Map of Serbia | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Communist Partisans resisted the Axis occupation and division of Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1945 and fought nationalist opponents and collaborators as well. The military and political movement headed by Josip Broz "TITO" (Partisans) took full control of Yugoslavia when their domestic rivals and the occupiers were defeated in 1945. Although communists, TITO and his successors (Tito died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia and his ultranationalist calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in April 1992 and under MILOSEVIC's leadership, Serbia led various military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." These actions ultimately failed and, after international intervention, led to the signing of the Dayton Peace Accords in 1995.


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Location: Southeastern Europe, between Macedonia and Hungary

Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 21 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 77,474 km²
Land: 77,474 km²
Water: 0 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than South Carolina

Land boundaries
Total: 2,322 km
Border countries: (8) Bosnia and Herzegovina 345 km; Bulgaria 344 km; Croatia 314 km; Hungary 164 km; Kosovo 366 km; North Macedonia 101 km; Montenegro 157 km; Romania 531 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)

Terrain: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills

Elevation
Highest point: Midzor 2,169 m
Lowest point: Danube and Timok Rivers 35 m
Mean elevation: 442 m

Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, arable land

Land use
Agricultural land: 57.9% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 37.7% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 3.4% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 16.8% (2018 est.)
Forest: 31.6% (2018 est.)
Other: 10.5% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 520 km² (2020)

Major rivers
By length in km:

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 680 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 3.99 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 660 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 162.2 billion cubic meters (2020 est.) (note - includes Kosovo)

Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes

Geography
Note: landlocked; controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East


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Population
Distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations: 6,693,375 (2023 est.)
Note: does not include the population of Kosovo
Growth rate: -0.63% (2023 est.)
Below poverty line: 23.2% (2018 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Serb(s)
Adjective: Serbian

Ethnic groups: Serb 83.3%, Hungarian 3.5%, Romani 2.1%, Bosniak 2%, other 5.7%, undeclared or unknown 3.4% (2011 est.)
Note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5-11% of Serbia's population

Languages: Serbian (official) 88.1%, Hungarian 3.4%, Bosnian 1.9%, Romani 1.4%, other 3.4%, undeclared or unknown 1.8%; note - Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, and Ruthenian (Rusyn) are official in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina; most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census (2011 est.)
Major-language samples:

Religions: Orthodox 84.6%, Catholic 5%, Muslim 3.1%, Protestant 1%, atheist 1.1%, other 0.8% (includes agnostics, other Christians, Eastern, Jewish), undeclared or unknown 4.5% (2011 est.)
Note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 14.45% (male 498,534/female 468,853)
15-64 years: 65.81% (male 2,216,701/female 2,188,267)
65 years and over: 19.74% (2023 est.) (male 547,344/female 773,676)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 53.8
Youth dependency ratio: 21.9
Elderly dependency ratio: 31.9
Potential support ratio: 3.1 (2021 est.)
Note: data include Kosovo

Median age
Total: 43.7 years (2023 est.)
Male: 42.2 years
Female: 45.2 years

Population growth rate: -0.63% (2023 est.)

Birth rate: 8.9 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate: 15.1 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Urbanization
Urban population: 57.1% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Note: data include Kosovo

Major urban areas
Population: 1.408 million BELGRADE (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube; inadequate management of domestic, industrial, and hazardous waste
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 21.74 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 45.22 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 11.96 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 28.2 years (2020 est.)
Note: data does not cover Kosovo or Metohija

Maternal mortality ratio: 10 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 4.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
Male: 5.1 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 3.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 75.1 years (2023 est.)
Male: 72.5 years
Female: 77.9 years

Total fertility rate: 1.46 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 62.3% (2019)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 99.7% of population
Improved rural: 99.4% of population
Improved total: 99.5% of population
Unimproved urban: 0.3% of population
Unimproved rural: 0.6% of population
Unimproved total: 0.5% of population (2020 est.)

Current health expenditure: 8.7% of GDP (2020)

Physicians density: 3.11 physicians/1,000 population (2016)

Hospital bed density: 5.6 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban:
Unimproved urban:

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: intermediate (2023)
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
Vectorborne diseases: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 21.5% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 7.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 3.24 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 1.62 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 2.37 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 39.8% (2020 est.)
Male: 40.5% (2020 est.)
Female: 39.1% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 1% (2019)

Education expenditures: 3.6% of GDP (2019 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.5%
Male: 99.9%
Female: 99.1% (2019)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 14 years
Male: 14 years
Female: 15 years (2021)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 30.4% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 28.5%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 33.7%


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Serbia
Conventional short form: Serbia
Local long form: Republika Srbija
Local short form: Srbija
Former: People's Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia
Etymology: the origin of the name is uncertain, but seems to be related to the name of the West Slavic Sorbs who reside in the Lusatian region in present-day eastern Germany; by tradition, the Serbs migrated from that region to the Balkans in about the 6th century A.D.

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Belgrade (Beograd)
Geographic coordinates: 44 50 N, 20 30 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: the Serbian "Beograd" means "white fortress" or "white city" and dates back to the 9th century; the name derives from the white fortress wall that once enclosed the city

Administrative divisions: 117 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina) and 28 cities (gradovi, singular - grad)

Dependent areas

Independence: 5 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 1217 (Serbian Kingdom established); 16 April 1346 (Serbian Empire established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Serbian independence); 1 December 1918 (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) established)

National holiday: Statehood Day, 15 February (1835), the day the first constitution of the country was adopted

Constitution
History: many previous; latest adopted 30 September 2006, approved by referendum 28-29 October 2006, effective 8 November 2006
Amendments: proposed by at least one third of deputies in the National Assembly, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition of at least 150,000 voters; passage of proposals and draft amendments each requires at least two-thirds majority vote in the Assembly; amendments to constitutional articles including the preamble, constitutional principles, and human and minority rights and freedoms also require passage by simple majority vote in a referendum

Legal system: civil law system

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Serbia
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 3 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Aleksandar VUCIC (since 31 May 2017)
Head of government: Prime Minister Ana BRNABIC (since 29 June 2017)
Cabinet: Cabinet elected by the National Assembly
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 3 April 2022 (next to be held on 17 December 2023); prime minister elected by the National Assembly; note - on 1 November 2023 President VUCIC dissolved parliament and called for snap elections on 17 December 2023
Election results:

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral National Assembly or Narodna Skupstina (250 seats; members directly elected by party list proportional representation vote in a single nationwide constituency to serve 4-year terms)
Elections: last held on 17 December 2023 (next to be held in 2,027)
Election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - Serbia Must Stop 48%, SPN 24.4%, SPS-JS-ZS 6.7%, NADA 5.2%, MI-GIN 4.8%, Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians 1.7%, SPP-DSHV 0.8%, SDAS 0.6%, Political Battle of the Albanians Continues 0.4%, RS-NKPJ 0.3%, other 7.1%; seats by party/coalition - Serbia Must Stop 128, SPN 65, SPS-JS-ZS 18, NADA 13, MI-GIN 13, Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians 6, SPP-DSHV 3, SDAS 2, Political Battle of the Albanians Continues 1, RS-NKPJ 1; composition - men NA, women NA; percent of women NA%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of Cassation (consists of 36 judges, including the court president); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court justices proposed by the High Judicial Council (HJC), an 11-member independent body consisting of 8 judges elected by the National Assembly and 3 ex-officio members; justices appointed by the National Assembly; Constitutional Court judges elected - 5 each by the National Assembly, the president, and the Supreme Court of Cassation; initial appointment of Supreme Court judges by the HJC is 3 years and beyond that period tenure is permanent; Constitutional Court judges elected for 9-year terms
Subordinate courts: basic courts, higher courts, appellate courts; courts of special jurisdiction include the Administrative Court, commercial courts, and misdemeanor courts

Political parties and leaders:
Note: Serbia has more than 110 registered political parties and citizens' associations

International organization participation: BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Note: Serbia is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Marko DJURIC (since 18 January 2021)
In the us chancery: 1333 16th Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20,036
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 507-8,654; [1] (202) 332-0333
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 332-3,933
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Christopher R. HILL (since 1 April 2022)
From the us embassy: 92 Bulevar kneza Aleksandra Karadjordjevica, 11,040 Belgrade
From the us mailing address: 5,070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20,521-5,070
From the us telephone: [381] (11) 706-4,000
From the us FAX: [381] (11) 706-4,481
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white - the Pan-Slav colors representing freedom and revolutionary ideals; charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to the hoist side; the principal field of the coat of arms represents the Serbian state and displays a white two-headed eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle represents the Serbian nation, and is divided into four quarters by a white cross; interpretations vary as to the meaning and origin of the white, curved symbols resembling firesteels (fire strikers) or Cyrillic "C's" in each quarter; a royal crown surmounts the coat of arms
Note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia

National symbols: white double-headed eagle; national colors: red, blue, white

National anthem
Name: "Boze pravde" (God of Justice)
Lyrics/music: Jovan DORDEVIC/Davorin JENKO
Note: adopted 1904; song originally written as part of a play in 1872 and has been used as an anthem by the Serbian people throughout the 20th and 21st centuries

National heritage
Total World Heritage Sites: 4 (all cultural)
Selected World Heritage Site locales:


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Economy overview: upper middle-income Balkan economy; current EU accession candidate; hit by COVID-19; pursuing green growth development; manageable public debt; new anticorruption efforts; falling unemployment; historic Russian relations; energy import-dependent

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 78.2% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 10.1% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 18.5% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 2% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 52.5% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -61.3% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 9.8% (2017 est.)
Industry: 41.1% (2017 est.)
Services: 49.1% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: maize, wheat, sugar beet, milk, sunflower seed, potatoes, soybeans, plums/sloes, apples, barley

Industries: automobiles, base metals, furniture, food processing, machinery, chemicals, sugar, tires, clothes, pharmaceuticals

Industrial production growth rate: 8.63% (2021 est.)

Labor force: 3.176 million (2021 est.)

Unemployment rate:

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 30.4% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 28.5%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 33.7%

Population below poverty line: 23.2% (2018 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 34.5 (2019 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10%: 2.2%
Highest 10%: 23.8% (2011)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $21.858 billion (2020 est.)
Expenditures: $25.72 billion (2020 est.)
Note: data include both central government and local goverment budgets
Surplus  or deficit: 0.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 23.49% (of GDP) (2020 est.)

Public debt:

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.38% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0.25% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance:

Exports:
Partners: Germany 12%, Italy 10%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 7%, Romania 6%, Russia 5% (2019)
Commodities: insulated wiring, tires, corn, cars, iron products, copper (2019)

Imports:
Partners: Germany 13%, Russia 9%, Italy 8%, Hungary 6%, China 5%, Turkey 5% (2019)
Commodities: crude petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, natural gas, refined petroleum (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification-total population: 100% (2021)
Installed generating capacity: 8.986 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 29,933,262,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 5.943 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Imports: 5.002 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 4.332 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 69.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 2.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 27.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 39.673 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 40.83 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 72,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 987,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 7.514 billion metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 15,200 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 79,200 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 200 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 53,800 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 77.5 million barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 74,350 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports: 15,750 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 18,720 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 455.787 million cubic meters (2019 est.)
Consumption: 2,619,191,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Imports: 1,980,647,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Proven reserves: 48.139 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 47.735 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 32.686 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 10.17 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 4.878 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 98.195 million Btu/person (2019 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 2,538,727 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 37 (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 8,621,147 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 124 (2021 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet
Country code: .rs
Users total: 5.589 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 81% (2021 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 1,730,496 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 25 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures:

Military and security forces:top of page


National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 4 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 43
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 2,262,703 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 17.71 million (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: YU

Airports: 26 (2021)
With paved runways: 10
With paved runways note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)
With unpaved runways: 16
With unpaved runways note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control

Heliports: 2 (2021)

Pipelines: 1,936 km gas, 413 km oil

Railways
Total: 3,333 km (2020) 1,274 km electrified

Roadways
Total: 44,248 km (2016)
Paved: 28,000 km (2016) (16,162 km state roads, out of which 741 km highways)
Unpaved: 16,248 km (2016)

Waterways: 587 km (2009) (primarily on the Danube and Sava Rivers)

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals
River ports: Belgrade (Danube)


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Disputes international: Serbia-Bosnia and Herzegovina: Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 17,334 (Croatia), 7,997 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (mid-year 2022)
IDPs: 196,066 (most are Kosovar Serbs, some are Roma, Ashkalis, and Egyptian (RAE); some RAE IDPs are unregistered) (2022)
Stateless persons: 2,594 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (2022)
Note: 1,031,608 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-November 2023)

Illicit drugs: drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of of large quantities of cocaine destined for European markets