Map of Cyprus | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
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Background: A former British colony, Cyprus became independent in 1960 following years of resistance to British rule. Tensions between the Greek Cypriot majority and Turkish Cypriot minority communities came to a head in December 1963, when violence broke out in the capital of Nicosia. Despite the deployment of UN peacekeepers in 1964, sporadic intercommunal violence continued, forcing most Turkish Cypriots into enclaves throughout the island. In 1974, a Greek Government-sponsored attempt to overthrow the elected president of Cyprus was met by military intervention from Turkey, which soon controlled more than a third of the island. In 1983, the Turkish Cypriot administered area declared itself the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" ("TRNC"), but it is recognized only by Turkey. An UN-mediated agreement, the Annan Plan, failed to win approval by both communities in 2004. In February 2014, after a hiatus of nearly two years, the leaders of the two communities resumed formal discussions under UN auspices aimed at reuniting the divided island. The most recent round of negotiations to reunify the island were suspended in July 2017 after failure to achieve a breakthrough. The entire island entered the EU on 1 May 2004, although the EU acquis - the body of common rights and obligations - applies only to the areas under the internationally recognized government, and is suspended in the "TRNC." However, individual Turkish Cypriots able to document their eligibility for Republic of Cyprus citizenship legally enjoy the same rights accorded to other citizens of EU states.


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Location: Middle East, island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Turkey; note - Cyprus views itself as part of Europe; geopolitically, it can be classified as falling within Europe, the Middle East, or both

Geographic coordinates: 35 00 N, 33 00 E

Map reference: Middle East

Area
Total: 9,251 km² (of which 3,355 km² are in north Cyprus)
Land: 9,241 km²
Water: 10 km²
Comparative: about 0.6 times the size of Connecticut

Land boundaries
Total: 156 km
Border sovereign base areas: Akrotiri 48 km; Dhekelia 108 km

Coastline: 648 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate: temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters

Terrain: central plain with mountains to north and south; scattered but significant plains along southern coast

Elevation
Highest point: Mount Olympus 1,951 m
Lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
Mean elevation: 91 m

Natural resources: copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment

Land use
Agricultural land: 13.4% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 9.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 3.2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 0.4% (2018 est.)
Forest: 18.8% (2018 est.)
Other: 67.8% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 268 km² (2020)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 100 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 20 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 170 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 780 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: moderate earthquake activity; droughts

Geography
Note: the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily and Sardinia); several small Cypriot enclaves exist within the Dhekelia Sovereign Base Area


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Population
Distribution: population concentrated in central Nicosia and in the major cities of the south: Paphos, Limassol, and Larnaca: 1,308,120 (2023 est.)
Growth rate: 1% (2023 est.)
Below poverty line: 14.7% (2018 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Cypriot(s)
Adjective: Cypriot

Ethnic groups: Greek 98.8%, other 1% (includes Maronite, Armenian, Turkish-Cypriot), unspecified 0.2% (2011 est.)
Note: data represent only the Greek-Cypriot citizens in the Republic of Cyprus

Languages: Greek (official) 80.9%, Turkish (official) 0.2%, English 4.1%, Romanian 2.9%, Russian 2.5%, Bulgarian 2.2%, Arabic 1.2%, Filipino 1.1%, other 4.3%, unspecified 0.6%; note - data represent only the Republic of Cyprus (2011 est.)
Major-language samples:

Religions: Eastern Orthodox Christian 89.1%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Protestant/Anglican 2%, Muslim 1.8%, Buddhist 1%, other (includes Maronite Catholic, Armenian Apostolic, Hindu) 1.4%, unknown 1.1%, none/atheist 0.6% (2011 est.)
Note: data represent only the government-controlled area of Cyprus

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 15.63% (male 104,950/female 99,515)
15-64 years: 70.36% (male 484,087/female 436,271)
65 years and over: 14.01% (2023 est.) (male 79,897/female 103,400)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 43.8
Youth dependency ratio: 23
Elderly dependency ratio: 20.8
Potential support ratio: 4.8 (2021 est.)
Note: data represent the whole country

Median age
Total: 39.1 years (2023 est.)
Male: 37.9 years
Female: 40.6 years

Population growth rate: 1% (2023 est.)

Birth rate: 10.4 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Net migration rate: 6.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution: population concentrated in central Nicosia and in the major cities of the south: Paphos, Limassol, and Larnaca

Urbanization
Urban population: 67% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.76% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 269,000 NICOSIA (capital) (2018)

Environment
Current issues: water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, sea water intrusion to island's largest aquifer, increased salination in the north); water pollution from sewage, industrial wastes, and pesticides; coastal degradation; erosion; loss of wildlife habitats from urbanization
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 14.52 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 6.63 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 0.86 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 30 years (2020 est.)
Note: data represents only government-controlled areas

Maternal mortality ratio: 68 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 8.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
Male: 9.9 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 6.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 80 years (2023 est.)
Male: 77.2 years
Female: 82.9 years

Total fertility rate: 1.48 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 99.7% of population
Improved rural: 99.8% of population
Improved total: 99.8% of population
Unimproved urban: 0.3% of population
Unimproved rural: 0.2% of population
Unimproved total: 0.2% of population (2020 est.)

Current health expenditure: 8.1% of GDP (2020)

Physicians density: 3.14 physicians/1,000 population (2019)

Hospital bed density: 3.4 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban:
Unimproved urban:

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 21.8% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 9.59 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 2.85 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 2.72 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 4.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 35.1% (2020 est.)
Male: 47% (2020 est.)
Female: 23.2% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 6.1% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.4%
Male: 99.6%
Female: 99.2% (2021)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 16 years
Male: 16 years
Female: 16 years (2020)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 11.8% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 9.2%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 14.9%


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Cyprus
Conventional short form: Cyprus
Local long form: Kypriaki Dimokratia (Greek)/ Kibris Cumhuriyeti (Turkish)
Local short form: Kypros (Greek)/ Kibris (Turkish)
Etymology: the derivation of the name "Cyprus" is unknown, but the extensive mining of copper metal on the island in antiquity gave rise to the Latin word "cuprum" for copper
Note: the Turkish Cypriot community, which administers the northern part of the island, refers to itself as the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" or "TRNC" ("Kuzey Kibris Turk Cumhuriyeti" or "KKTC")

Government type: Republic of Cyprus - presidential republic; self-declared "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC) - parliamentary republic with enhanced presidency
Note: a separation of the two main ethnic communities inhabiting the island began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified when a Greek military-junta-supported coup attempt prompted the Turkish military intervention in July 1974 that gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government on the island; on 15 November 1983, then Turkish Cypriot "President" Rauf DENKTAS declared independence and the formation of the "TRNC,” which is recognized only by Turkey

Capital
Name: Nicosia (Lefkosia/Lefkosa)
Geographic coordinates: 35 10 N, 33 22 E
Time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: a mispronunciation of the city's Greek name Lefkosia and its Turkish name Lefkosa, both of which mean "White City"; the Greek name may derive from the Greek phrase "leuke ousia" ("white estate")

Administrative divisions: 6 districts; Ammochostos (Famagusta; all but a small part located in the Turkish Cypriot community), Keryneia (Kyrenia; the only district located entirely in the Turkish Cypriot community), Larnaka (Larnaca; with a small part located in the Turkish Cypriot community), Lefkosia (Nicosia; a small part administered by Turkish Cypriots), Lemesos (Limassol), Pafos (Paphos); note - the 5 "districts" of the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" are Gazimagusa (Famagusta), Girne (Kyrenia), Guzelyurt (Morphou), Iskele (Trikomo), Lefkosa (Nicosia)

Dependent areas

Independence: 16 August 1960 (from the UK); note - Turkish Cypriots proclaimed self-rule on 13 February 1975 and independence in 1983, but these proclamations are recognized only by Turkey

National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (1960); note - Turkish Cypriots celebrate 15 November (1983) as "Republic Day"

Constitution
History: ratified 16 August 1960; note - in 1963, the constitution was partly suspended as Turkish Cypriots withdrew from the government; Turkish-held territory in 1983 was declared the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" ("TRNC"); in 1985, the "TRNC" approved its own constitution
Amendments:

Legal system: mixed legal system of English common law and civil law with European law supremacy

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Cyprus
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Nikos CHRISTODOULIDIS (since 28 February 2023); the president is both chief of state and head of government; note - vice presidency reserved for a Turkish Cypriot, but vacant since 1974 because Turkish Cypriots do not participate in the Republic of Cyprus Government
Head of government: President Nikos CHRISTODOULIDIS (since 28 February 2023)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - under the 1960 constitution, 3 of the ministerial posts reserved for Turkish Cypriots, appointed by the vice president; positions currently filled by Greek Cypriots
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (limited to 2 consecutive terms); election last held on held 5 February 2023 with a runoff on 12 February 2023 (next to be held in 2,028)
Election results:
Note: the first round of the TRNC presidential election, originally scheduled for 26 April 2020, was postponed to 11 October 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic; the second round was held on 18 October 2020; percent of vote in the first round - Ersin TATAR (UBP) 32.4%, Mustafa AKINCI (independent) 29.8%, Tufan ERHURMAN (RTP) 21.7%, Kudret OZERSAY (independent) 5.7%, Erhan ARIKLI (YDP) 5.4%, Serdar DENKTAS (independent) 4.2%, other 0.8%; percent of vote in the second round - Ersin TATAR 51.7%, Mustafa AKINCI 48.3%

Legislative branch
Description:
Elections: area under government control; last held on 30 May 2021 (next to be held in 2,026); area administered by Turkish Cypriots: last held on 23 January 2022 (next to be held in 2,027)
Election results: area under government control: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - DISY 27.8%, AKEL 22.3%, DIKO 11.3%, ELAM 6.8%, EDEK-SP 6.7%, DIPA 6.1%, Movement of Ecologists - Citizens' Cooperation 4.4%, other 14.6%; seats by party/coalition - DISY 17, AKEL 15, DIKO 9, ELAM 4, EDEK-SP 4, DIPA 4, Movement of Ecologists - Citizens' Cooperation 3; composition - men 48, women 8, percent of women 14.3%; area administered by Turkish Cypriots - "Assembly of the Republic" - percent of vote by party - UBP 39.5%, CTP 32%, DP 7.4%, HP 6.7%, YDP 6.4%, other 8%; seats by party - UBP 24, CTP 18, DP 3, HP 3, YDP 2; composition NA

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of Cyprus (consists of 13 judges, including the court president); note - the highest court in the "TRNC" is the "Supreme Court" (consists of 8 "judges," including the "court president")
Judge selection and term of office: Republic of Cyprus Supreme Court judges appointed by the president of the republic upon the recommendation of the Supreme Court judges; judges can serve until age 68; "TRNC Supreme Court" judges appointed by the "Supreme Council of Judicature," a 12-member body of judges, the attorney general, appointees by the president of the "TRNC," and by the "Legislative Assembly," and members elected by the bar association; judge tenure NA
Subordinate courts: Republic of Cyprus district courts; Assize Courts; Administrative Court; specialized courts for issues relating to family, industrial disputes, the military, and rent control; "TRNC Assize Courts"; "district and family courts"

Political parties and leaders
Area under government control:
Area administered by Turkish Cypriots:

International organization participation: Australia Group, C, CD, CE, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Evangelos SAVVA (since 15 September 2023)
In the us chancery: 2,211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 462-5,772
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 483-6,710
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Julie D. FISHER (since 21 February 2023)
From the us embassy: Metochiou and Ploutarchou Street, 2,407, Engomi, Nicosia
From the us mailing address: 5,450 Nicosia Place, Washington DC 20,521-5,450
From the us telephone: [357] (22) 393,939
From the us FAX: [357] (22) 780,944
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: centered on a white field is a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the island has long been famous for its copper deposits) above two olive-green-colored, crossed olive branches; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities
Note: the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" flag retains the white field of the Cyprus national flag but displays narrow horizontal red stripes positioned a small distance from the top and bottom edges between which are centered a red crescent and a red five-pointed star; the banner is modeled after the Turkish national flag but with the colors reversed

National symbols: Cypriot mouflon (wild sheep), white dove; national colors: blue, white

National anthem
Name: "Ymnos eis tin Eleftherian" (Hymn to Liberty)
Lyrics/music: Dionysios SOLOMOS/Nikolaos MANTZAROS
Note: adopted 1960; Cyprus adopted the Greek national anthem as its own; the Turkish Cypriot community in Cyprus uses the anthem of Turkey

National heritage
Total World Heritage Sites: 3 (all cultural)


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Economy overview: services-based, high-income EU island economy; heavy tourism; sustained growth between recovery of national banking system and COVID-19 trade restrictions; high living standards; a known financial hub, its stock exchange functions as an investment bridge between EU-and EEU-member countries
Note: Even though the whole of the island is part of the EU, implementation of the EU "acquis communautaire" has been suspended in the area administered by Turkish Cypriots, known locally as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, until political conditions permit the reunification of the island. Its market-based economy is roughly one-fifth the size of its southern neighbor and is likewise dominated by the service sector with a large portion of the population employed by the government. Manufacturing is limited mainly to food and beverages, furniture and fixtures, construction materials, metal and non-metal products, textiles and clothing. Little trade exists with the Republic of Cyprus outside of construction, historically relying heavily upon Turkey for financial aid, defense, telecommunications, utilities, and postal services. The Turkish Lira is the preferred currency, though foreign currencies are widely accepted in business transactions.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: area administered by Turkish Cypriots - $1.829 billion (2007 est.)

Real gdp growth rate:
Note: area administered by Turkish Cypriots - -16.2% (2020 est.)

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 68.7% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 14.9% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 21.1% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: -0.7% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 63.8% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -67.8% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 2% (2017 est.)
Industry: 12.5% (2017 est.)
Services: 85.5% (2017 est.)
Note: area administered by Turkish Cypriots - agriculture: 6.2%,; industry: 35.1%,; services: 58.7% (2012 est.)

Agriculture products: milk, potatoes, pork, sheep milk, goat milk, barley, wheat, poultry, olives, tangerines/mandarins
Note: area administered by Turkish Cypriots - citrus fruit, dairy, potatoes, grapes, olives, poultry, lamb

Industries: tourism, food and beverage processing, cement and gypsum, ship repair and refurbishment, textiles, light chemicals, metal products, wood, paper, stone and clay products
Note: area administered by Turkish Cypriots - foodstuffs, textiles, clothing, ship repair, clay, gypsum, copper, furniture

Industrial production growth rate: 8.1% (2021 est.)
Note: area administered by Turkish Cypriots - -0.3% (2007 est.)

Labor force: 655,100 (2021 est.)
Note: area administered by Turkish Cypriots - 95,030 (2007 est.)

Unemployment rate:
Note: area administered by Turkish Cypriots - 9.4% (2005 est.)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 11.8% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 9.2%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 14.9%

Population below poverty line: 14.7% (2018 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 31.2 (2019 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10%: 3.3%
Highest 10%: 28.8% (2014)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $10.362 billion (2019 est.)
Expenditures: $9.996 billion (2019 est.)
Note: area administered by Turkish Cypriots - revenues: $2.5 billion; expenditures: $2.5 billion (est. 2006)
Surplus  or deficit: 1.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 22.42% (of GDP) (2020 est.)

Public debt:
Note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment

Revenue
From forest resources: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance:

Exports:
Note: area administered by Turkish Cypriots - $68.1 million (est. 2007)
Partners: India 9%, Greece 9%, Libya 8%, United Kingdom 7% (2019)
Commodities: ships, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, cheese, recreational boats (2021)
Commodities note: area administered by Turkish Cypriots - citrus, dairy, potatoes, textiles

Imports:
Note: area administered by Turkish Cypriots - $1.2 billion (est. 2007)
Partners: Greece 16%, Italy 10%, Turkey 8%, Russia 5%, Germany 5%, United Kingdom 5%, China 5% (2019)
Commodities: refined petroleum, ships, cars, coal tar oil, packaged medicines (2019)
Commodities note: area administered by Turkish Cypriots - vehicles, fuel, cigarettes, food, minerals, chemicals, machinery

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification-total population: 100% (2021)
Installed generating capacity: 1.881 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 4.733 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)
Imports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 184 million kWh (2019 est.)
Note: electricity consumption in area administered by Turkish Cypriots - 797.9 million kWh (est. 2005)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 86.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 6.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 5.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 1.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 54,400 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports: 500 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 49,240 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Consumption: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 8.024 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 8.024 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 133.92 million Btu/person (2019 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 297,382 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 34 (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 1,320,794 (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 149 (2021 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: mixture of state and privately run TV and radio services; the public broadcaster operates 2 TV channels and 4 radio stations; 6 private TV broadcasters, satellite and cable TV services including telecasts from Greece and Turkey, and a number of private radio stations are available; in areas administered by Turkish Cypriots, there are 2 public TV stations, 4 public radio stations, and 7 privately owned TV and 21 radio broadcast stations plus 6 radio and 4 TV channels of local universities, plus 1 radio station of military, security forces and 1 radio station of civil defense cooperation, as well as relay stations from Turkey (2019)

Internet
Country code: .cy
Users total: 809,900 (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 91% (2021 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 332,080 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 37 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures:

Military and security forces: Republic of Cyprus: Cypriot National Guard (Ethniki Froura, EF; includes Army Land Forces, Naval Command, Air Command) (2023)

Military service age and obligation: Cypriot National Guard (CNG): 18-50 years of age for compulsory military service for all Greek Cypriot males; 17 years of age for voluntary service; 14-month service obligation (2023)
Note: the CNG accepts all foreign nationals of at least partial Cypriot descent under age 32 as volunteers; dual citizenship Cypriot origin citizens, who were born in Cyprus or abroad, have the obligation to serve in the CNG on repatriation, regardless of whether or not they possess a foreign citizenship; a person is considered as having Cypriot origin where a grandparent or parent was/is a Cypriot citizen

Space program

Terrorist groups
Terrorist groups: Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in terrorist organizations


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 6
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 401,408 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 20,000 (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: 5B

Airports: 15 (2021)
With paved runways: 13
With paved runways note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)
With unpaved runways: 2
With unpaved runways note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control

Heliports: 9 (2021)

Pipelines

Railways

Roadways
Total: 12,901 km (2016)
Government control: 12,901 km (2016) (includes 272 km of expressways)
Paved: 8,631 km (2016)
Unpaved: 4,270 km (2016)
Turkish Cypriot control: 7,000 km (2011)

Waterways

Merchant marine
Total: 1,030 (2022)
By type: bulk carrier 255, container ship 169, general cargo 200, oil tanker 61, other 345

Ports and terminals
Major seaports:


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Disputes international: hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the 1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and south; on 1 May 2004, Cyprus entered the EU still divided, with the EU's body of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the north; has had maritime/economic exclusion zone disputes with Turkey, particularly over energy exploration

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 10,869 (Syria) (mid-year 2022); 18,230 (Ukraine) (as of 12 November 2023)
IDPs: 246,000 (both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many displaced since 1974) (2022)
Stateless persons: 74 (2022)
Note: 55,098 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-August 2023)

Illicit drugs: the ROC financial system is vulnerable to money laundering by domestic and foreign criminals; proceeds generated by illicit activity abroad pose a greater threat; primary sources of illicit proceeds are investment fraud, corruption, advance fee fraud, tax evasion, illegal drugs, and tobacco smuggling. Additionally, cybercrime, especially phishing, e-mail hacking, and ransomware use, continues to increase. Criminals have reportedly used ROC banks to launder proceeds, particularly from Russian and Ukrainian illicit activity.