Map of San Marino | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background: Geographically the third-smallest state in Europe (after the Holy See and Monaco), San Marino also claims to be the world's oldest republic. According to tradition, it was founded by a Christian stonemason named MARINUS in A.D. 301. San Marino's foreign policy is aligned with that of the EU, although it is not a member; social and political trends in the republic track closely with those of its larger neighbor, Italy.


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Location: Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy

Geographic coordinates: 43 46 N, 12 25 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 61 km²
Land: 61 km²
Water: 0 km²
Comparative: about one-third the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries
Total: 37 km
Border countries: (1) Italy 37 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers

Terrain: rugged mountains

Elevation
Highest point: Monte Titano 739 m
Lowest point: Torrente Ausa 55 m

Natural resources: building stone

Land use
Agricultural land: 16.7% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 16.7% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
Forest: 0% (2018 est.)
Other: 83.3% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 0 km² (2022)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards: occasional earthquakes

Geography
Note: landlocked; an enclave of (completely surrounded by) Italy; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See and Monaco; dominated by the Apennine Mountains


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Population: 34,892 (2023 est.)
Growth rate: 0.59% (2023 est.)
Below poverty line: NA

Nationality
Noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural)
Adjective: Sammarinese

Ethnic groups: Sammarinese, Italian

Languages: Italian
Major-language samples:

Religions: Roman Catholic

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 14.34% (male 2,615/female 2,388)
15-64 years: 64.58% (male 10,906/female 11,628)
65 years and over: 21.08% (2023 est.) (male 3,329/female 4,026)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 49.6
Youth dependency ratio: 19.6
Elderly dependency ratio: 30
Potential support ratio: 3.3 (2021)

Median age
Total: 45.9 years (2023 est.)
Male: 44.4 years
Female: 47.2 years

Population growth rate: 0.59% (2023 est.)

Birth rate: 8.9 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate: 8.8 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Net migration rate: 5.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution

Urbanization
Urban population: 97.8% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 4,000 SAN MARINO (2018)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution; urbanization decreasing rural farmlands; water shortage
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling
International agreements signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 9.85 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Methane emissions: 0.02 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.09 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 31.9 years (2019)

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate
Total: 6.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
Male: 7.5 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 5.1 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 84.1 years (2023 est.)
Male: 81.5 years
Female: 86.8 years

Total fertility rate: 1.53 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA

Drinking water source
Improved urban: NA
Improved rural: NA
Improved total: 100% of population
Unimproved urban: NA
Unimproved rural: NA
Unimproved total: 0% of population (2020)

Current health expenditure: 8.7% of GDP (2020)

Physicians density: 6.11 physicians/1,000 population (2014)

Hospital bed density: 3.8 beds/1,000 population (2012)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban:
Unimproved urban:

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 3.4% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Total population: 99.9%
Male: 99.9%
Female: 99.9% (2018)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 12 years
Male: 13 years
Female: 12 years (2021)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 27.4% (2016 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 21.4%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 36%


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of San Marino
Conventional short form: San Marino
Local long form: Repubblica di San Marino
Local short form: San Marino
Etymology: named after Saint MARINUS, who in A.D. 301 founded the monastic settlement around which the city and later the state of San Marino coalesced

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: San Marino (city)
Geographic coordinates: 43 56 N, 12 25 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: named after Saint MARINUS, who in A.D. 301 founded a monastic settlement around which the city and later the state of San Marino coalesced

Administrative divisions: 9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, San Marino Citta, Serravalle

Dependent areas

Independence: 3 September 301 (traditional founding date)

National holiday: Founding of the Republic (or Feast of Saint Marinus), 3 September (A.D. 301)

Constitution
History: San Marino’s principal legislative instruments consist of old customs (antiche consuetudini), the Statutory Laws of San Marino (Leges Statutae Sancti Marini), old statutes (antichi statute) from the1600s, Brief Notes on the Constitutional Order and Institutional Organs of the Republic of San Marino (Brevi Cenni sull’Ordinamento Costituzionale e gli Organi Istituzionali della Repubblica di San Marino) and successive legislation, chief among them is the Declaration of the Rights of Citizens and Fundamental Principles of the San Marino Legal Order (Dichiarazione dei Diritti dei Cittadini e dei Principi Fondamentali dell’Ordinamento Sammarinese), approved 8 July 1974
Amendments: proposed by the Great and General Council; passage requires two-thirds majority Council vote; Council passage by absolute majority vote also requires passage in a referendum; Declaration of Civil Rights amended several times, last in 2019

Legal system: civil law system with Italian civil law influences

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of San Marino
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 30 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: co-chiefs of state Captain Regent Alessandro SCARANO and Adele TONNINI (for the period 1 April 2023 - 1 October 2023)
Head of government: Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs Luca BECCARI (since 8 January 2020)
Cabinet: Congress of State elected by the Grand and General Council
Elections/appointments: co-chiefs of state (captains regent) indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 6-month term; election last held in March 2023; secretary of state for foreign and political affairs indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 5-year term; election last held on 28 December 2019 (next to be held by November 2024)
Election results: Alessandro SCARANO and Adele TONNINI elected captains regent; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA; Luca BECCARI (PDCS) elected secretary of state for foreign and political affairs; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA
Note: the captains regent preside over meetings of the Grand and General Council and its cabinet (Congress of State), which has 7 other members who are selected by the Grand and General Council; assisting the captains regent are 7 secretaries of state; the secretary of state for Foreign Affairs has some prime ministerial roles

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral Grand and General Council or Consiglio Grande e Generale (60 seats; members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by list proportional representation vote in 2 rounds if needed; members serve 5-year terms)
Elections: last held on 8 December 2019 (next to be held by 31 December 2024)
Election results: percent of vote by coalition/party - PDCS 35%, Tomorrow in Movement coalition 25% (RETE Movement 18.3%, DML 6.7%), Liberia 16.7%, We for the Republic 13.3%, RF 10%; seats by coalition/party - PDCS 21, Tomorrow in Movement coalition 15 (RETE Movement 11, DML 4), Liberia 10, We for the Republic 8, RF 6; composition (as of September 2022) - men 40, women 20, percent of women 33.3%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII (consists of 12 members); note - the College of Guarantors for the Constitutionality and General Norms functions as San Marino's constitutional court
Judge selection and term of office: judges elected by the Grand and General Council from among its own to serve 5-year terms
Subordinate courts: first instance and first appeal criminal, administrative, and civil courts; Court for the Trust and Trustee Relations; justices of the peace or conciliatory judges

Political parties and leaders:

International organization participation: CE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Damiano BELEFFI (since 21 July 2017)
In the us chancery: 327 E 50th Street, New York, NY 10,022
In the us telephone: [1] (212) 751-1234
In the us FAX: [1] (212) 751-1436
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Jack Markell (since September 2023); note - also accredited to Italy
From the us embassy: the United States does not have an Embassy in San Marino; the US Ambassador to Italy is accredited to San Marino, and the US Consulate General in Florence maintains day-to-day ties

Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the main colors derive from the shield of the coat of arms, which features three white towers on three peaks on a blue field; the towers represent three castles built on San Marino's highest feature, Mount Titano: Guaita, Cesta, and Montale; the coat of arms is flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty); the white and blue colors are also said to stand for peace and liberty respectively

National symbols: three peaks each displaying a tower; national colors: white, blue

National anthem
Name: "Inno Nazionale della Repubblica" (National Anthem of the Republic)
Lyrics/music: no lyrics/Federico CONSOLO
Note: adopted 1894; the music for the lyric-less anthem is based on a 10th century chorale piece

National heritage
Total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)
Selected World Heritage Site locales:


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Economy overview: high-income, non-EU European economy; surrounded by Italy, which is the dominant importer and exporter; open border to EU and a euro user; strong financial sector; high foreign investments; low taxation; increasingly high and risky debt

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: (2011 est.) NA
Government consumption: (2011 est.) NA
Investment in fixed capital: (2011 est.) NA
Investment in inventories: (2011 est.) NA
Exports of goods and services: 176.6% (2011)
Imports of goods and services: -153.3% (2011)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 0.1% (2009)
Industry: 39.2% (2009)
Services: 60.7% (2009)

Agriculture products: wheat, grapes, corn, olives; cattle, pigs, horses, beef, cheese, hides

Industries: tourism, banking, textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement, wine

Industrial production growth rate: -1.1% (2012 est.)

Labor force: 21,960 (September 2013 est.)

Unemployment rate:

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 27.4% (2016 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 21.4%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 36%

Population below poverty line: NA

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10%: NA
Highest 10%: NA

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $371 million (2019 est.)
Expenditures: $363 million (2019 est.)
Surplus  or deficit: -2.9% (of GDP) (2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 16.14% (of GDP) (2020 est.)

Public debt:

Revenue
From forest resources: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance:

Exports:
Partners: Romania 10%, France 9%, Germany 8%, United States 8%, Austria 6%, Brazil 6%, Poland 6%, Russia 6%, (2019)
Commodities: industrial washing/bottling machinery, packaged medicines, woodworking machinery, foodstuffs, aircraft (2019)

Imports:
Partners: Germany 21%, Italy 13%, Poland 10%, France 7%, Spain 7%, Belgium 6%, Romania 6% (2019)
Commodities: electricity, cars, aluminum, footwear, natural gas, iron piping (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external: NA

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:
Note: while not an EU member state, San Marino, due to its preexisting monetary and banking agreements with Italy, has a 2000 monetary agreement with the EU to produce limited euro coinage—but not banknotes—that began enforcement in January 2002 and was superseded by a new EU agreement in 2012


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Electricity
Access electrification-total population: 100% (2021)

Coal

Petroleum

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas

Carbon dioxide emissions

Energy consumption per capita


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 16,000 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 48 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 41,000 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 122 (2022 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: state-owned public broadcaster operates 1 TV station and 3 radio stations; receives radio and TV broadcasts from Italy (2019)

Internet
Country code: .sm
Users total: 25,500 (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 75% (2021 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 11,000 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 32 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures

Military and security forces:
Note: the captains regent oversees the Gendarmerie and National Guard when they are performing duties related to public order and security; the Ministry of Foreign Affairs exercises control over such administrative functions as personnel and equipment, and the courts exercise control over the Gendarmerie when it acts as judicial police

Military service age and obligation: 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription; government has the authority to call up all San Marino citizens from 16-60 years of age to serve in the military (2023)

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: T7

Airports

Heliports

Pipelines

Railways

Roadways
Total: 292 km (2006)
Paved: 292 km (2006)

Waterways

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international: none identified

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Illicit drugs