Map of Azerbaijan | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background: Azerbaijan - a secular nation with a majority-Turkic and majority-Shia Muslim population - was briefly independent (from 1918 to 1920) following the collapse of the Russian Empire; it was subsequently incorporated into the Soviet Union for seven decades. Since 1991, Azerbaijan has had a protracted conflict with Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region, populated largely by ethnic Armenians but incorporated into Soviet Azerbaijan as an autonomous oblast in the early 1920s. In the late Soviet period, an ethnic-Armenian separatist movement developed that sought to end Azerbaijani control over the region. Fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh began in 1988 and escalated after Armenia and Azerbaijan attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By the time a ceasefire took effect in May 1994, separatists, with Armenian support, controlled Nagorno‑Karabakh and seven surrounding Azerbaijani territories.


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Location: Southwestern Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Russia, with a small European portion north of the Caucasus range

Geographic coordinates: 40 30 N, 47 30 E

Map reference: Asia

Area
Total: 86,600 km²
Land: 82,629 km²
Water: 3,971 km²
Note: includes the exclave of Naxcivan Autonomous Republic and the Nagorno-Karabakh region; the final status of the region has yet to be determined
Comparative: about three-quarters the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Maine

Land boundaries
Total: 2,468 km
Border countries: (5) Armenia 996 km; Georgia 428 km; Iran 689 km; Russia 338 km; Turkey 17 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked); note - Azerbaijan borders the Caspian Sea (713 km)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: dry, semiarid steppe

Terrain: large, flat Kur-Araz Ovaligi (Kura-Araks Lowland, much of it below sea level) with Great Caucasus Mountains to the north, Qarabag Yaylasi (Karabakh Upland) to the west; Baku lies on Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) that juts into Caspian Sea

Elevation
Highest point: Bazarduzu Dagi 4,466 m
Lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
Mean elevation: 384 m

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, bauxite

Land use
Agricultural land: 57.6% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 22.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 2.7% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 32.1% (2018 est.)
Forest: 11.3% (2018 est.)
Other: 31.1% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 14,649 km² (2020)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 400 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 570 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 11.6 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 34.68 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: droughts

Geography
Note: both the main area of the country and the Naxcivan exclave are landlocked


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Population
Distribution: highest population density is found in the far eastern area of the country, in and around Baku; apart from smaller urbanized areas, the rest of the country has a fairly light and evenly distributed population: 10,420,515 (2023 est.)
Growth rate: 0.43% (2023 est.)
Below poverty line: 4.9% (2015 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Azerbaijani(s)
Adjective: Azerbaijani

Ethnic groups: Azerbaijani 91.6%, Lezghin 2%, Russian 1.3%, Armenian 1.3%, Talysh 1.3%, other 2.4% (2009 est.)
Note: the Nagorno-Karabakh region, which is part of Azerbaijan on the basis of the borders recognized when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, is populated almost entirely by ethnic Armenians; Azerbaijan has over 80 ethnic groups

Languages: Azerbaijani (Azeri) (official) 92.5%, Russian 1.4%, Armenian 1.4%, other 4.7% (2009 est.)
Major-language samples:
Note: Russian is widely spoken

Religions: Muslim 97.3% (predominantly Shia), Christian 2.6%, other <0.1, unaffiliated <0.1 (2020 est.)
Note: religious affiliation for the majority of Azerbaijanis is largely nominal, percentages for actual practicing adherents are probably much lower

Demographic profile: Azerbaijan’s citizenry has over 80 ethnic groups. The far eastern part of the country has the highest population density, particularly in and around Baku. Apart from smaller urbanized areas, the rest of the country has a fairly light and evenly distributed population. Approximately 57% of the country’s inhabitants lives in urban areas. While the population is continuing to grow, it is in the early stages of aging. The declining fertility rate - which has decreased from about 5.5 children per woman in the 1950s to less than the 2.1 replacement level in 2022 - combined with increasing life expectancy has resulted in the elderly making up a larger share of Azerbaijan’s populace. The percentage of elderly residents and the slowed growth and eventual shrinkage of the working-age population could put pressure on the country’s pension and healthcare systems. 

Age structure
0-14 years: 21.78% (male 1,192,608/female 1,077,302)
15-64 years: 69.64% (male 3,619,341/female 3,637,494)
65 years and over: 8.58% (2023 est.) (male 356,184/female 537,586)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 44.2
Youth dependency ratio: 34.7
Elderly dependency ratio: 9.7
Potential support ratio: 10.3 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 33.8 years (2023 est.)
Male: 32.2 years
Female: 35.4 years

Population growth rate: 0.43% (2023 est.)

Birth rate: 11.5 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate: 6.8 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution: highest population density is found in the far eastern area of the country, in and around Baku; apart from smaller urbanized areas, the rest of the country has a fairly light and evenly distributed population

Urbanization
Urban population: 57.6% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.38% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Note: data include Nagorno-Karabakh

Major urban areas
Population: 2.432 million BAKU (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: local scientists consider the Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) (including Baku and Sumqayit) and the Caspian Sea to be the ecologically most devastated area in the world because of severe air, soil, and water pollution; soil pollution results from oil spills, from the use of DDT pesticide, and from toxic defoliants used in the production of cotton; surface and underground water are polluted by untreated municipal and industrial wastewater and agricultural run-off
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 24.64 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 37.62 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 44.87 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.15 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.11 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
Total population: 1 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 24 years (2019 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 41 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 11.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
Male: 13.8 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 9.7 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 74.9 years (2023 est.)
Male: 72.4 years
Female: 77.8 years

Total fertility rate: 1.69 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 100% of population
Improved rural: 93.3% of population
Improved total: 97.1% of population
Unimproved urban: 0% of population
Unimproved rural: 6.7% of population
Unimproved total: 2.9% of population (2020 est.)

Current health expenditure: 4.6% of GDP (2020)

Physicians density: 3.17 physicians/1,000 population (2019)

Hospital bed density: 4.8 beds/1,000 population (2014)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban:
Unimproved urban:

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 19.9% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 1.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 0.36 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 0.94 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 24% (2020 est.)
Male: 47.9% (2020 est.)
Female: 0.1% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 4.9% (2013)

Education expenditures: 4.3% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.8%
Male: 99.9%
Female: 99.7% (2019)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 14 years
Male: 13 years
Female: 14 years (2021)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 16.5% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 14.4%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 18.9%


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Azerbaijan
Conventional short form: Azerbaijan
Local long form: Azarbaycan Respublikasi
Local short form: Azarbaycan
Former: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
Etymology: the name translates as "Land of Fire" and refers to naturally occurring surface fires on ancient oil pools or from natural gas discharges

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: Baku (Baki, Baky)
Geographic coordinates: 40 23 N, 49 52 E
Time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: does not observe daylight savings time
Etymology: the name derives from the Persian designation of the city "bad-kube" meaning "wind-pounded city" and refers to the harsh winds and severe snow storms that can hit the city
Note: at approximately 28 m below sea level, Baku's elevation makes it the lowest capital city in the world

Administrative divisions: 66 districts (rayonlar; rayon - singular), 11 cities (saharlar; sahar - singular);

Dependent areas

Independence: 30 August 1991 (declared from the Soviet Union); 18 October 1991 (adopted by the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan)

National holiday: Republic Day (founding of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan), 28 May (1918)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest adopted 12 November 1995
Amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or by at least 63 members of the National Assembly; passage requires at least 95 votes of Assembly members in two separate readings of the draft amendment six months apart and requires presidential approval after each of the two Assembly votes, followed by presidential signature; constitutional articles on the authority, sovereignty, and unity of the people cannot be amended; amended 2002, 2009, 2016

Legal system: civil law system

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: yes
Citizenship by descent only: yes
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October 2003); First Vice President Mehriban ALIYEVA (since 21 February 2017)
Head of government: Prime Minister Ali ASADOV (since 8 October 2019); First Deputy Prime Minister Yaqub EYYUBOV (since 13 February 2003)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds (if needed) for a 7-year term; a single individual is eligible for unlimited terms; election last held on 11 April 2018 (next to be held on 7 February 2024); prime minister and first deputy prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly; note - a constitutional amendment approved in a September 2016 referendum extended the presidential term from 5 to 7 years; a separate constitutional amendment approved in the same referendum also introduced the post of first vice-president and additional vice-presidents, who are directly appointed by the president; however, no additional vice-presidents have been appointed since the constitutional amendment was passed
Election results: Ilham ALIYEV reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Ilham ALIYEV (YAP) 86%, Zahid ORUJ (independent) 3.1%, other 10.9%
Note: OSCE observers noted shortcomings in the election, including a restrictive political environment, limits on fundamental freedoms, a lack of genuine competition, and ballot box stuffing

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral National Assembly or Milli Mejlis (125 seats, current 116; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)
Elections: last held early on 9 February 2020 (next to be held in 2025)
Election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - YAP 69, CSP 3, AVP 1, CUP 1, ADMP 1, PDR 1, Great Order 1, National Front Party 1, REAL 1, VP 1, Whole Azerbaijan Popular Front 1, party unknown 1, independent 41; composition as of August 2023 - men 94, women 22, percent of women 19%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, vice chairman, and 23 judges in plenum sessions and organized into civil, economic affairs, criminal, and rights violations chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Milli Majlis; judges appointed for 10 years; Constitutional Court chairman and deputy chairman appointed by the president; other court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the Milli Majlis to serve single 15-year terms
Subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal (replaced the Economic Court in 2002); district and municipal courts

Political parties and leaders:

International organization participation: ADB, BSEC, CD, CE, CICA, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Kahzar IBRAHIM (since 15 September 2021)
In the us chancery: 2,741 34th Street NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 337-3,500
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 337-5,911
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Hugo GUEVARA (since 29 June 2022)
From the us embassy: 111 Azadlig Avenue, AZ1007 Baku
From the us mailing address: 7,050 Baku Place, Washington, DC 20,521-7,050
From the us telephone: [994] (12) 488-3,300
From the us FAX: [994] (12) 488-3,330
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of sky blue (top), red, and green; a vertical crescent moon and an eight-pointed star in white are centered in the red band; the blue band recalls Azerbaijan's Turkic heritage, red stands for modernization and progress, and green refers to Islam; the crescent moon and star are a Turkic insignia; the eight star points represent the eight Turkic peoples of the world

National symbols: flames of fire; national colors: blue, red, green

National anthem
Name: "Azerbaijan Marsi" (March of Azerbaijan)
Lyrics/music: Ahmed JAVAD/Uzeyir HAJIBEYOV
Note: adopted 1992; although originally written in 1919 during a brief period of independence, "Azerbaijan Marsi" did not become the official anthem until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union

National heritage
Total World Heritage Sites: 4 (all cultural)
Selected World Heritage Site locales:


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Economy overview: oil-based economy; macroeconomic instabilities due to demand shocks; recent state bailout of largest lender; potential economic gains from Nagorno-Karabakh conflict; negatively impacted by COVID-19; investing in human capital to diversify and retain younger generation

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 57.6% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 11.5% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 23.6% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.5% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 48.7% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -42% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 6.1% (2017 est.)
Industry: 53.5% (2017 est.)
Services: 40.4% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: milk, wheat, potatoes, barley, tomatoes, watermelons, cotton, apples, maize, onions

Industries: petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, oilfield equipment; steel, iron ore; cement; chemicals and petrochemicals; textiles

Industrial production growth rate: 1.95% (2021 est.)

Labor force: 4.919 million (2021 est.)

Unemployment rate:

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 16.5% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 14.4%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 18.9%

Population below poverty line: 4.9% (2015 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 33.7 (2008)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10%: 3.4%
Highest 10%: 27.4% (2008)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $19.95 billion (2019 est.)
Expenditures: $16.001 billion (2019 est.)
Surplus  or deficit: -1.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 14.22% (of GDP) (2019 est.)

Public debt:

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance:

Exports:
Note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.
Partners: Italy 28%, Turkey 15%, Israel 7%, Germany 5%, India 5% (2017)
Commodities: crude petroleum, natural gas, refined petroleum, cotton, gold (2021)

Imports:
Partners: United Kingdom 17%, Russia 17%, Turkey 12%, China 6% (2019)
Commodities: gold, cars, refined petroleum, wheat, packaged medical supplies (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification-total population: 100% (2021)
Installed generating capacity: 7.677 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 21.027 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 1.491 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Imports: 137 million kWh (2020 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 2.226 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 94.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 4.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 19,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 19,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 711,700 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 107,500 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 679,900 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 7 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 138,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports: 46,480 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 5,576 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 23.075 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)
Consumption: 11.468 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)
Exports: 11.586 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)
Imports: 1.233 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)
Proven reserves: 1.699 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 35.389 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 29,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 12.863 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 22.497 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 64.416 million Btu/person (2019 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 1,641,150 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 10,817,071 (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 105 (2021 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: 3 state-run and 1 public TV channels; 4 domestic commercial TV stations and about 15 regional TV stations; cable TV services are available in Baku; 1 state-run and 1 public radio network operating; a small number of private commercial radio stations broadcasting; local FM relays of Baku commercial stations are available in many localities; note - all broadcast media is pro-government, and most private broadcast media outlets are owned by entities directly linked to the government

Internet
Country code: .az
Users total: 8.6 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 86% (2021 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 1,995,474 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 20 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures:

Military and security forces:
Note: the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the State Security Service (intelligence, counterterrorism) are responsible for internal security; the SSPS is under the president and provides protective services to senior officials, foreign missions, significant state assets, government buildings, etc; the National Guard also serves as a reserve for the Army

Military service age and obligation: 18-25 years of age for compulsory military service for men; 17-35 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; 18 months service for conscripts (2023)
Note: most of the military is made up of professional contract soldiers; as of 2018, women made up an estimated 3% of the active duty military

Space program
Overview: national space program largely focused on the acquisition and operation of satellites; operates foreign-built communications and remote sensing (RS) satellites; has two satellite ground control stations; cooperates with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of China, the European Space Agency (and individual member states such as France), Russia, and the US; Azercosmos is the largest satellite operator in the Caucasus region (2023)
Overview note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in space programs

Terrorist groups
Terrorist groups: Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)/Qods Force
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in terrorist organizations


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 42 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 44
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 2,279,546 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 44.09 million (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: 4K

Airports: 23 (2021)
With paved runways: 30
With paved runways civil airports: 4
With paved runways military airports: 5
With paved runways joint use (civil-military) airports: 1
With paved runways other airports: 20
With paved runways note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)
With unpaved runways: 7
With unpaved runways note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control

Heliports: 1 (2021)

Pipelines: 89 km condensate, 3,890 km gas, 2,446 km oil (2013)

Railways
Total: 2,944.3 km (2017)
Broad gauge: 2,944.3 km (2017) 1.520-m gauge (approx. 1,767 km electrified)

Roadways
Total: 24,981 km (2013)
Paved: (2013)
Unpaved: (2013)
Note: total roadway length has increased significantly and continues to grow due to the recovery of Armenian-held territories and related reconstruction efforts. No updated figure is currently available.

Waterways

Merchant marine
Total: 309 (2022)
By type: general cargo 38, oil tanker 44, other 227

Ports and terminals
Major seaports: Baku (Baki) located on the Caspian Sea


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Disputes international:

Refugees and internally displaced persons
IDPs: 659,000 (conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh; IDPs are mainly ethnic Azerbaijanis but also include ethnic Kurds, Russians, and Turks predominantly from occupied territories around Nagorno-Karabakh; includes IDPs' descendants, returned IDPs, and people living in insecure areas and excludes people displaced by natural disasters; around half the IDPs live in the capital Baku) (2022)
Stateless persons: 3,585 (2022)

Illicit drugs: limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption; small government eradication program; transit point for Southwest Asian opiates bound for Russia and to a lesser extent the rest of Europe