Map of Myanmar | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background:


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Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand

Geographic coordinates: 22 00 N, 98 00 E

Map reference: Southeast Asia

Area
Total: 676,578 km²
Land: 653,508 km²
Water: 23,070 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries
Total: 6,522 km
Border countries: (5) Bangladesh 271 km; China 2,129 km; India 1,468 km; Laos 238 km; Thailand 2,416 km

Coastline: 1,930 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate: tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)

Terrain: central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands

Elevation
Highest point: Gamlang Razi 5,870 m
Lowest point: Andaman Sea/Bay of Bengal 0 m
Mean elevation: 702 m

Natural resources: petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower, arable land

Land use
Agricultural land: 19.2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 16.5% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 2.2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 0.5% (2018 est.)
Forest: 48.2% (2018 est.)
Other: 32.6% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 17,140 km² (2020)

Major rivers
By length in km:

Major watersheds area km²:

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 3.32 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)
Industrial: 500 million cubic meters (2019 est.)
Agricultural: 29.57 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 1.2 trillion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts

Geography
Note: strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes; the north-south flowing Irrawaddy River is the country's largest and most important commercial waterway


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Population
Distribution: population concentrated along coastal areas and in general proximity to the shores of the Irrawaddy River; the extreme north is relatively underpopulated: 57,970,293 (2023 est.)
Growth rate: 0.73% (2023 est.)
Below poverty line: 24.8% (2017 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Burmese (singular and plural)
Adjective: Burmese

Ethnic groups:  Myanmarn (Bamar) 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian 2%, Mon 2%, other 5%
Note: the largest ethnic group — the Myanmarn (or Bamar) — dominate politics, although they have never managed to bring the entire national territory under their control; the military ranks are largely drawn from this ethnic group; the Myanmarn mainly populate the central parts of the country, while various ethnic minorities have traditionally lived in the peripheral regions that surround the plains in a horseshoe shape; government recognizes 135 indigenous ethnic groups

Languages: Burmese (official)
Major-language samples:
Note: minority ethnic groups use their own languages

Religions: Buddhist 87.9%, Christian 6.2%, Muslim 4.3%, Animist 0.8%, Hindu 0.5%, other 0.2%, none 0.1% (2014 est.)
Note: religion estimate is based on the 2014 national census, including an estimate for the non-enumerated population of Rakhine State, which is assumed to mainly affiliate with the Islamic faith; as of December 2019, Muslims probably make up less than 3% of Myanmar's total population due to the large outmigration of the Rohingya population since 2017

Demographic profile:  Myanmar’s 2014 national census - the first in more than 30 years - revealed that the country’s total population is approximately 51.5 million, significantly lower than the Burmese Government’s prior estimate of 61 million. The Burmese Government assumed that the 2% population growth rate between 1973 and 1983 remained constant and that emigration was zero, ignoring later sample surveys showing declining fertility rates and substantial labor migration abroad in recent decades. These factors reduced the estimated average annual growth rate between 2003 and 2014 to about .9%. Among Southeast Asian countries, Myanmar’s life expectancy is among the lowest and its infant and maternal mortality rates are among the highest. The large difference in life expectancy between women and men has resulted in older age cohorts consisting of far more women than men.

Age structure
0-14 years: 24.89% (male 7,394,557/female 7,036,651)
15-64 years: 68.3% (male 19,496,581/female 20,097,806)
65 years and over: 6.8% (2023 est.) (male 1,718,677/female 2,226,021)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 46
Youth dependency ratio: 36.3
Elderly dependency ratio: 9.7
Potential support ratio: 10.3 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 30.4 years (2023 est.)
Male: 29.5 years
Female: 31.3 years

Population growth rate: 0.73% (2023 est.)

Birth rate: 16.1 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate: 7.4 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Net migration rate: -1.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution: population concentrated along coastal areas and in general proximity to the shores of the Irrawaddy River; the extreme north is relatively underpopulated

Urbanization
Urban population: 32.1% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 5.610 million RANGOON (Yangon) (capital), 1.532 million Mandalay (2023)

Environment
Current issues: deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease; rapid depletion of the country's natural resources
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands
International agreements signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 27.16 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 25.28 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 42.2 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 24.7 years (2015/16 est.)
Note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49

Maternal mortality ratio: 179 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 33.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
Male: 36.7 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 29.8 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 69.8 years (2023 est.)
Male: 68.1 years
Female: 71.6 years

Total fertility rate: 2 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 52.2% (2015/16)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 95.4% of population
Improved rural: 80.7% of population
Improved total: 85.3% of population
Unimproved urban: 4.6% of population
Unimproved rural: 19.3% of population
Unimproved total: 14.7% of population (2020 est.)

Current health expenditure: 3.7% of GDP (2020)

Physicians density: 0.74 physicians/1,000 population (2019)

Hospital bed density: 1 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban:
Unimproved urban:

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high (2023)
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
Vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Japanese encephalitis
Animal contact diseases: rabies

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 5.8% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 2.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 0.5 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 1.55 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 44.1% (2020 est.)
Male: 68.5% (2020 est.)
Female: 19.7% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 19.1% (2017/18)

Education expenditures: 2.1% of GDP (2019 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 89.1%
Male: 92.4%
Female: 86.3% (2019)
Note: most public schools were closed immediately after the coup in 2021, and attendance remained low since schools reopened; literacy is expected to decline from 2019 to 2023

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 11 years
Male: 10 years
Female: 11 years (2018)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 6.4% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 6.5%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 6.3%


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Country name
Conventional long form: Union of Myanmar
Conventional short form:  Myanmar
Local long form: Pyidaungzu Thammada Myanma Naingngandaw (translated as the Republic of the Union of Myanmar)
Local short form: Myanma Naingngandaw
Former: Socialist Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Union of Myanmar
Etymology: both " Myanmar" and "Myanmar" derive from the name of the majority Myanmarn (Bamar) ethnic group
Note: since 1989 the military authorities in Myanmar and the deposed parliamentary government have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; the US Government has not officially adopted the name

Government type: military regime

Capital
Name: Rangoon (aka Yangon, continues to be recognized as the primary Burmese capital by the US Government); Nay Pyi Taw is the administrative capital
Geographic coordinates: 16 48 N, 96 10 E
Time difference: UTC+6.5 (11.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: Rangoon/Yangon derives from the Burmese words yan and koun, which mean "danger" and "no more" respectively and provide the meaning of "end of strife"; Nay Pyi Taw translates as: "Abode of Royals" or "the capital city of a kingdom"

Administrative divisions: 7 regions (taing-myar, singular - taing), 7 states (pyi ne-myar, singular - pyi ne), 1 union territory

Dependent areas

Independence: 4 January 1948 (from the UK)

National holiday: Independence Day, 4 January (1948); Union Day, 12 February (1947)

Constitution
History: previous 1947, 1974 (suspended until 2008); latest drafted 9 April 2008, approved by referendum 29 May 2008
Amendments: proposals require at least 20% approval by the Assembly of the Union membership; passage of amendments to sections of the constitution on basic principles, government structure, branches of government, state emergencies, and amendment procedures requires 75% approval by the Assembly and approval in a referendum by absolute majority of registered voters; passage of amendments to other sections requires only 75% Assembly approval; military granted 25% of parliamentary seats by default; amended 2015

Legal system: mixed legal system of English common law (as introduced in codifications designed for colonial India) and customary law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: both parents must be citizens of Myanmar
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: none
Note: an applicant for naturalization must be the child or spouse of a citizen

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: Prime Minister, State Administration Council Chair, Sr. Gen. MIN AUNG HLAING (since 1 August 2021); note - the military took over the government on 1 February 2021 and declared a state of emergency
Head of government: Prime Minister, State Administration Council Chair, Sr. Gen. MIN AUNG HLAING (since 1 August 2021)
Cabinet: Cabinet appointments shared by the president and the commander-in-chief; note - after 1 February, the military junta replaced the Cabinet
Elections/appointments: prior to the military takeover, president was indirectly elected by simple majority vote by the full Assembly of the Union from among 3 vice-presidential candidates nominated by the Presidential Electoral College (consists of members of the lower and upper houses and military members); the other 2 candidates become vice presidents (president elected for a 5-year term); election last held on 28 March 2018; the military junta pledged to hold new elections, but has repeatedly announced delays
Election results:
State counsellor: State Counselor AUNG SAN SUU KYI (since 6 April 2016); note - under arrest since 1 February 2021; formerly served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister for the Office of the President
Note: a parliamentary bill creating the position of "state counsellor" was signed into law by former President HTIN KYAW on 6 April 2016; a state counsellor serves the equivalent term of the president and is similar to a prime minister in that the holder acts as a link between the parliament and the executive branch

Legislative branch
Description:
Elections:
Election results:

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of the Union (consists of the chief justice and 7-11 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: chief justice and judges nominated by the president, with approval of the Lower House, and appointed by the president; judges normally serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
Subordinate courts: High Courts of the Region; High Courts of the State; Court of the Self-Administered Division; Court of the Self-Administered Zone; district and township courts; special courts (for juvenile, municipal, and traffic offenses); courts martial

Political parties and leaders:
Note 1: in January 2023, the military junta announced a new law restricting political parties and their ability to participate in elections, including: 1) barring parties and candidates deemed by the junta to have links to individuals or organizations alleged to have committed terrorism or other unlawful acts; 2) stipulating that political parties that wanted to contest the national election would also need to secure at least 100,000 members within 90 days of registration and have funds of 100 million Myanmar kyat ($45,500), 100 times more than previously required, which would need to be deposited with a state-owned bank; 3) requiring that any existing party must apply for registration within 60 days of the legislation being announced or be invalidated; allowing for parties to be suspended for 3 years, and ultimately dissolved, for failing to comply with the provisions of the new law; 4) not allowing parties to lodge an appeal against election commission decisions on registration
Note 2: in March 2023, the military junta announced that 40 political parties had been dissolved, including the National League for Democracy, because they did not register under the junta's new party establishment rules

International organization participation: ADB, ARF, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, CP, EAS, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), NAM, OPCW (signatory), SAARC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires WIN Thet (since 22 June 2022)
In the us chancery: 2,300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 332-3,344
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 332-4,351
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Susan STEVENSON (since 10 July 2023)
From the us embassy: 110 University Avenue, Kamayut Township, Rangoon
From the us mailing address: 4,250 Rangoon Place, Washington DC 20,521-4,250
From the us telephone: [95] (1) 753-6,509
From the us FAX: [95] (1) 751-1069
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: design consists of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow (top), green, and red; centered on the green band is a large white five-pointed star that partially overlaps onto the adjacent colored stripes; the design revives the triband colors used by Myanmar from 1943-45, during the Japanese occupation

National symbols: chinthe (mythical lion); national colors: yellow, green, red, white

National anthem
Name: "Kaba Ma Kyei" (Till the End of the World, Myanmar)
Lyrics/music: SAYA TIN
Note: adopted 1948; Myanmar is among a handful of non-European nations that have anthems rooted in indigenous traditions; the beginning portion of the anthem is a traditional Burmese anthem before transitioning into a Western-style orchestrated work

National heritage
Total World Heritage Sites: 2 (both cultural)
Selected World Heritage Site locales:


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Economy overview: prior to COVID-19 and the February 2021 military coup, massive declines in poverty, rapid economic growth, and improving social welfare; underdevelopment, climate change, and unequal investment threaten progress and sustainability planning; since coup, foreign assistance has ceased from most funding sources

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 59.2% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 13.8% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 33.5% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 1.5% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 21.4% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -28.6% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 24.1% (2017 est.)
Industry: 35.6% (2017 est.)
Services: 40.3% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: rice, sugar cane, beans, vegetables, milk, maize, poultry, groundnuts, fruit, plantains

Industries: agricultural processing; wood and wood products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; cement, construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer; oil and natural gas; garments; jade and gems

Industrial production growth rate: -20.65% (2021 est.)

Labor force: 22.122 million (2021 est.)

Unemployment rate:

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 6.4% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 6.5%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 6.3%

Population below poverty line: 24.8% (2017 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 30.7 (2017 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10%: 2.8%
Highest 10%: 32.4% (1998)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $13.361 billion (2020 est.)
Expenditures: $18.035 billion (2020 est.)
Surplus  or deficit: -3.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 6.44% (of GDP) (2019 est.)

Public debt:

Revenue
From forest resources: 1.69% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance:

Exports:
Note: Data are in current year dollars and do not include illicit exports or re-exports.
Partners: China 34%, Thailand 14%, Germany 6%, Japan 5%, United States 5% (2021)
Commodities: natural gas, clothing products, dried legumes, precious stones, yttrium, scandium, rice, corn (2021)
Commodities note: Burmese methamphetamine production and opiate production remain significant illicit trade commodities

Imports:
Note: import figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of consumer goods, diesel fuel, and other products smuggled in from Thailand, China, Malaysia, and India
Partners: China 43%, Thailand 15%, Singapore 12%, Indonesia 5% (2019)
Commodities: refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, fabrics, motorcycles, packaged medicines (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access population without electricity: 26 million (2020)
Access electrification-total population: 72.4% (2021)
Access electrification-urban areas: 93.6% (2021)
Access electrification-rural areas: 62.7% (2021)
Installed generating capacity: 7.247 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 20,474,380,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 1.002 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Imports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 3.405 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 52.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 47.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 1.468 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 1.981 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 1,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 514,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 6 million metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 7,800 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 146,200 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 4,700 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 139 million barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 13,330 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 102,600 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 17,710,912,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Consumption: 3,612,431,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Exports: 14,188,161,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Imports: 475.156 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 637.128 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 31.848 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 3.881 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 20.832 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 7.134 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 10.679 million Btu/person (2019 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 535,463 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1 (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 67,930,093 (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 126 (2021 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: government controls all domestic broadcast media; 2 state-controlled TV stations with 1 of the stations controlled by the armed forces; 2 pay-TV stations are joint state-private ventures; 1 state-controlled domestic radio station and 9 FM stations that are joint state-private ventures; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available in parts of Myanmar; the Voice of America (VOA), Radio Free Asia (RFA), BBC Burmese service, the Democratic Voice of Myanmar (DVB), and Radio Australia use shortwave to broadcast in Myanmar; VOA, RFA, and DVB produce daily TV news programs that are transmitted by satellite to audiences in Myanmar; in March 2017, the government granted licenses to 5 private broadcasters, allowing them digital free-to-air TV channels to be operated in partnership with government-owned Myanmar Radio and Television (MRTV) and will rely upon MRTV’s transmission infrastructure; following the February 2021 military coup, the regime revoked the media licenses of most independent outlets, including the free-to-air licenses for DVB and Mizzima (2022)

Internet
Country code: .mm
Users total: 23.76 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 44% (2021 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 688,185 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures:

Military and security forces:
Note 1: under the 2008 constitution, the Tatmadaw controls appointments of senior officials to lead the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Border Affairs, and the Ministry of Home Affairs; in March 2022, a new law gave the commander-in-chief of the Tatmadaw the authority to appoint or remove the head of the police force
Note 2: the Myanmar Police Force is primarily responsible for internal security; the Border Guard Police is administratively part of the Myanmar Police Force but operationally distinct; both are under the Ministry of Home Affairs, which is led by an active-duty military general and itself subordinate to the military command

Military service age and obligation: 18-35 years of age (men) and 18-27 years of age (women) for voluntary military service; no conscription (a 2010 law reintroducing conscription has not yet entered into force); 2-year service obligation; professional men (ages 18-45) and women (ages 18-35), including doctors, engineers, and mechanics, serve up to 3 years; service terms may be stretched to 5 years in an officially declared emergency (2023)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 8 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 42
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 3,407,788 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 4.74 million (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: XY

Airports: 64 (2021)
With paved runways: 36
With paved runways note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)
With unpaved runways: 28
With unpaved runways note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control

Heliports: 11 (2021)

Pipelines: 3,739 km gas, 1321 km oil (2017)

Railways
Total: 5,031 km (2008)
Narrow gauge: 5,031 km (2008) 1.000-m gauge

Roadways
Total: 157,000 km (2013)
Paved: 34,700 km (2013)
Unpaved: 122,300 km (2013)

Waterways: 12,800 km (2011)

Merchant marine
Total: 102 (2022)
By type: bulk carrier 1, general cargo 45, oil tanker 5, other 51

Ports and terminals
Major seaports: Mawlamyine (Moulmein), Sittwe
River ports: Rangoon (Yangon) (Rangoon River)


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Disputes international: over half of Myanmar's population consists of diverse ethnic groups who have substantial numbers of kin in neighboring countries; Bangladesh struggles to accommodate 912,000 Rohingya, Burmese Muslim minority from Rakhine State, living as refugees in Cox's Bazar; Burmese border authorities are constructing a 200 km (124 mi) wire fence designed to deter illegal cross-border transit and tensions from the military build-up along border with Bangladesh in 2010; Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Myanmar and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Burmese forces attempting to dig in to the largely autonomous Shan State to rout local militias tied to the drug trade, prompts local residents to periodically flee into neighboring Yunnan Province in China; fencing along the India- Myanmar international border at Manipur's Moreh town is in progress to check illegal drug trafficking and movement of militants; over 100,000 mostly Karen refugees and asylum seekers fleeing civil strife, political upheaval, and economic stagnation in Myanmar were living in remote camps in Thailand near the border as of May 2017

Refugees and internally displaced persons
IDPs: 1.975 million (government offensives against armed ethnic minority groups near its borders with China and Thailand, natural disasters, forced land evictions) (2023)
Stateless persons: 600,000 (2022); note - Rohingya Muslims, living predominantly in Rakhine State, are Myanmar's main group of stateless people; the Burmese Government does not recognize the Rohingya as a "national race" and stripped them of their citizenship under the 1982 Citizenship Law, categorizing them as "non-nationals" or "foreign residents;" under the Rakhine State Action Plan drafted in October 2014, the Rohingya must demonstrate their family has lived in Myanmar for at least 60 years to qualify for a lesser naturalized citizenship and the classification of Bengali or be put in detention camps and face deportation; native-born but non-indigenous people, such as Indians, are also stateless; the Burmese Government does not grant citizenship to children born outside of the country to Burmese parents who left the country illegally or fled persecution, such as those born in Thailand; the number of stateless persons has decreased dramatically because hundreds of thousands of Rohingya have fled to Bangladesh since 25 August 2017 to escape violence

Illicit drugs: source of precursor or essential chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics; narcotics produced in Myanmar trafficked throughout the region, with routes extending beyond Southeast Asia to Australia, New Zealand, and Japan; second-largest opium poppy cultivator in Asia with an estimated 40,100 hectares grown in 2022; not a major source or transit country for drugs entering the United States; domestic consumption of synthetic drug cocktails such as “Happy Water” and “Wei Tiong” (mixtures of drugs including caffeine, methamphetamine, tramadol, and MDMA) popular among the younger population and domestic drug consumption substantial and widespread.