Map of Malawi | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background: Malawi shares its name with the Chewa word for flames and is linked to the Maravi people from whom the Chewa language originated. The Maravi settled in what is now Malawi around 1400 during one of the later waves of Bantu migration across central and southern Africa. Several of Malawi’s ethnic groups trace their origins to different Maravi lineages. A powerful Maravi kingdom, established around 1500, reached its zenith around 1700, when it controlled what is now southern and central Malawi as well as portions of neighboring Mozambique and Zambia before beginning to decline because of destabilization from the escalating global trade in enslaved people. In the early 1800s, widespread conflict in southern Africa displaced various ethnic Ngoni groups, some of which moved into Malawi and further undermined the Maravi. Members of the Yao ethnic group - which had long traded with Malawi from Mozambique - introduced Islam and began to settle in Malawi in significant numbers in the mid-1800s; in the late 1800s, members of the Lomwe ethnic group also moved into southern Malawi from Mozambique. British missionary and trading activity increased in the area around Lake Nyasa in the mid-1800s, and Britain declared a protectorate, called British Central Africa, over what is now Malawi in 1891 and eliminated various political entities that sought to retain their autonomy over the subsequent decade. The British renamed the territory Nyasaland in 1907 and it was part of the colonial Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland - including present-day Zambia and Zimbabwe - from 1953 to 1963 before gaining independence as Malawi in 1964.


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Location: Southern Africa, east of Zambia, west and north of Mozambique

Geographic coordinates: 13 30 S, 34 00 E

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 118,484 km²
Land: 94,080 km²
Water: 24,404 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania

Land boundaries
Total: 2,857 km
Border countries: (3) Mozambique 1,498 km; Tanzania 512 km; Zambia 847 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)

Terrain: narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, some mountains

Elevation
Highest point: Sapitwa (Mount Mlanje) 3,002 m
Lowest point: junction of the Shire River and international boundary with Mozambique 37 m
Mean elevation: 779 m

Natural resources: limestone, arable land, hydropower, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite

Land use
Agricultural land: 59.2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 38.2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 19.6% (2018 est.)
Forest: 34% (2018 est.)
Other: 6.8% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 740 km² (2012)

Major rivers
By length in km:

Major watersheds area km²:

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 140 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 50 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 1.17 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 17.28 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: flooding; droughts; earthquakes

Geography
Note: landlocked; Lake Nyasa, some 580 km long, is the country's most prominent physical feature; it contains more fish species than any other lake on earth


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Population
Distribution: population density is highest south of Lake Nyasa as shown in this: 21,279,597 (2023 est.)
Growth rate: 2.28% (2023 est.)
Below poverty line: 51.5% (2016 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Malawian(s)
Adjective: Malawian

Ethnic groups: Chewa 34.3%, Lomwe 18.8%, Yao 13.2%, Ngoni 10.4%, Tumbuka 9.2%, Sena 3.8%, Mang'anja 3.2%, Tonga 1.8%, Nyanja 1.8%, Nkhonde 1%, other 2.2%, foreign 0.3% (2018 est.)

Languages: English (official), Chewa (dominant), Lambya, Lomwe, Ngoni, Nkhonde, Nyakyusa, Nyanja, Sena, Tonga, Tumbuka, Yao
Note: Chewa and Nyanja are mutually intelligible dialects; Nkhonde and Nyakyusa are mutually intelligible dialects

Religions: Protestant 33.5% (includes Church of Central Africa Presbyterian 14.2%, Seventh Day Adventist/Baptist 9.4%, Pentecostal 7.6%, Anglican 2.3%), Roman Catholic 17.2%, other Christian 26.6%, Muslim 13.8%, traditionalist 1.1%, other 5.6%, none 2.1% (2018 est.)

Demographic profile: Malawi has made great improvements in maternal and child health, but has made less progress in reducing its high fertility rate. In both rural and urban areas, very high proportions of mothers are receiving prenatal care and skilled birth assistance, and most children are being vaccinated. Malawi’s fertility rate, however, has only declined slowly, decreasing from more than 7 children per woman in the 1980s to about 5.5 today. Nonetheless, Malawians prefer smaller families than in the past, and women are increasingly using contraceptives to prevent or space pregnancies. Rapid population growth and high population density is putting pressure on Malawi’s land, water, and forest resources. Reduced plot sizes and increasing vulnerability to climate change, further threaten the sustainability of Malawi’s agriculturally based economy and will worsen food shortages. About 80% of the population is employed in agriculture.

Age structure
0-14 years: 38.54% (male 4,073,674/female 4,128,035)
15-64 years: 57.64% (male 6,001,150/female 6,264,749)
65 years and over: 3.82% (2023 est.) (male 362,428/female 449,561)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 84.7
Youth dependency ratio: 79.7
Elderly dependency ratio: 5
Potential support ratio: 20.1 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 20 years (2023 est.)
Male: 19.7 years
Female: 20.2 years

Population growth rate: 2.28% (2023 est.)

Birth rate: 27.3 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate: 4.5 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution: population density is highest south of Lake Nyasa as shown in this

Urbanization
Urban population: 18.3% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 4.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 1.276 million LILONGWE (capital), 1.031 million Blantyre-Limbe (2023)

Environment
Current issues: deforestation; land degradation; water pollution from agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of spawning grounds endangers fish populations; negative effects of climate change (extreme high temperatures, changing precipitation patterns)
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 18.57 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 1.3 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 11.12 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.01 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 19.1 years (2015/16 est.)
Note: data represents median age at first birth among women 20-49

Maternal mortality ratio: 381 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 32.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
Male: 37.1 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 28.2 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 72.7 years (2023 est.)
Male: 69.6 years
Female: 75.9 years

Total fertility rate: 3.3 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 65.6% (2019/20)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 96.7% of population
Improved rural: 91% of population
Improved total: 92% of population
Unimproved urban: 3.3% of population
Unimproved rural: 9% of population
Unimproved total: 8% of population (2020 est.)

Current health expenditure: 5.4% of GDP (2020)

Physicians density: 0.05 physicians/1,000 population (2020)

Hospital bed density: 1.3 beds/1,000 population (2011)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban:
Unimproved urban:

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high (2023)
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
Vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever
Water contact diseases: schistosomiasis
Animal contact diseases: rabies
Note: on 31 August 2023, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Malawi is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 5.8% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 2.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 0.08 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 0.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 1.7 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 10.8% (2020 est.)
Male: 17.5% (2020 est.)
Female: 4.1% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 11.7% (2020)

Education expenditures: 2.9% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 67.3%
Male: 71.2%
Female: 63.7% (2021)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 11 years
Male: 11 years
Female: 11 years (2011)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 9.9% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 7.6%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 12.2%


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Malawi
Conventional short form: Malawi
Local long form: Dziko la Malawi
Local short form: Malawi
Former: British Central African Protectorate, Nyasaland Protectorate, Nyasaland
Etymology: named for the East African Maravi Kingdom of the 16th century; the word "maravi" means "fire flames"

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: Lilongwe
Geographic coordinates: 13 58 S, 33 47 E
Time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: named after the Lilongwe River that flows through the city

Administrative divisions: 28 districts; Balaka, Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, Kasungu, Likoma, Lilongwe, Machinga, Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza, Mzimba, Neno, Ntcheu, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Phalombe, Rumphi, Salima, Thyolo, Zomba

Dependent areas

Independence: 6 July 1964 (from the UK)

National holiday: Independence Day, 6 July (1964); note - also called Republic Day since 6 July 1966

Constitution
History: previous 1953 (pre-independence), 1964, 1966; latest drafted January to May 1994, approved 16 May 1994, entered into force 18 May 1995
Amendments: proposed by the National Assembly; passage of amendments affecting constitutional articles, including the sovereignty and territory of the state, fundamental constitutional principles, human rights, voting rights, and the judiciary, requires majority approval in a referendum and majority approval by the Assembly; passage of other amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; amended several times, last in 2017

Legal system: mixed legal system of English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Malawi
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Lazarus CHAKWERA (since 28 June 2020); Vice President Saulos CHILIMA (since 3 February 2020); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
Head of government: President Lazarus CHAKWERA (since 28 June 2020); Vice President Saulos CHILIMA (since 3 February 2020)
Cabinet: Cabinet named by the president
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 23 June 2020 (next to be held in 2025)
Election results: 2020: Lazarus CHAKWERA elected president; Lazarus CHAKWERA (MCP) 59.3%, Peter Mutharika (DPP) 39.9%, other 0.8% 2014: Peter MUTHARIKA elected president; percent of vote - Peter MUTHARIKA (DPP) 36.4%, Lazarus CHAKWERA (MCP) 27.8%, Joyce BANDA (PP) 20.2%, Atupele MULUZI (UDF) 13.7%, other 1.9% 

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral National Assembly (193 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve 5-year terms)
Elections: last held on 21 May 2019 (next to be held in May 2024)
Election results: percent of vote by party - n/a; seats by party - DPP 62, MCP 55, UDF 10, PP 5, other 5, independent 55, vacant 1; composition - men 161, women 32, percent of women 16.6%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of Appeal (consists of the chief justice and at least 3 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly; other judges appointed by the president upon the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission, which regulates judicial officers; judges serve until age 65
Subordinate courts: High Court; magistrate courts; Industrial Relations Court; district and city traditional or local courts

Political parties and leaders:

International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador David YOUNG (since 5 May 2022)
From the us embassy: 16 Jomo Kenyatta Road, Lilongwe 3
From the us mailing address: 2,280 Lilongwe Place, Washington DC 20,521-2,280
From the us telephone: [265] (0) 177-3,166
From the us FAX: [265] (0) 177-0471
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a radiant, rising, red sun centered on the black band; black represents the native peoples, red the blood shed in their struggle for freedom, and green the color of nature; the rising sun represents the hope of freedom for the continent of Africa

National symbols: lion; national colors: black, red, green

National anthem
Name: "Mulungu dalitsa Malawi" (Oh God Bless Our Land of Malawi)
Lyrics/music: Michael-Fredrick Paul SAUKA
Note: adopted 1964

National heritage
Total World Heritage Sites: 2 (1 cultural, 1 natural)
Selected World Heritage Site locales:


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Economy overview: low-income East African economy; primarily agrarian; investing in human capital; urban poverty increasing due to COVID-19; high public debt; endemic corruption and poor property rights; poor hydroelectric grid; localized pharmaceutical industry

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 84.3% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 16.3% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 15.3% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 27.9% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -43.8% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 28.6% (2017 est.)
Industry: 15.4% (2017 est.)
Services: 56% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: sweet potatoes, cassava, sugar cane, maize, mangoes/guavas, potatoes, tomatoes, pigeon peas, bananas, plantains

Industries: tobacco, tea, sugar, sawmill products, cement, consumer goods

Industrial production growth rate: 1.9% (2021 est.)

Labor force: 8.551 million (2021 est.)

Unemployment rate:

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 9.9% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 7.6%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 12.2%

Population below poverty line: 51.5% (2016 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 38.5 (2019 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10%: 2.2%
Highest 10%: 37.5% (2010 est.)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $1.628 billion (2019 est.)
Expenditures: $2.129 billion (2019 est.)
Surplus  or deficit: -3.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 11.72% (of GDP) (2020 est.)

Public debt:

Revenue
From forest resources: 6.19% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance:

Exports:
Partners: Belgium 16%, United States 8%, Egypt 7%, South Africa 6%, Germany 6%, Kenya 5%, United Arab Emirates 5% (2019)
Commodities: tobacco, gold, soybeans, raw sugar, tea, dried legumes and nuts (2021)

Imports:
Partners: South Africa 17%, China 16%, United Arab Emirates 9%, India 9%, United Kingdom 8% (2019)
Commodities: postage stamps, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, fertilizers, office machinery/parts (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access population without electricity: 17 million (2020)
Access electrification-total population: 14.1% (2021)
Access electrification-urban areas: 54.2% (2021)
Access electrification-rural areas: 5.5% (2021)
Installed generating capacity: 618,000 kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 1,117,378,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)
Imports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 460 million kWh (2019 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 11.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 3.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 81.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 3.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 48,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 47,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 2 million metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 9,400 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 4,769 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Consumption: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 1.542 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 203,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 1.339 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 1.809 million Btu/person (2019 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 9,456 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: (2021 est.) less than 1
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 11,940,135 (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 60 (2021 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: radio is the main broadcast medium; privately owned Zodiak radio has the widest national broadcasting reach, followed by state-run radio; numerous private and community radio stations broadcast in cities and towns around the country; the largest TV network is government-owned, but at least 4 private TV networks broadcast in urban areas; relays of multiple international broadcasters are available (2019)

Internet
Country code: .mw
Users total: 4.8 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 24% (2021 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 12,255 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 0.1 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures:

Military and security forces: Malawi Defense Force (MDF): Land Forces (Army), Maritime Force, Air Force, National Service (reserve force) (2023)
Note: the MDF reports directly to the president as commander in chief; the Malawi Police Service is under the Ministry of Homeland Security

Military service age and obligation: 18-24 years of age for men and women for voluntary military service; high school equivalent required for enlisted recruits and college equivalent for officer recruits; initial engagement is 7 years for enlisted personnel and 10 years for officers (2023)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 9
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 10,545 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 10,000 (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: 7Q

Airports: 32 (2021)
With paved runways: 7
With paved runways note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)
With unpaved runways: 25
With unpaved runways note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control

Heliports

Pipelines

Railways
Total: 767 km (2014)
Narrow gauge: 767 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge

Roadways
Total: 15,452 km (2015)
Paved: 4,074 km (2015)
Unpaved: 11,378 km (2015)

Waterways: 700 km (2010) (on Lake Nyasa [Lake Malawi] and Shire River)

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals
Lake ports: Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Chilumba (Lake Nyasa)


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Disputes international: Malawi-Mozambique: the two countries have held exercises to reaffirm boundaries a number of times

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 34,030 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) 11,502 (Burundi) (refugees and asylum seekers), 6,594 (Rwanda) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2023)

Illicit drugs: NA