Map of Niger | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background: Present-day Niger originated from the nomadic peoples of the Saharan north and the agriculturalists of the south. The Taureg kingdom of Takedda was one of the largest kingdoms in the north and played a prominent role in regional trade in the 14^th century. In the south, the primary ethnic groups were the Songhai-Zarma in the west, the Hausa in the center, and the Kanuri in the east. When European colonizers arrived in the 19^th century, the region was an assemblage of disparate local kingdoms.


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Location: Western Africa, southeast of Algeria

Geographic coordinates: 16 00 N, 8 00 E

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 1.267 million km²
Land: 1,266,700 km²
Water: 300 km²
Comparative: slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Land boundaries
Total: 5,834 km
Border countries: (7) Algeria 951 km; Benin 277 km; Burkina Faso 622 km; Chad 1,196 km; Libya 342 km; Mali 838 km; Nigeria 1,608 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south

Terrain: predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in south; hills in north

Elevation
Highest point: Idoukal-n-Taghes 2,022 m
Lowest point: Niger River 200 m
Mean elevation: 474 m

Natural resources: uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, molybdenum, gypsum, salt, petroleum

Land use
Agricultural land: 35.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 12.3% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 22.7% (2018 est.)
Forest: 1% (2018 est.)
Other: 63.9% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 2,666 km² (2020)

Major rivers
By length in km:

Major watersheds area km²:

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 190 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 40 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 2.35 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 34.05 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: recurring droughts

Geography
Note: landlocked; one of the hottest countries in the world; northern four-fifths is desert, southern one-fifth is savanna, suitable for livestock and limited agriculture


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Population
Distribution: majority of the populace is located in the southernmost extreme of the country along the border with Nigeria and Benin as shown in this [link]: 25,396,840 (2023 est.)
Growth rate: 3.66% (2023 est.)
Below poverty line: 40.8% (2018 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Nigerien(s)
Adjective: Nigerien

Ethnic groups: Hausa 53.1%, Zarma/Songhai 21.2%, Tuareg 11%, Fulani (Peuhl) 6.5%, Kanuri 5.9%, Gurma 0.8%, Arab 0.4%, Tubu 0.4%, other/unavailable 0.9% (2006 est.)

Languages: French (official), Hausa, Djerma

Religions: Muslim 99.3%, Christian 0.3%, animist 0.2%, none 0.1% (2012 est.)

Demographic profile: Niger has the highest total fertility rate (TFR) of any country in the world, averaging close to 7 children per woman in 2022. A slight decline in fertility over the last few decades has stalled. This leveling off of the high fertility rate is in large part a product of the continued desire for large families. In Niger, the TFR is lower than the desired fertility rate, which makes it unlikely that contraceptive use will increase. The high TFR sustains rapid population growth and a large youth population - almost 70% of the populace is under the age of 25, as of 2020. Gender inequality, including a lack of educational opportunities for women and early marriage and childbirth, also contributes to high population growth.

Age structure
0-14 years: 49.7% (male 6,360,952/female 6,261,000)
15-64 years: 47.6% (male 5,896,312/female 6,192,116)
65 years and over: 2.7% (2023 est.) (male 329,421/female 357,039)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 105.4
Youth dependency ratio: 100.4
Elderly dependency ratio: 5
Potential support ratio: 20.1 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 15.1 years (2023 est.)
Male: 14.8 years
Female: 15.5 years

Population growth rate: 3.66% (2023 est.)

Birth rate: 46.9 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate: 9.7 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution: majority of the populace is located in the southernmost extreme of the country along the border with Nigeria and Benin as shown in this [link]

Urbanization
Urban population: 17.1% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 4.72% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 1.437 million NIAMEY (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: overgrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; desertification; contaminated water; inadequate potable water; wildlife populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, and lion) threatened because of poaching and habitat destruction
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
International agreements signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 50.15 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 2.02 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 22.99 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.92 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 18.5 years (2012 est.)
Note: data represents median age at first birth among women 20-49

Maternal mortality ratio: 441 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 65.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
Male: 70.5 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 60.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 60.5 years (2023 est.)
Male: 58.9 years
Female: 62.1 years

Total fertility rate: 6.73 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 11% (2021)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 95.8% of population
Improved rural: 63.1% of population
Improved total: 68.6% of population
Unimproved urban: 4.2% of population
Unimproved rural: 36.9% of population
Unimproved total: 31.4% of population (2020 est.)

Current health expenditure: 6.2% of GDP (2020)

Physicians density: 0.04 physicians/1,000 population (2020)

Hospital bed density: 0.4 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban:
Unimproved urban:

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high (2023)
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
Vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever
Water contact diseases: schistosomiasis
Animal contact diseases: rabies
Respiratory diseases: meningococcal meningitis
Note: on 31 August 2023, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Niger is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 5.5% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 0.11 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 7.4% (2020 est.)
Male: 13.7% (2020 est.)
Female: 1.1% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 34.6% (2022)

Education expenditures: 3.8% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 37.3%
Male: 45.8%
Female: 29% (2018)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 6 years
Male: 7 years
Female: 6 years (2017)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 1% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 1.2%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 0.7%


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Niger
Conventional short form: Niger
Local long form: Republique du Niger
Local short form: Niger
Etymology: named for the Niger River that passes through the southwest of the country; from a native term "Ni Gir" meaning "River Gir"
Note: pronounced nee-zhair

Government type: semi-presidential republic

Capital
Name: Niamey
Geographic coordinates: 13 31 N, 2 07 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: according to tradition, the site was originally a fishing village named after a prominent local tree referred to as "nia niam"

Administrative divisions: 7 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 capital district* (communaute urbaine); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, Maradi, Niamey*, Tahoua, Tillaberi, Zinder

Dependent areas

Independence: 3 August 1960 (from France)

National holiday: Republic Day, 18 December (1958); note - commemorates the founding of the Republic of Niger which predated independence from France in 1960

Constitution
History: several previous; passed by referendum 31 October 2010, entered into force 25 November 2010
Amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; consideration of amendments requires at least three-fourths majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires at least four-fifths majority vote; if disapproved, the proposed amendment is dropped or submitted to a referendum; constitutional articles on the form of government, the multiparty system, the separation of state and religion, disqualification of Assembly members, amendment procedures, and amnesty of participants in the 2010 coup cannot be amended; amended 2011, 2017; suspended indefinitely by military coup on 26 July 2023

Legal system: mixed legal system of civil law, based on French civil law, Islamic law, and customary law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Niger
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: unknown

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Mohamed BAZOUM (since 2 April 2021); note - BAZOUM has been under house arrest since a military coup on 26 July 2023
Head of government: Prime Minister Ouhoumoudou MAHAMADOU (since 3 April 2021)
Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 27 December 2020 with a runoff held on 21 February 2021 (next to be held in 2025); prime minister appointed by the president, authorized by the National Assembly
Election results:

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (171 statutory seats - 166 currently; 158 members directly elected from 8 multi-member constituencies in 7 regions and Niamey by party-list proportional representation, 8 reserved for minorities elected in special single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 5 seats reserved for Nigeriens living abroad - l seat per continent - elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; members serve 5-year terms)
Elections: last held on 27 December 2020 (next to be held in December 2025)
Election results: percent of vote by party - percent of vote by party - PNDS-Tarrayya 37.04%, MODEN/FA Lumana 8.71%, MPR-Jamhuriya 7.59%, MNSD-Nassara 6.77%, RDR-Tchanji 4.41%, CPR-Inganci 4.15%, MPN-Kishin Kassa 3.97%, PJP Generation Dubara 2.88%, ANDP Zaman Lahya 2.46%, RPP Farrilla 2.10%, ARD Adaltchi-Mutuntchi 1.74%, AMEN AMIN 1.43%, MDEN Falala 1.42%, other 15.33%; seats by party - PNDS-Tarrayya 79, MODEN/FA Lumana 19, MPR-Jamhuriya 14, MNSD-Nassara 13, CPR-Inganci 8, MPN-Kishin Kassa 6, ANDP-Zaman Lahiya 3, RPP Farrilla 2, PJP Generation Dubara 2, ARD Adaltchi-Mutuntchi 2, AMEN AMIN 2, other 16; composition - men 123, women 43, percent of women 25.9%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Constitutional Court (consists of 7 judges); High Court of Justice (consists of 7 members)
Judge selection and term of office: Constitutional Court judges nominated/elected - 1 by the president of the Republic, 1 by the president of the National Assembly, 2 by peer judges, 2 by peer lawyers, 1 law professor by peers, and 1 from within Nigerien society; all appointed by the president; judges serve 6-year nonrenewable terms with one-third of membership renewed every 2 years; High Judicial Court members selected from among the legislature and judiciary; members serve 5-year terms
Subordinate courts: Court of Cassation; Council of State; Court of Finances; various specialized tribunals and customary courts

Political parties and leaders:

International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, AU (suspended), CD, ECOWAS, EITI (compliant country), Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LCBC, MIGA, MINUSCA, MNJTF, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Mamadou Kiari LIMAN-TINGUIRI (since 19 April 2022)
In the us chancery: 2,204 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 483-4,224
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 483-3,169
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Appointed Ambassador Kathleen FITZGIBBON (since 19 August 2023); note - Ambassador FITZGIBBON has not presented her credentials due to the current political crisis
From the us embassy: BP 11,201, Niamey
From the us mailing address: 2,420 Niamey Place, Washington DC 20,521-2,420
From the us telephone: [227] 20-72-26-61
From the us FAX: [227] 20-73-55-60
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small orange disk centered in the white band; the orange band denotes the drier northern regions of the Sahara; white stands for purity and innocence; green symbolizes hope and the fertile and productive southern and western areas, as well as the Niger River; the orange disc represents the sun and the sacrifices made by the people
Note: similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band

National symbols: zebu; national colors: orange, white, green

National anthem
Name: "La Nigerienne" (The Nigerien)
Lyrics/music: Maurice Albert THIRIET/Robert JACQUET and Nicolas Abel Francois FRIONNET
Note: adopted 1961

National heritage
Total World Heritage Sites: 3 (1 cultural, 2 natural)
Selected World Heritage Site locales:


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Economy overview: low-income Sahel economy; major instability and humanitarian crises limit economic activity; COVID-19 eliminated recent antipoverty gains; economy rebounding since December 2020 Nigerian border reopening and new investments; uranium resource rich

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 70.2% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 9.4% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 38.6% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 16.4% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -34.6% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 41.6% (2017 est.)
Industry: 19.5% (2017 est.)
Services: 38.7% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: millet, cow peas, sorghum, onions, milk, groundnuts, cassava, cabbages, goat milk, fruit

Industries: uranium mining, petroleum, cement, brick, soap, textiles, food processing, chemicals, slaughterhouses

Industrial production growth rate: 4.09% (2021 est.)

Labor force: 9.411 million (2021 est.)

Unemployment rate:

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 1% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 1.2%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 0.7%

Population below poverty line: 40.8% (2018 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 37.3 (2018 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10%: 3.2%
Highest 10%: 26.8% (2014)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $2.325 billion (2019 est.)
Expenditures: $2.785 billion (2019 est.)
Surplus  or deficit: -5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 21.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt:

Revenue
From forest resources: 4.41% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance:

Exports:
Partners: United Arab Emirates 54%, China 25%, France 7%, Pakistan 5% (2019)
Commodities: gold, sesame seeds, uranium, refined petroleum, onions (2021)

Imports:
Partners: China 19%, France 9%, United Arab Emirates 7%, Cote d'Ivoire 6%, India 6%, Nigeria 5%, Togo 5%, Turkey 5% (2019)
Commodities: rice, packaged medicines, palm oil, cars, cement (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access population without electricity: 21 million (2020)
Access electrification-total population: 18.6% (2021)
Access electrification-urban areas: 65.9% (2021)
Access electrification-rural areas: 9% (2021)
Installed generating capacity: 324,000 kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 1,325,420,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 0 kWh (2019 est.)
Imports: 1.057 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 313 million kWh (2019 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 94.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 5.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 224,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 224,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 6 million metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 8,000 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 13,800 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 150 million barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 15,280 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports: 5,422 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 3,799 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Consumption: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 2.374 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 499,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 1.875 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 1.54 million Btu/person (2019 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 58,000 (2021 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: (2021 est.) less than 1
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 14 million (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 56 (2021 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: state-run TV station; 3 private TV stations provide a mix of local and foreign programming; state-run radio has only radio station with national coverage; about 30 private radio stations operate locally; as many as 100 community radio stations broadcast; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available

Internet
Country code: .ne
Users total: 5.5 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 22% (2021 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 12,000 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 0.1 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures:

Military and security forces:
Note 1: the Gendarmerie (GN) and the National Guard (GNN) are paramilitary forces; the GN has primary responsibility for rural security while the GNN is responsible for domestic security and the protection of high-level officials and government buildings; the GNN in past years was known as the National Forces of Intervention and Security and the Republican Guard
Note 2: the National Police includes the Directorate of Territorial Surveillance, which is charged with border management

Military service age and obligation: 18 is the legal minimum age for selective compulsory or voluntary military service for unmarried men and women; 24-month service term (2023)

Space program

Terrorist groups
Terrorist groups: Boko Haram; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham in the Greater Sahara (ISIS-GS); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - West Africa (ISIS-WA); Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM); al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in terrorist organizations


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 3

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: 5U

Airports: 30 (2021)
With paved runways: 10
With paved runways note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)
With unpaved runways: 20
With unpaved runways note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control

Heliports: 1 (2021)

Pipelines: 464 km oil

Railways

Roadways
Total: 18,949 km (2010)
Paved: 3,912 km (2010)
Unpaved: 15,037 km (2010)

Waterways: 300 km (2012) (the Niger, the only major river, is navigable to Gaya between September and March)

Merchant marine
Total: 2 (2022)
By type: general cargo 1, other 1

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international: Niger-Benin-Nigeria: location of Niger-Benin-Nigeria tripoint is unresolved

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 221,810 (Nigeria), 67,191 (Mali) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2023)
IDPs: 335,277 (includes the regions of Diffa, Tillaberi, and Tahoua; unknown how many of the 11,000 people displaced by clashes between government forces and the Tuareg militant group, Niger Movement for Justice, in 2007 are still displaced; inter-communal violence; Boko Haram attacks in southern Niger, 2015) (2023)

Illicit drugs: a transit country for illegal drugs shipped through Niger to Africa, Europe, and the Middle East; drugs from South America, cocaine, heroin, cannabis, and various synthetics transit through Niger to European and Middle Eastern markets; hashish from Morocco is trafficked through Niger to Libya and Egypt and Europe and the Middle East; Nigerien citizens and migrants crossing Niger consume significant quantities  of the opioid tramadol from neighboring Nigeria