Map of Uganda | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background:


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Location: East-Central Africa, west of Kenya, east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Geographic coordinates: 1 00 N, 32 00 E

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 241,038 km²
Land: 197,100 km²
Water: 43,938 km²
Comparative: slightly more than two times the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries
Total: 2,729 km
Border countries: (5) Democratic Republic of the Congo 877 km; Kenya 814 km; Rwanda 172 km; South Sudan 475 km; Tanzania 391 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast

Terrain: mostly plateau with rim of mountains

Elevation
Highest point: Margherita Peak on Mount Stanley 5,110 m
Lowest point: Albert Nile 614 m

Natural resources: copper, cobalt, hydropower, limestone, salt, arable land, gold

Land use
Agricultural land: 71.2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 34.3% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 11.3% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 25.6% (2018 est.)
Forest: 14.5% (2018 est.)
Other: 14.3% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 105 km² (2013)

Major rivers
By length in km:

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 km²), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 330 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 50 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 260 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 60.1 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: droughts; floods; earthquakes; landslides; hailstorms

Geography
Note: landlocked; fertile, well-watered country with many lakes and rivers; Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical lake and the second largest fresh water lake, is shared among three countries: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda


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Population
Distribution: population density is relatively high in comparison to other African nations; most of the population is concentrated in the central and southern parts of the country, particularly along the shores of Lake Victoria and Lake Albert; the northeast is least populated as shown in this: 47,729,952 (2023 est.)
Growth rate: 3.22% (2023 est.)
Below poverty line: 21.4% (2016 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Ugandan(s)
Adjective: Ugandan

Ethnic groups: Baganda 16.5%, Banyankole 9.6%, Basoga 8.8%, Bakiga 7.1%, Iteso 7%, Langi 6.3%, Bagisu 4.9%, Acholi 4.4%, Lugbara 3.3%, other 32.1% (2014 est.)

Languages: English (official language, taught in schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages and the language used most often in the capital), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili (official), Arabic

Religions: Protestant 45.1% (Anglican 32.0%, Pentecostal/Born Again/Evangelical 11.1%, Seventh Day Adventist 1.7%, Baptist .3%), Roman Catholic 39.3%, Muslim 13.7%, other 1.6%, none 0.2% (2014 est.)

Demographic profile: Uganda has one of the youngest and most rapidly growing populations in the world; its total fertility rate is among the world’s highest at close to 5.5 children per woman in 2022. Except in urban areas, actual fertility exceeds women’s desired fertility by one or two children, which is indicative of the widespread unmet need for contraception, lack of government support for family planning, and a cultural preference for large families. High numbers of births, short birth intervals, and the early age of childbearing contribute to Uganda’s high maternal mortality rate. Gender inequities also make fertility reduction difficult; women on average are less-educated, participate less in paid employment, and often have little say in decisions over childbearing and their own reproductive health. However, even if the birth rate were significantly reduced, Uganda’s large pool of women entering reproductive age ensures rapid population growth for decades to come.

Age structure
0-14 years: 47.3% (male 11,439,303/female 11,136,111)
15-64 years: 50.31% (male 11,335,543/female 12,679,044)
65 years and over: 2.39% (2023 est.) (male 484,782/female 655,169)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 88.2
Youth dependency ratio: 85.1
Elderly dependency ratio: 3.2
Potential support ratio: 31.7 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 16.1 years (2023 est.)
Male: 15.3 years
Female: 16.9 years

Population growth rate: 3.22% (2023 est.)

Birth rate: 40.3 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate: 4.9 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Net migration rate: -3.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution: population density is relatively high in comparison to other African nations; most of the population is concentrated in the central and southern parts of the country, particularly along the shores of Lake Victoria and Lake Albert; the northeast is least populated as shown in this

Urbanization
Urban population: 26.8% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 5.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 3.846 million KAMPALA (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: draining of wetlands for agricultural use; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial discharge and water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; widespread poaching
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 31.31 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 5.68 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 30.24 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 19.4 years (2016 est.)
Note: data represents median age at first birth among women 20-49

Maternal mortality ratio: 284 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 29.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
Male: 32.8 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 26 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 69.3 years (2023 est.)
Male: 67.1 years
Female: 71.6 years

Total fertility rate: 5.26 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 50.2% (2021)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 92.5% of population
Improved rural: 80% of population
Improved total: 83.1% of population
Unimproved urban: 7.5% of population
Unimproved rural: 20% of population
Unimproved total: 16.9% of population (2020 est.)

Current health expenditure: 4% of GDP (2020)

Physicians density: 0.15 physicians/1,000 population (2020)

Hospital bed density: 0.5 beds/1,000 population

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban:
Unimproved urban:

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high (2023)
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
Vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, and Trypanosomiasis-Gambiense (African sleeping sickness)
Water contact diseases: schistosomiasis
Animal contact diseases: rabies

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 5.3% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 6.82 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 0.85 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 0.5 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 5.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 8.4% (2020 est.)
Male: 13% (2020 est.)
Female: 3.7% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 7.6% (2019/20)

Education expenditures: 2.7% of GDP (2021 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 79%
Male: 84%
Female: 74.3% (2021)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 4.3% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 3.4%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 5.3%


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Uganda
Conventional short form: Uganda
Etymology: from the name "Buganda," adopted by the British as the designation for their East African colony in 1894; Buganda had been a powerful East African state during the 18th and 19th centuries

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: Kampala
Geographic coordinates: 0 19 N, 32 33 E
Time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: the site of the original British settlement was referred to by its native name as Akasozi ke'Empala ("hill of the impala" [plural]); over time this designation was shortened to K'empala and finally Kampala

Administrative divisions: 134 districts and 1 capital city*; Abim, Adjumani, Agago, Alebtong, Amolatar, Amudat, Amuria, Amuru, Apac, Arua, Budaka, Bududa, Bugiri, Bugweri, Buhweju, Buikwe, Bukedea, Bukomansimbi, Bukwo, Bulambuli, Buliisa, Bundibugyo, Bunyangabu, Bushenyi, Busia, Butaleja, Butambala, Butebo, Buvuma, Buyende, Dokolo, Gomba, Gulu, Hoima, Ibanda, Iganga, Isingiro, Jinja, Kaabong, Kabale, Kabarole, Kaberamaido, Kagadi, Kakumiro, Kalaki, Kalangala, Kaliro, Kalungu, Kampala*, Kamuli, Kamwenge, Kanungu, Kapchorwa, Kapelebyong, Karenga, Kasese, Kasanda, Katakwi, Kayunga, Kazo, Kibaale, Kiboga, Kibuku, Kikuube, Kiruhura, Kiryandongo, Kisoro, Kitagwenda, Kitgum, Koboko, Kole, Kotido, Kumi, Kwania, Kween, Kyankwanzi, Kyegegwa, Kyenjojo, Kyotera, Lamwo, Lira, Luuka, Luwero, Lwengo, Lyantonde, Madi-Okollo, Manafwa, Maracha, Masaka, Masindi, Mayuge, Mbale, Mbarara, Mitooma, Mityana, Moroto, Moyo, Mpigi, Mubende, Mukono, Nabilatuk, Nakapiripirit, Nakaseke, Nakasongola, Namayingo, Namisindwa, Namutumba, Napak, Nebbi, Ngora, Ntoroko, Ntungamo, Nwoya, Obongi, Omoro, Otuke, Oyam, Pader, Pakwach, Pallisa, Rakai, Rubanda, Rubirizi, Rukiga, Rukungiri, Rwampara, Sembabule, Serere, Sheema, Sironko, Soroti, Tororo, Wakiso, Yumbe, Zombo

Dependent areas

Independence: 9 October 1962 (from the UK)

National holiday: Independence Day, 9 October (1962)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest adopted 27 September 1995, promulgated 8 October 1995
Amendments: proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership in the second and third readings; proposals affecting "entrenched clauses," including the sovereignty of the people, supremacy of the constitution, human rights and freedoms, the democratic and multiparty form of government, presidential term of office, independence of the judiciary, and the institutions of traditional or cultural leaders, also requires passage by referendum, ratification by at least two-thirds majority vote of district council members in at least two thirds of Uganda's districts, and assent of the president of the republic; amended several times, last in 2018

Legal system: mixed legal system of English common law and customary law

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent or grandparent must be a native-born citizen of Uganda
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: an aggregate of 20 years and continuously for the last 2 years prior to applying for citizenship

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 26 January 1986); Vice President Jessica Rose Epel ALUPO (since 21 June 2021); Prime Minister Robinah NABBANJA (since 21 June 2021); First Deputy Prime Minister Rebecca KADAGA (since 24 June 2021); Second Deputy Prime Minister Moses ALI (since 21 June 2021); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
Head of government: President Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 26 January 1986); Vice President Jessica Rose Epel ALUPO (since 21 June 2021); Prime Minister Robinah NABBANJA (since 21 June 2021); First Deputy Prime Minister Rebecca KADAGA (since 24 June 2021); Second Deputy Prime Minister Moses ALI (since 21 June 2021)
Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among elected members of the National Assembly or persons who qualify to be elected as members of the National Assembly
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 14 January 2021 (next to be held in 2,026)
Election results:

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral National Assembly or Parliament (556 seats; 353 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 146 for women directly elected in single-seat districts by simple majority vote, and 30 "representatives" reserved for special interest groups - army 10, disabled 5, youth 5, labor 5, older persons 5; 27 ex officio members appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms)
Elections: last held on 14 January 2021 (next to be held in February 2,026)
Election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NRM 336, NUP 57, FDC 32, DP 9, UPDF 10, UPC 9, independent 76 (excludes 27 ex-officio members); composition - men 368, women 188, percent of women 33.8%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of Uganda (consists of the chief justice and at least 6 justices)
Judge selection and term of office: justices appointed by the president of the republic in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission, an 8-member independent advisory body, and approved by the National Assembly; justices serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
Subordinate courts: Court of Appeal (also acts as the Constitutional Court); High Court (includes 12 High Court Circuits and 8 High Court Divisions); Industrial Court; Chief Magistrate Grade One and Grade Two Courts throughout the country; qadhis courts; local council courts; family and children courts

Political parties and leaders:
Note: only parties with seats in Parliament listed

International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, ATMIS, AU, C, COMESA, EAC, EADB, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITC, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCDF, UNCTAD, UNECA, UNDP, UNFPA, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNOCI, UNOPS, UNSOM, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFP, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Robinah KAKONGE (since 12 December 2022)
In the us chancery: 5,911 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20,011
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 726-7,100
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 726-1727
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Natalie E. BROWN (since 17 November 2020)
From the us embassy: 1577 Ggaba Road, Kampala
From the us mailing address: 2,190 Kampala Place, Washington DC 20,521-2,190
From the us telephone: [256] (0) 312-306-001
From the us FAX: [256] (0) 414-259-794
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a grey crowned crane (the national symbol) facing the hoist side; black symbolizes the African people, yellow sunshine and vitality, red African brotherhood; the crane was the military badge of Ugandan soldiers under the UK

National symbols: grey crowned crane; national colors: black, yellow, red

National anthem
Name: "Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty!"
Lyrics/music: George Wilberforce KAKOMOA
Note: adopted 1962

National heritage
Total World Heritage Sites: 3 (1 cultural, 2 natural)
Selected World Heritage Site locales:


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Economy overview: low-income, primarily agrarian East African economy; COVID-19 hurt economic growth and poverty reduction; lower oil prices threaten prior sector investments; endemic corruption; natural resource rich; high female labor force participation but undervalued

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 74.3% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 8% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 23.9% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.3% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 18.8% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -25.1% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 28.2% (2017 est.)
Industry: 21.1% (2017 est.)
Services: 50.7% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: sugar cane, plantains, cassava, maize, sweet potatoes, milk, vegetables, beans, bananas, sorghum

Industries: sugar processing, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles; cement, steel production

Industrial production growth rate: 3.47% (2021 est.)

Labor force: 16.995 million (2021 est.)

Unemployment rate:

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 4.3% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 3.4%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 5.3%

Population below poverty line: 21.4% (2016 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 42.7 (2019 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10%: 2.4%
Highest 10%: 36.1% (2009 est.)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $5.088 billion (2019 est.)
Expenditures: $6.896 billion (2019 est.)
Surplus  or deficit: -4.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 11.39% (of GDP) (2020 est.)

Public debt:

Revenue
From forest resources: 7.32% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June

Inflation rate consumer prices:

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance:

Exports:
Partners: United Arab Emirates 58%, Kenya 9% (2019)
Commodities: gold, coffee, milk, fish and fish products, tobacco (2019)

Imports:
Partners: China 19%, India 17%, Kenya 16%, United Arab Emirates 7%, Japan 5% (2019)
Commodities: packaged medicines, aircraft, delivery trucks, cars, wheat (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Note: excludes gold

Debt external:

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access population without electricity: (2020) 34 million
Access electrification-total population: 45.2% (2021)
Access electrification-urban areas: 72.2% (2021)
Access electrification-rural areas: 35.9% (2021)
Installed generating capacity: 2.397 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 4,207,040,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 299.2 million kWh (2019 est.)
Imports: 104.2 million kWh (2019 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 1.157 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 1.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 1.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 86.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 10.8% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 0 metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 0 metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 0 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 40,900 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 2.5 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 31,490 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Consumption: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Imports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Proven reserves: 14.158 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 5.841 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 5.841 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 2.943 million Btu/person (2019 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 116,660 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: (2021 est.) less than 1
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 30 million (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 66 (2021 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: public broadcaster, Uganda Broadcasting Corporation (UBC), operates radio and TV networks; 31 Free-To-Air (FTA) TV stations, 2 digital terrestrial TV stations, 3 cable TV stations, and 5 digital satellite TV stations; 258 operational FM stations

Internet
Country code: .ug
Users total: 4.6 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 10% (2021 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 58,594 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 0.1 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures:

Military and security forces:
Note 1: the Special Forces Command is a separate branch within the UPDF; it evolved from the former Presidential Guard Brigade and has continued to retain presidential protection duties in addition to its traditional missions, such as counterinsurgency
Note 2: the Uganda Police Force includes air, field, territorial, and marine units, as well as a presidential guard force
Note 3: in 2018, President MUSEVENI created a volunteer force of Local Defense Units under the military to beef up local security in designated parts of the country

Military service age and obligation: 18-25 years of age for voluntary military duty for men and women; 18-30 for those with degrees/diplomas in specialized fields such as medicine, engineering, chemistry, and education, or possess qualifications in some vocational skills; 9-year service obligation (2023)

Space program
Overview: has a nascent program focused on acquiring remote sensing (RS) satellites for monitoring agricultural usage, land, natural disasters, water bodies, and weather, as well as border security, infrastructure planning, and mineral mapping; has sent personnel to universities in Japan and Russia for technical training for space applications; building a ground station at Mpoma in Mukono for command, control, and management of satellites (2023)
Overview note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in space programs

Terrorist groups
Terrorist groups: al-Shabaab; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Democratic Republic of Congo (ISIS-DRC)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in terrorist organizations


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 6 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 26
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 21,537 (2018)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: 5X

Airports: 47 (2021)
With paved runways: 5
With paved runways note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)
With unpaved runways: 42
With unpaved runways note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control

Heliports

Pipelines

Railways
Total: 1,244 km (2014)
Narrow gauge: 1,244 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge

Roadways
Total: 20,544 km (2017) (excludes local roads)
Paved: 4,257 km (2017)
Unpaved: 16,287 km (2017)

Waterways: 907 km (2022) (there are no long navigable stretches of river in Uganda; parts of the Albert Nile ( 210 km) that flow out of Lake Albert (160 km) in the northwestern part of the country are navigable; several lakes including Lake Victoria (337 km) and Lake Kyoga (199.5) have substantial traffic; Lake Albert is navigable along a 200-km stretch from its northern tip to its southern shores)

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals
Lake ports: Entebbe, Jinja, Port Bell (Lake Victoria)


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Disputes international:

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 917,232 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 502,487 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 41,420 (Somalia), 39,330 (Burundi), 34,368 (Eritrea), 23,388 (Rwanda), 8,936 (Ethiopia), 5,776 (Sudan) (2023)
Stateless persons: 67,000 (2022)

Illicit drugs