Map of North Macedonia | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background: North Macedonia gained its independence peacefully from Yugoslavia in 1991 under the name of "Macedonia." Greek objection to the new country’s name, insisting it implied territorial pretensions to the northern Greek province of Macedonia, and democratic backsliding for several years stalled the country’s movement toward Euro-Atlantic integration. Immediately after Macedonia declared independence, Greece sought to block Macedonian efforts to gain UN membership if the name "Macedonia" was used. The country was eventually admitted to the UN in 1993 as "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia," and at the same time it agreed to UN-sponsored negotiations on the name dispute. In 1995, Greece lifted a 20-month trade embargo and the two countries agreed to normalize relations, but the issue of the name remained unresolved and negotiations for a solution continued. Over time, the US and over 130 other nations recognized Macedonia by its constitutional name, Republic of Macedonia. Ethnic Albanian grievances over perceived political and economic inequities escalated into a conflict in 2001 that eventually led to the internationally brokered Ohrid Framework Agreement, which ended the fighting and established guidelines for constitutional amendments and the creation of new laws that enhanced the rights of minorities. In January 2018, the government adopted a new law on languages, which elevated the Albanian language to an official language at the national level, with the Macedonian language remaining the sole official language in international relations. Relations between ethnic Macedonians and ethnic Albanians remain complicated, however.


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Location: Southeastern Europe, north of Greece

Geographic coordinates: 41 50 N, 22 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 25,713 km²
Land: 25,433 km²
Water: 280 km²
Comparative: slightly larger than Vermont; almost four times the size of Delaware

Land boundaries
Total: 838 km
Border countries: (5) Albania 181 km; Bulgaria 162 km; Greece 234 km; Kosovo 160 km; Serbia 101 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall

Terrain: mountainous with deep basins and valleys; three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country bisected by the Vardar River

Elevation
Highest point: Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,764 m
Lowest point: Vardar River 50 m
Mean elevation: 741 m

Natural resources: low-grade iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, manganese, nickel, tungsten, gold, silver, asbestos, gypsum, timber, arable land

Land use
Agricultural land: 44.3% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 16.4% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 26.5% (2018 est.)
Forest: 39.8% (2018 est.)
Other: 15.9% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 844 km² (2016)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 310 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 20 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 140 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 6.4 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: high seismic risks

Geography
Note: landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe


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Population
Distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations: 2,133,410 (2023 est.)
Growth rate: 0.11% (2023 est.)
Below poverty line: 21.6% (2018 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Macedonian(s)
Adjective: Macedonian

Ethnic groups: Macedonian 58.4%, Albanian 24.3%, Turkish 3.9%, Romani 2.5%, Serb 1.3%, other 2.3%, persons for whom data were taken from administrative sources and no ethnic affiliation data was available 7.2% (2021 est.)
Note: data represent total resident population; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 6.5-13% of North Macedonia’s population

Languages: Macedonian (official) 61.4%, Albanian (official) 24.3%, Turkish 3.4%, Romani 1.7%, other (includes Aromanian (Vlach) and Bosnian) 2%, persons for whom data were taken from administrative sources and no language data was available 7.2% (2021 est.); note - data represent mother tongue; minority languages are co-official with Macedonian in municipalities where they are spoken by at least 20% of the population; Albanian is co-official in Tetovo, Brvenica, Vrapciste, and other municipalities; Turkish is co-official in Centar Zupa and Plasnica; Romani is co-official in Suto Orizari; Aromanian is co-official in Krusevo; Serbian is co-official in Cucer Sandevo
Major-language samples:

Religions: Macedonian Orthodox 46.1%, Muslim 32.2%, other Christian 13.8%, other and non-believers 0.5%, unspecified 0.2%, persons for whom data were taken from administrative sources and no religious affiliation data was available 7.2% (2021 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 16.06% (male 177,156/female 165,540)
15-64 years: 68.69% (male 742,990/female 722,359)
65 years and over: 15.25% (2023 est.) (male 143,539/female 181,826)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 44.6
Youth dependency ratio: 23.2
Elderly dependency ratio: 21.4
Potential support ratio: 4.7 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 40.1 years (2023 est.)
Male: 39.1 years
Female: 41.2 years

Population growth rate: 0.11% (2023 est.)

Birth rate: 10.3 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate: 9.6 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Net migration rate: 0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Urbanization
Urban population: 59.5% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.61% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 611,000 SKOPJE (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution from metallurgical plants; Skopje has severe air pollution problems every winter as a result of industrial emissions, smoke from wood-buring stoves, and exhaust fumes from old cars
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
International agreements signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 25.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 7.05 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 2.28 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 26.9 years (2020 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 3 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 7.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
Male: 8.1 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 6.2 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 77.1 years (2023 est.)
Male: 75 years
Female: 79.3 years

Total fertility rate: 1.52 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 59.9% (2018/19)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 99.7% of population
Improved rural: 99% of population
Improved total: 99.4% of population
Unimproved urban: 0.3% of population
Unimproved rural: 1% of population
Unimproved total: 0.6% of population (2020 est.)

Current health expenditure: 7.9% of GDP (2020)

Physicians density: 2.87 physicians/1,000 population (2015)

Hospital bed density: 4.3 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban:
Unimproved urban:

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 22.4% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 3.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 1.93 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 1.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 0.9 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 0.9% (2018/19)

Education expenditures: NA

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 98.4%
Male: 99.1%
Female: 97.6% (2020)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 13 years
Male: 13 years
Female: 14 years (2020)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 34.1% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 31.6%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 38.4%


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of North Macedonia
Conventional short form: North Macedonia
Local long form: Republika Severna Makedonija
Local short form: Severna Makedonija
Former: Democratic Federal Macedonia, People's Republic of Macedonia, Socialist Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Macedonia
Etymology: the country name derives from the ancient kingdom of Macedon (7th to 2nd centuries B.C.)

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Skopje
Geographic coordinates: 42 00 N, 21 26 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: Skopje derives from its ancient name Scupi, the Latin designation of a classical era Greco-Roman frontier fortress town; the name may go back even further to a pre-Greek, Illyrian name

Administrative divisions: 70 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina) and 1 city* (grad); Aracinovo, Berovo, Bitola, Bogdanci, Bogovinje, Bosilovo, Brvenica, Caska, Centar Zupa, Cesinovo-Oblesevo, Cucer Sandevo, Debar, Debarca, Delcevo, Demir Hisar, Demir Kapija, Dojran, Dolneni, Gevgelija, Gostivar, Gradsko, Ilinden, Jegunovce, Karbinci, Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kocani, Konce, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krivogastani, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Lipkovo, Lozovo, Makedonska Kamenica, Makedonski Brod, Mavrovo i Rostuse, Mogila, Negotino, Novaci, Novo Selo, Ohrid, Pehcevo, Petrovec, Plasnica, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Rankovce, Resen, Rosoman, Skopje*, Sopiste, Staro Nagoricane, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Studenicani, Sveti Nikole, Tearce, Tetovo, Valandovo, Vasilevo, Veles, Vevcani, Vinica, Vrapciste, Zelenikovo, Zelino, Zrnovci

Dependent areas

Independence: 8 September 1991 (referendum by registered voters endorsed independence from Yugoslavia)

National holiday: Independence Day, 8 September (1991), also known as National Day

Constitution
History: several previous; latest adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991
Amendments: proposed by the president of the republic, by the government, by at least 30 members of the Assembly, or by petition of at least 150,000 citizens; final approval requires a two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; amended several times, last in 2019; this amendment was the result of the 2018 Prespa Agreement with Greece, in which the constitutional name of the country would be changed to the Republic of North Macedonia - previously the Republic of Macedonia - in exchange for assurances that Greece would no longer object to North Macedonia's integration in international organizations

Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of North Macedonia
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Stevo PENDAROVSKI (since 12 May 2019)
Head of government: Prime Minister Dimitar KOVACEVSKI (since 16 January 2022)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Assembly by simple majority vote
Elections/appointments: president directly elected using a modified 2-round system; a candidate can only be elected in the first round with an absolute majority from all registered voters; in the second round, voter turnout must be at least 40% for the result to be deemed valid; president elected for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 21 April and 5 May 2019 (next to be held in 2024); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the Assembly; Dimitar KOVACEVSKI elected prime minister by the Assembly on 16 January 2022; Assembly vote - NA
Election results:

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral Assembly - Sobraine in Macedonian, Kuvend in Albanian (between 120 and 140 seats, currently 120; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed-list proportional representation vote; possibility of 3 directly elected in diaspora constituencies by simple majority vote provided there is sufficient voter turnout; members serve 4-year terms)
Elections: last held on 15 July 2020 (next to be held in 2024)
Election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - We Can 35.9%, Renewal 34.6%, BDI 11.5%, AfA-Alternative 9%, The Left 4.1%, PDSh 1.5%, other 3.4%; seats by party/coalition - We Can 46, Renewal 44, BDI 15, AfA-Alternative 12, The Left 2, PDSh 1; composition - men 70, women 50, percent of women 41.7%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of 22 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by the Judicial Council, a 7-member body of legal professionals, and appointed by the Assembly; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the Assembly for nonrenewable, 9-year terms
Subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Basic Courts

Political parties and leaders:

International organization participation: BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Note: North Macedonia is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Zoran POPOV (since 16 September 2022)
In the us chancery: 2,129 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 667-0501
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 667-2,131
In the us email address and website: washington@mfa.gov.mk
In the us consulate(s) general: Chicago, Detroit, New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Angela AGGELER (since 8 November 2022)
From the us embassy: Str. Samoilova, Nr. 21, 1000 Skopje
From the us mailing address: 7,120 Skopje Place, Washington, DC 20,521-7,120
From the us telephone: [389] (2) 310-2000
From the us FAX: [389] (2) 310-2,499
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: a yellow sun (the Sun of Liberty) with eight broadening rays extending to the edges of the red field; the red and yellow colors have long been associated with Macedonia

National symbols: eight-rayed sun; national colors: red, yellow

National anthem
Name: "Denes nad Makedonija" (Today Over Macedonia)
Lyrics/music: Vlado MALESKI/Todor SKALOVSKI
Note: written in 1943 and adopted in 1991, the song previously served as the anthem of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia while part of Yugoslavia

National heritage
Total World Heritage Sites: 2 (both natural)
Selected World Heritage Site locales:


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Economy overview: growing upper middle-income European economy; EU accession stalled due to Bulgarian dispute; new NATO member; private consumption-driven growth; investment declined due to COVID-19; regional economic power gains since Greek naming resolution

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars; Macedonia has a large informal sector that may not be reflected in these data

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 65.6% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 15.6% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 13.6% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 20.2% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 54% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -69% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 10.9% (2017 est.)
Industry: 26.6% (2017 est.)
Services: 62.5% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: milk, grapes, wheat, potatoes, green chillies/peppers, cabbages, tomatoes, maize, barley, watermelons

Industries: food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, iron, steel, cement, energy, pharmaceuticals, automotive parts

Industrial production growth rate: -2.37% (2021 est.)

Labor force: 916,200 (2021 est.)

Unemployment rate:

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 34.1% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 31.6%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 38.4%

Population below poverty line: 21.6% (2018 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 33 (2018 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10%: 1.7%
Highest 10%: 25% (2015 est.)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $3.505 billion (2020 est.)
Expenditures: $4.5 billion (2020 est.)
Surplus  or deficit: -2.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 16.13% (of GDP) (2020 est.)

Public debt:
Note: official data from Ministry of Finance; data cover central government debt; this data excludes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; includes treasury debt held by foreign entitites; excludes debt issued by sub-national entities; there are no debt instruments sold for social funds

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.15% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance:

Exports:
Partners: Germany 45%, Serbia 8%, Bulgaria 5% (2019)
Commodities: support catalysts, centrifuges, insulated wiring, iron alloys, seats (2021)

Imports:
Partners: United Kingdom 14%, Germany 14%, Greece 8%, Serbia 8% (2019)
Commodities: platinum, refined petroleum, laboratory ceramics, cars, insulated wiring (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification-total population: 100% (2021)
Installed generating capacity: 1.928 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 6,350,982,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 639 million kWh (2020 est.)
Imports: 2.965 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 979 million kWh (2019 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 71.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 0.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 2.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 24.7% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 1.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 5.026 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 5.211 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 1,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 174,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 332 million metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 22,700 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports: 3,065 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 23,560 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Consumption: 218.917 million cubic meters (2019 est.)
Exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Imports: 218.917 million cubic meters (2019 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 7.383 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 3.866 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 3.094 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 423,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 53.572 million Btu/person (2019 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 436,182 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 20 (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 1,941,352 (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 92 (2021 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: public service TV broadcaster Macedonian Radio and Television operates 3 national terrestrial TV channels and 2 satellite TV channels; additionally, there are 10 regional TV stations that broadcast nationally using terrestrial transmitters, 54 TV channels with concession for cable TV, 9 regional TV stations with concessions for cable TV; 4 satellite TV channels broadcasting on a national level, 21 local commercial TV channels, and a large number of cable operators that offer domestic and international programming; the public radio broadcaster operates over 3 stations; there are 4 privately owned radio stations that broadcast nationally; 17 regional radio stations, and 49 local commercial radio stations (2019)

Internet
Country code: .mk
Users total: 1.743 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 83% (2021 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 475,569 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 23 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures:

Military and security forces: Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (ARSM): the ARSM is a joint force with air, ground, reserve, special operations, and support forces (2023)
Note: the Police of Macedonia maintain internal security, including migration and border enforcement, and report to the Ministry of the Interior

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2007 (2023)
Note: as of 2023, women made up about 10% of the military's full-time personnel

Space program

Terrorist groups
Terrorist groups: Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T


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National air transport system

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: Z3

Airports: 10 (2021)
With paved runways: 8
With paved runways note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)
With unpaved runways: 2
With unpaved runways note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control

Heliports

Pipelines: 262 km gas, 120 km oil (2017)

Railways
Total: 699 km (2020) 313 km electrified

Roadways
Total: 14,182 km (2017) (includes 290 km of expressways)
Paved: 9,633 km (2017)
Unpaved: 4,549 km (2017)

Waterways

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international: North Macedonia-Albania: none identified

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 18,680 (Ukraine) (as of 14 November 2023)
Stateless persons: 521 (2022)
Note: 562,235 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-October 2023)

Illicit drugs: major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined for Europe; although not a financial center and most criminal activity is thought to be domestic, money laundering is a problem due to a mostly cash-based economy and weak enforcement