Map of Tunisia | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background: Tunisia has been the nexus of many different colonizations including those of the Phoenicians (as early as the 12 century B.C.), the Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, various Arab and Berber kingdoms, and the Ottomans (16^th to late 19^th centuries). Rivalry between French and Italian interests in Tunisia culminated in a French invasion in 1881 and the creation of a protectorate. Agitation for independence in the decades following World War I was finally successful in convincing the French to recognize Tunisia as an independent state in 1956. The country's first president, Habib BOURGUIBA, established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women. In November 1987, BOURGUIBA was removed from office and replaced by Zine el Abidine BEN ALI in a bloodless coup. Street protests that began in Tunis in December 2010 over high unemployment, corruption, widespread poverty, and high food prices escalated in January 2011, culminating in rioting that led to hundreds of deaths. On 14 January 2011, the same day BEN ALI dismissed the government, he fled the country, and by late January 2011, a "national unity government" was formed. Elections for the new Constituent Assembly were held in late October 2011, and in December, it elected human rights activist Moncef MARZOUKI as interim president. The Assembly began drafting a new constitution in February 2012 and, after several iterations and a months-long political crisis that stalled the transition, ratified the document in January 2014. Parliamentary and presidential elections for a permanent government were held at the end of 2014. Beji CAID ESSEBSI was elected as the first president under the country's new constitution. Following ESSEBSI’s death in office in July 2019, Tunisia moved its scheduled presidential election forward two months and after two rounds of voting, Kais SAIED was sworn in as president in October 2019. Tunisia held legislative elections on schedule in October 2019. SAIED's term, as well as that of Tunisia's 217-member parliament, was set to expire in 2024. However, on 25 July 2021, SAIED seized exceptional powers allowed under Tunisia's constitution to fire the prime minister and suspend the legislature. Tunisians approved a new constitution through public referendum in July 2022 that expanded presidential powers and created a new bicameral legislature.


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Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Libya

Geographic coordinates: 34 00 N, 9 00 E

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 163,610 km²
Land: 155,360 km²
Water: 8,250 km²
Comparative: slightly larger than Georgia

Land boundaries
Total: 1,495 km
Border countries: (2) Algeria 1,034 km; Libya 461 km

Coastline: 1,148 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 12 nm

Climate: temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south

Terrain: mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the Sahara

Elevation
Highest point: Jebel ech Chambi 1,544 m
Lowest point: Shatt al Gharsah -17 m
Mean elevation: 246 m

Natural resources: petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt

Land use
Agricultural land: 64.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 18.3% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 15.4% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 31.1% (2018 est.)
Forest: 6.6% (2018 est.)
Other: 28.6% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 3,920 km² (2013)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 820 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 60 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 2.71 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 4.62 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: flooding; earthquakes; droughts

Geography
Note: strategic location in central Mediterranean; Malta and Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil exploration


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Population
Distribution: the overwhelming majority of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the south remains largely underpopulated as shown in this: 11,976,182 (2023 est.)
Growth rate: 0.63% (2023 est.)
Below poverty line: 15.2% (2015 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Tunisian(s)
Adjective: Tunisian

Ethnic groups: Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%

Languages: Arabic (official, one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce), Tamazight; note - despite having no official status, French plays a major role in the country and is spoken by about two thirds of the population
Major-language samples:

Religions: Muslim (official; Sunni) 99%, other (includes Christian, Jewish, Shia Muslim, and Baha'i) <1%

Demographic profile: The Tunisian Government took steps in the 1960s to decrease population growth and gender inequality in order to improve socioeconomic development. Through its introduction of a national family planning program (the first in Africa) and by raising the legal age of marriage, Tunisia rapidly reduced its total fertility rate from about 7 children per woman in 1960 to 2 in 2022. Unlike many of its North African and Middle Eastern neighbors, Tunisia will soon be shifting from being a youth-bulge country to having a transitional age structure, characterized by lower fertility and mortality rates, a slower population growth rate, a rising median age, and a longer average life expectancy.

Age structure
0-14 years: 24.77% (male 1,529,179/female 1,436,771)
15-64 years: 65.26% (male 3,843,642/female 3,971,509)
65 years and over: 9.98% (2023 est.) (male 566,265/female 628,816)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 50.9
Youth dependency ratio: 36.3
Elderly dependency ratio: 13.3
Potential support ratio: 7.5 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 34 years (2023 est.)
Male: 33.2 years
Female: 34.7 years

Population growth rate: 0.63% (2023 est.)

Birth rate: 14.1 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate: 6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Net migration rate: -1.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution: the overwhelming majority of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the south remains largely underpopulated as shown in this

Urbanization
Urban population: 70.5% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.34% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 2.475 million TUNIS (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and poses health risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited natural freshwater resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 26.52 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 29.94 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 7.89 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio: 37 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 11.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
Male: 13 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 10.1 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 77.1 years (2023 est.)
Male: 75.4 years
Female: 78.8 years

Total fertility rate: 1.96 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 50.7% (2018)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 100% of population
Improved rural: 97.3% of population
Improved total: 99.2% of population
Unimproved urban: 0% of population
Unimproved rural: 2.7% of population
Unimproved total: 0.8% of population (2020 est.)

Current health expenditure: 6.3% of GDP (2020)

Physicians density: 1.3 physicians/1,000 population (2017)

Hospital bed density: 2.2 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban:
Unimproved urban:

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 26.9% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 1.51 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 0.99 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.32 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 0.17 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.03 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 24.6% (2020 est.)
Male: 47.2% (2020 est.)
Female: 2% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 1.6% (2018)

Education expenditures: 7.3% of GDP (2016 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 82.7%
Male: 89.1%
Female: 82.7% (2021)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 15 years
Male: 14 years
Female: 16 years (2016)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 38.3% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 37.1%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 41.2%


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Tunisia
Conventional short form: Tunisia
Local long form: Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah
Local short form: Tunis
Etymology: the country name derives from the capital city of Tunis

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Tunis
Geographic coordinates: 36 48 N, 10 11 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: three possibilities exist for the derivation of the name; originally a Berber settlement (earliest reference 4th century B.C.), the strategic site fell to the Carthaginians (Phoenicians) and the city could be named after the Punic goddess Tanit, since many ancient cities were named after patron deities; alternatively, the Berber root word "ens," which means "to lie down" or "to pass the night," may indicate that the site was originally a camp or rest stop; finally, the name may be the same as the city of Tynes, mentioned in the writings of some ancient authors

Administrative divisions: 24 governorates (wilayat, singular - wilayah); Beja (Bajah), Ben Arous (Bin 'Arus), Bizerte (Banzart), Gabes (Qabis), Gafsa (Qafsah), Jendouba (Jundubah), Kairouan (Al Qayrawan), Kasserine (Al Qasrayn), Kebili (Qibili), Kef (Al Kaf), L'Ariana (Aryanah), Mahdia (Al Mahdiyah), Manouba (Manubah), Medenine (Madanin), Monastir (Al Munastir), Nabeul (Nabul), Sfax (Safaqis), Sidi Bouzid (Sidi Bu Zayd), Siliana (Silyanah), Sousse (Susah), Tataouine (Tatawin), Tozeur (Tawzar), Tunis, Zaghouan (Zaghwan)

Dependent areas

Independence: 20 March 1956 (from France)

National holiday: Independence Day, 20 March (1956); Revolution and Youth Day, 14 January (2011)

Constitution
History: history: several previous; latest - draft published by the president 30 June 2022, approved by referendum 25 July, and adopted 27 July

Legal system: mixed legal system of civil law, based on the French civil code and Islamic (sharia) law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Tunisia
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal except for active government security forces (including the police and the military), people with mental disabilities, people who have served more than three months in prison (criminal cases only), and people given a suspended sentence of more than six months

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Kais SAIED (since 23 October 2019)
Head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed HACHANI (since 1 August 2023)
Cabinet: prime minister appointed by the president; cabinet members appointed by the president in consultation with the prime minister
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); last held on 15 September 2019 with a runoff on 13 October 2019 (next to be held in 2024)
Election results:

Legislative branch
Description:
Elections:
Election results:

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Court of Cassation (consists of the first president, chamber presidents, and magistrates and organized into 27 civil and 11 criminal chambers)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by the Supreme Judicial Council, an independent 4-part body consisting mainly of elected judges and the remainder legal specialists; judge tenure based on terms of appointment; Constitutional Court (established in the 2014 and 2022 constitutions, but inception has been delayed; note - in mid-February 2022, President SAIED dissolved the Supreme Judicial Council and replaced it with an interim council in early March
Subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; administrative courts; Court of Audit; Housing Court; courts of first instance; lower district courts; military courts
Note: the Tunisian constitution of January 2014 called for the establishment of a constitutional court by the end of 2015, but the court was never formed; the new constitution of July 2022 calls for the establishment of a constitutional court consisting of 9 members appointed by presidential decree; members to include former senior judges of other courts

Political parties and leaders:

International organization participation: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CD, EBRD, FAO, G-11, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Hanene TAJOURI BESSASSI (since 1 December 2021)
In the us chancery: 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,005
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 862-1850
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 862-1858
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Joey HOOD (since 3 February 2023)
From the us embassy: Les Berges du Lac, 1053 Tunis
From the us mailing address: 6,360 Tunis Place, Washington DC 20,521-6,360
From the us telephone: [216] 71-107-000
From the us FAX: [216] 71-107-090
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; resembles the Ottoman flag (red banner with white crescent and star) and recalls Tunisia's history as part of the Ottoman Empire; red represents the blood shed by martyrs in the struggle against oppression, white stands for peace; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam
Note: the flag is based on that of Turkey, itself a successor state to the Ottoman Empire

National symbols: encircled red crescent moon and five-pointed star; national colors: red, white

National anthem
Name: "Humat Al Hima" (Defenders of the Homeland)
Lyrics/music: Mustafa Sadik AL-RAFII and Aboul-Qacem ECHEBBI/Mohamad Abdel WAHAB
Note: adopted 1957, replaced 1958, restored 1987; Mohamad Abdel WAHAB also composed the music for the anthem of the United Arab Emirates

National heritage
Total World Heritage Sites: 9 (8 cultural, 1 natural)
Selected World Heritage Site locales:


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Economy overview: lower middle-income North African economy; drafting reforms for foreign lenders; high unemployment, especially for youth and women; hit hard by COVID-19; high public sector wages; high public debt; protectionist austerity measures; key EU trade partner

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 71.7% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 20.8% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 19.4% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 43.2% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -55.2% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 10.1% (2017 est.)
Industry: 26.2% (2017 est.)
Services: 63.8% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: wheat, milk, tomatoes, barley, olives, watermelons, green chillies/peppers, potatoes, dates, green onions/shallots

Industries: petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate, iron ore), tourism, textiles, footwear, agribusiness, beverages

Industrial production growth rate: 8.6% (2021 est.)

Labor force: 4.226 million (2021 est.)

Unemployment rate:

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 38.3% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 37.1%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 41.2%

Population below poverty line: 15.2% (2015 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 32.8 (2015 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10%: 2.6%
Highest 10%: 27% (2010 est.)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $10.866 billion (2019 est.)
Expenditures: $12.375 billion (2019 est.)
Surplus  or deficit: -5.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 24.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Public debt:

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.21% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance:

Exports:
Partners: France 29%, Italy 17%, Germany 13% (2019)
Commodities: insulated wiring, clothing and apparel, crude petroleum, olive oil, vehicle parts (2019)

Imports:
Partners: France 17%, Italy 16%, Germany 8%, China 8%, Algeria 7% (2019)
Commodities: refined petroleum, natural gas, low-voltage protection equipment, cars, insulated wiring (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access population without electricity: (2020) less than 1 million
Access electrification-total population: 99.9% (2020)
Access electrification-urban areas: 100% (2021)
Access electrification-rural areas: 99.6% (2021)
Installed generating capacity: 5.777 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 16,737,180,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 631 million kWh (2019 est.)
Imports: 472 million kWh (2019 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 3.641 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 95.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 1.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 2.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 5,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 5,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 42,500 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 107,700 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 29,400 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 10,200 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 425 million barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 27,770 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports: 13,660 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 85,340 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 1,025,974,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Consumption: 5,279,951,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Imports: 4,305,994,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Proven reserves: 65.129 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 23.692 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 16,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 12.982 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 10.694 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 35.62 million Btu/person (2019 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 1,789,514 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 15,971,243 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 129 (2022 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: 2 state-owned TV stations; 10 private TV stations broadcast locally; satellite TV service is available; state-owned radio network with 2 stations; several dozen private radio stations and community radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters available (2019)

Internet
Country code: .tn
Users total: 9.48 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 79% (2021 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 1,334,059 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 11 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures:

Military and security forces:
Note: the National Police has primary responsibility for law enforcement in the major cities, while the National Guard (gendarmerie) oversees border security and patrols smaller towns and rural areas

Military service age and obligation: 20-23 years of age for compulsory service for men with a 12-month service obligation; individuals engaged in higher education or vocational training programs prior to their military drafting are allowed to delay service until they have completed their programs (up to age 35); exemptions allowed for males considered to a family's sole provider; 18-23 years of age for voluntary service for men and women (2023)
Note 1: approximately 20-25,000 active military personnel are conscripts
Note 2: women have been allowed in the service since 1975 as volunteers; the Tunisian Government has discussed the possibility of conscripting women as recently as 2018; as of 2023, women constituted about 8% of the military and served in all three services

Space program
Overview: has a small space program with a focus on exploiting satellite imagery and developing small satellites and satellite components; has established relations with a variety of foreign space agencies and industries, including those of Brazil, China, France, Japan, and Russia (2023)
Overview note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in space programs

Terrorist groups
Terrorist groups: Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) network in Tunisia (known locally as Ajnad al-Khilafah or the Army of the Caliphate); al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in terrorist organizations


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 7 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 53
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 4,274,199 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 13.23 million (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: TS

Airports: 29 (2021)
With paved runways: 15
With paved runways note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)
With unpaved runways: 14
With unpaved runways note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control

Heliports

Pipelines: 68 km condensate, 3,111 km gas, 1,381 km oil, 453 km refined products (2013)

Railways
Total: 2,173 km (2014) (1,991 in use)
Standard gauge: 471 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge
Narrow gauge: 1,694 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge (65 km electrified)
Dual gauge: 8 km (2014) 1.435-1.000-m gauge

Roadways
Paved: 20,000 km (2015)

Waterways

Merchant marine
Total: 70 (2022)
By type: container ship 1, general cargo 8, oil tanker 1, other 60

Ports and terminals
Major seaports: Bizerte, Gabes, Rades, Sfax, Skhira


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Disputes international: none identified

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Illicit drugs: NA