Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background: Bosnia and Herzegovina declared sovereignty in October 1991 and independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a "Greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that ended three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995).


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Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia

Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 18 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 51,197 km²
Land: 51,187 km²
Water: 10 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than West Virginia

Land boundaries
Total: 1,543 km
Border countries: (3) Croatia 956 km; Montenegro 242 km; Serbia 345 km

Coastline: 20 km

Maritime claims: NA

Climate: hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast

Terrain: mountains and valleys

Elevation
Highest point: Maglic 2,386 m
Lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
Mean elevation: 500 m

Natural resources: coal, iron ore, antimony, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower

Land use
Agricultural land: 42.2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 19.7% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 20.5% (2018 est.)
Forest: 42.8% (2018 est.)
Other: 15% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 30 km² (2012)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 310 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 37.5 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes

Geography
Note: within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro, and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in the east


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Population
Distribution: the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated: 3,807,764 (2023 est.)
Growth rate: -0.23% (2023 est.)
Below poverty line: 16.9% (2015 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)
Adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian

Ethnic groups: Bosniak 50.1%, Serb 30.8%, Croat 15.4%, other 2.7%, not declared/no answer 1% (2013 est.)
Note: Republika Srpska authorities dispute the methodology and refuse to recognize the results; Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam

Languages: Bosnian (official) 52.9%, Serbian (official) 30.8%, Croatian (official) 14.6%, other 1.6%, no answer 0.2% (2013 est.)
Major-language samples:

Religions: Muslim 50.7%, Orthodox 30.7%, Roman Catholic 15.2%, atheist 0.8%, agnostic 0.3%, other 1.2%, undeclared/no answer 1.1% (2013 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 13.14% (male 258,937/female 241,581)
15-64 years: 69% (male 1,319,995/female 1,307,304)
65 years and over: 17.86% (2023 est.) (male 277,555/female 402,392)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 48
Youth dependency ratio: 22.3
Elderly dependency ratio: 27.1
Potential support ratio: 3.7 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 44.4 years (2023 est.)
Male: 42.7 years
Female: 46.1 years

Population growth rate: -0.23% (2023 est.)

Birth rate: 8.3 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate: 10.3 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution: the northern and central areas of the country are the most densely populated

Urbanization
Urban population: 50.3% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 346,000 SARAJEVO (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution; deforestation and illegal logging; inadequate wastewater treatment and flood management facilities; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; land mines left over from the 1992-95 civil strife are a hazard in some areas
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
International agreements signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 26.19 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 21.85 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 2.92 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 27.7 years (2019 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 6 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 5.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
Male: 5.2 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 5 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 78.2 years (2023 est.)
Male: 75.3 years
Female: 81.4 years

Total fertility rate: 1.37 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 45.8% (2011/12)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 99.9% of population
Improved rural: 100% of population
Improved total: 99.9% of population
Unimproved urban: 0.1% of population
Unimproved rural: 0% of population
Unimproved total: 0.1% of population (2020 est.)

Current health expenditure: 9.8% of GDP (2020)

Physicians density: 2.16 physicians/1,000 population (2015)

Hospital bed density: 3.5 beds/1,000 population (2014)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban:
Unimproved urban:

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 17.9% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 5.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 4.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.47 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 0.62 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.17 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 35% (2020 est.)
Male: 42% (2020 est.)
Female: 28% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures: NA

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 98.1%
Male: 99.4%
Female: 98.1% (2021)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 14 years
Male: 14 years
Female: 15 years (2014)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 32.9% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 28.2%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 39.9%


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Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina
Local long form: none
Local short form: Bosna i Hercegovina
Former: People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Abbreviation: BiH
Etymology: the larger northern territory is named for the Bosna River; the smaller southern section takes its name from the German word "herzog," meaning "duke," and the ending "-ovina," meaning "land," forming the combination denoting "dukedom"

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Sarajevo
Geographic coordinates: 43 52 N, 18 25 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: the name derives from the Turkish noun saray, meaning "palace" or "mansion," and the term ova, signifying "plain(s)," to give a meaning of "palace plains" or "the plains about the palace"

Administrative divisions: 3 first-order administrative divisions - Brcko District (Brcko Distrikt) (ethnically mixed), Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine) (predominantly Bosniak-Croat), Republika Srpska (predominantly Serb)

Dependent areas

Independence: 1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia); note - referendum for independence completed on 1 March 1992; independence declared on 3 March 1992

National holiday: Independence Day, 1 March (1992) and Statehood Day, 25 November (1943) - both observed in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity; Victory Day, 9 May (1945) and Dayton Agreement Day, 21 November (1995) - both observed in the Republika Srpska entity
Note: there is no national-level holiday

Constitution
History: 14 December 1995 (constitution included as part of the Dayton Peace Accords); note - each of the political entities has its own constitution
Amendments: decided by the Parliamentary Assembly, including a two-thirds majority vote of members present in the House of Representatives; the constitutional article on human rights and fundamental freedoms cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2009

Legal system: civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Dual citizenship recognized: yes, provided there is a bilateral agreement with the other state
Residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency Zeljko KOMSIC (chairman since 16 July 2023; presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Croat seat); Zeljka CVIJANOVIC (presidency member since 16 November 2022 - Serb seat); Denis BECIROVIC (presidency member since 16 November 2022 - Bosniak seat)
Head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Borjana KRISTO (since 25 January 2023)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman, approved by the state-level House of Representatives
Elections/appointments: 3-member presidency (1 Bosniak and 1 Croat elected from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 1 Serb elected from the Republika Srpska) directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for 4 years); the presidency chairpersonship rotates every 8 months with the new member of the presidency elected with the highest number of votes starting the new mandate as chair; election last held on 2 October 2022 (next to be held in October 2,026); the chairman of the Council of Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level House of Representatives
Election results:
Note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Lidiia BRADARA (since 28 February 2023); Vice Presidents Refik LENDO (since 28 February 2023) and Igor STOJANOVIC (since 28 February 2023); President of the Republika Srpska Milorad DODIK (since 15 November 2022); Vice Presidents Camil DURAKOVIC (since 15 November 2022) and Davor PRANJIC (since 15 November 2022)

Legislative branch
Description:
Elections:
Election results:

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members); Court of BiH (consists of 44 national judges and 7 international judges organized into 3 divisions - Administrative, Appellate, and Criminal, which includes a War Crimes Chamber)
Judge selection and term of office: BiH Constitutional Court judges - 4 selected by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina House of Representatives, 2 selected by the Republika Srpska's National Assembly, and 3 non-Bosnian judges selected by the president of the European Court of Human Rights; Court of BiH president and national judges appointed by the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council; Court of BiH president appointed for renewable 6-year term; other national judges appointed to serve until age 70; international judges recommended by the president of the Court of BiH and appointed by the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina; international judges appointed to serve until age 70
Subordinate courts: the Federation has 10 cantonal courts plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska has a supreme court, 5 district courts, and a number of municipal courts

Political parties and leaders:

International organization participation: BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Note: Bosnia-Herzegovina is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Sven ALKALAJ (since 30 June 2023)
In the us chancery: 2,109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20,037
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 337-1500
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 337-1502
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Michael J. MURPHY (since 23 February 2022)
From the us embassy: 1 Robert C. Frasure Street, 71,000 Sarajevo
From the us mailing address: 7,130 Sarajevo Place, Washington DC 20,521-7,130
From the us telephone: [387] (33) 704-000
From the us FAX: [387] (33) 659-722
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: a wide blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia
Note: one of several flags where a prominent component of the design reflects the shape of the country; other such flags are those of Brazil, Eritrea, and Vanuatu

National symbols: golden lily; national colors: blue, yellow, white

National anthem
Name: "Drzavna himna Bosne i Hercegovine" (The National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Lyrics/music: none officially/Dusan SESTIC
Note: music adopted 1999; lyrics proposed in 2008 and others in 2016 were not approved

National heritage
Total World Heritage Sites: 4 (3 cultural, 1 natural)


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Economy overview: import-dominated economy; remains consumption-heavy; lack of private sector investments and diversification; jointly addressing structural economic challenges; Chinese energy infrastructure investments; high unemployment; tourism industry impacted by COVID-19

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 77.4% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 20% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 16.6% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 2.3% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 38.7% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -55.1% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 6.8% (2017 est.)
Industry: 28.9% (2017 est.)
Services: 64.3% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: maize, milk, vegetables, potatoes, wheat, plums/sloes, apples, barley, cabbages, poultry

Industries: steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, ammunition, domestic appliances, oil refining

Industrial production growth rate: 8.87% (2021 est.)

Labor force: 1.169 million (2021 est.)

Unemployment rate:
Note: official rate; actual rate is lower as many technically unemployed persons work in the gray economy

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 32.9% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 28.2%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 39.9%

Population below poverty line: 16.9% (2015 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 33 (2011 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10%: 2.9%
Highest 10%: 25.8% (2011 est.)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $8.434 billion (2019 est.)
Expenditures: $8.154 billion (2019 est.)
Surplus  or deficit: 2.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 19.01% (of GDP) (2020 est.)

Public debt:
Note: data cover general government debt and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions.

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.49% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0.34% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance:

Exports:
Note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.
Partners: Germany 14%, Italy 12%, Croatia 11%, Serbia 11%, Austria 9%, Slovenia 8% (2019)
Commodities: electricity, seating, insulated wiring, lumber, furniture (2021)

Imports:
Partners: Croatia 15%, Serbia 13%, Germany 10%, Italy 9%, Slovenia 7%, China 6% (2019)
Commodities: refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, coal, electricity (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification-total population: 100% (2021)
Installed generating capacity: 4.775 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 11,657,450,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 7.316 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Imports: 3.266 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 1.257 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 62.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 1.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 35.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 6.966 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 7.752 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 525,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 1.366 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 2.264 billion metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 34,700 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 13,900 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports: 4,603 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 18,280 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Consumption: 218.266 million cubic meters (2019 est.)
Exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Imports: 218.266 million cubic meters (2019 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 16.209 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 10.923 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 4.871 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 415,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 71.815 million Btu/person (2019 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 651,069 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 21 (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 3,728,775 (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 114 (2021 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: 3 public TV broadcasters: Radio and TV of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation TV (operating 2 networks), and Republika Srpska Radio-TV; a local commercial network of 5 TV stations; 3 private, near-national TV stations and dozens of small independent TV broadcasting stations; 3 large public radio broadcasters and many private radio stations (2019)

Internet
Country code: .ba
Users total: 2.508 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 76% (2021 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 770,424 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 24 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures:

Military and security forces: Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (AFBiH or Oruzanih Snaga Bosne i Hercegovine, OSBiH): Army, Air, Air Defense forces organized into an Operations Command and a Support Command (2023)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2005 (2023)
Note: as of 2022, women made up about 7% of the military's full-time personnel

Space program

Terrorist groups
Terrorist groups: Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in terrorist organizations


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 1 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 1
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 7,070 (2015)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 87 (2015) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: T9

Airports: 24 (2021)
With paved runways: 7
With paved runways note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)
With unpaved runways: 17
With unpaved runways note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control

Heliports: 6 (2021)

Pipelines: 147 km gas, 9 km oil (2013)

Railways
Total: 965 km (2014)
Standard gauge: 965 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (565 km electrified)

Roadways
Total: 22,926 km (2010)
Paved: 19,426 km (2010) (4,652 km of interurban roads)
Unpaved: 3,500 km (2010)

Waterways: 990 km (2022) (Sava River on northern border; open to shipping but use limited)

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals
River ports: Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Samac, Brcko, Orasje (Sava River)


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Disputes international:

Refugees and internally displaced persons
IDPs: 91,000 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks displaced by inter-ethnic violence, human rights violations, and armed conflict during the 1992-95 war) (2022)
Stateless persons: 48 (2022)
Note: 142,338 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-November 2023)

Illicit drugs: drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of of large quantities of cocaine destined for European markets