandy, mining, diamond processing, metal-cutting machine tools, forging and pressing machines, electric motors, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, jewelry, software, food processing

Industrial production growth rate: 3.4% (2021 est.)

Labor force: 1.153 million (2021 est.)

Unemployment rate:

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 36.1% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 34%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 38.7%

Population below poverty line: 26.4% (2019 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 25.2 (2020 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10%: 3.5%
Highest 10%: 25.7% (2014)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $3.258 billion (2019 est.)
Expenditures: $3.392 billion (2019 est.)
Surplus  or deficit: -4.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 21.86% (of GDP) (2020 est.)

Public debt:

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.28% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance:

Exports:
Note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.
Partners: Russia 22%, Switzerland 20%, China 7%, Bulgaria 6%, Iraq 5%, Serbia 5%, Netherlands 5%, Germany 5% (2019)
Commodities: copper ore, gold, liquors, iron alloys, tobacco (2021)

Imports:
Partners: Russia 29%, China 10%, Georgia 8%, Iran 6%, Turkey 5% (2019)
Commodities: natural gas, cars, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, diamonds (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification-total population: 100% (2021)
Installed generating capacity: 3.633 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 5,758,470,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 1.251 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Imports: 320 million kWh (2020 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 548 million kWh (2019 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 40.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 34.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 24.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 12,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 12,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 163 million metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 10,900 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 7,145 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Consumption: 2,537,497,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Imports: 2,514,220,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 6.354 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 12,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 1.364 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 4.978 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 53.019 million Btu/person (2019 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 365,649 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 3,599,278 (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 129 (2021 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: Armenia’s government-run Public Television network operates alongside 100 privately owned TV stations that provide local to near nationwide coverage; three Russian TV companies are broadcast in Armenia under interstate agreements; subscription cable TV services are available in most regions; several major international broadcasters are available, including CNN; Armenian TV completed conversion from analog to digital broadcasting in late 2016; Public Radio of Armenia is a national, state-run broadcast network that operates alongside 18 privately owned radio stations

Internet
Country code: .am
Users total: 2.212 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 79% (2021 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 430,407 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures:

Military and security forces: Armenian Republic Armed Forces: Armenian Army (includes land, air, air defense forces) (2023)
Note: the Police of the Republic of Armenia is responsible for internal security, while the National Security Service is responsible for national security, intelligence activities, and border control

Military service age and obligation: 18-27 for voluntary (men and women), contract (men and women) or compulsory (men) military service; contract military service is 3-12 months or 3 or 5 years; conscripts serve 24 months; men under the age of 36, who have not previously served as contract servicemen and are registered in the reserve, as well as women, regardless of whether they are registered in the reserve can be enrolled in contractual military service; all citizens aged 27 to 50 are registered in the military reserve and may be called to serve if mobilization is declared (2023)
Note: in 2023, Armenia approved six-month voluntary service for women, after which they have the option to switch to a five-year contract; previously, women served on a contract basis  
Note 2: as of 2021, conscripts comprised about half of the military's active personnel; as of 2020, women made up about 10% of the active duty military; the Armenian Army established its first all-women combat unit in 2020

Space program
Overview: seeks foreign providers for satellite communications, remote sensing (RS), and navigational services; otherwise relies on Russia for satellite needs; seeks to use RS satellite data for border control, emergency prevention and management, environmental protection/climate change monitoring, geology, road construction, urban planning, and other purposes; cooperates with a variety of foreign space agencies and industries, including those of China, the European Space Agency (and individual ESA member states such as Germany and Spain), India, Russia, and the US; has a state-owned company involved in satellite development and production (2023)
Overview note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in space programs

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 3 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 5

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: EK

Airports: 7 (2021)
With paved runways: 10
With paved runways civil airports: 2
With paved runways military airports: 0
With paved runways joint use (civil-military) airports: 1
With paved runways other airports: 7
With paved runways note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)
With unpaved runways: 1
With unpaved runways note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control

Heliports

Pipelines: 3,838 km gas (high and medium pressure) (2017)

Railways
Total: 686 km (2017)

Roadways
Total: 7,700 km (2019)
Urban: 3,780 km
Non-urban: 3,920 km

Waterways

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international:

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 27,929 (Azerbaijan) (mid-year 2022)
IDPs: 8,400 (2022)
Stateless persons: 816 (2022)

Illicit drugs: a transit country for illicit drugs with its location between source countries Afghanistan and Iran and the markets of Europe and Russia.