Map of Ukraine | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background: Ukraine was the center of the first eastern Slavic state, Kyivan Rus, which during the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest and most powerful state in Europe. Weakened by internecine quarrels and Mongol invasions, Kyivan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The cultural and religious legacy of Kyivan Rus laid the foundation for Ukrainian nationalism through subsequent centuries. A new Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during the mid-17th century after an uprising against the Poles. Despite continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remain autonomous for well over 100 years. During the latter part of the 18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was absorbed by the Russian Empire. Following the collapse of czarist Russia in 1917, Ukraine achieved a short-lived period of independence (1917-20) but was reconquered and endured a brutal Soviet rule that engineered two forced famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War II, German and Soviet armies were responsible for 7 to 8 million more deaths. Although Ukraine overwhelmingly voted for independence in 1991 around the time of the dissolution of the USSR, democracy and prosperity remained elusive as the legacy of state control, patronage politics, and endemic corruption stalled efforts at economic reform, privatization, and civil liberties.


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Location: Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland, Romania, and Moldova in the west and Russia in the east

Geographic coordinates: 49 00 N, 32 00 E

Map reference: AsiaEurope

Area
Total: 603,550 km²
Land: 579,330 km²
Water: 24,220 km²
Note: approximately 43,133 km², or about 7.1% of Ukraine's area, is Russian occupied; the seized area includes all of Crimea and about one-third of both Luhans'k and Donets'k oblasts
Comparative: almost four times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries
Total: 5,581 km
Border countries: (7) Belarus 1,111 km; Hungary 128 km; Moldova 1,202 km; Poland 498 km; Romania 601 km; Russia 1,944 km; , Slovakia 97 km

Coastline: 2,782 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 m or to the depth of exploitation

Climate: temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; warm summers across the greater part of the country, hot in the south

Terrain: mostly fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus, with mountains found only in the west (the Carpathians) or in the extreme south of the Crimean Peninsula

Elevation
Highest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m
Lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
Mean elevation: 175 m

Natural resources: iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, arable land

Land use
Agricultural land: 71.2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 56.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 13.6% (2018 est.)
Forest: 16.8% (2018 est.)
Other: 12% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 4,350 km² (2020)

Major rivers
By length in km:

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 km²), Don (458,694 km²), Dnieper (533,966 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 2.77 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 4.04 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 3.06 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 175.28 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: occasional floods; occasional droughts

Geography
Note: strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second-largest country in Europe after Russia


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Population
Distribution: densest settlement in the eastern (Donbas) and western regions; noteable concentrations in and around major urban areas of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Donets'k, Dnipropetrovs'k, and Odesa: 43,306,477 (2023 est.)
Growth rate: 2.33% (2023 est.)
Below poverty line: 1.1% (2019 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Ukrainian(s)
Adjective: Ukrainian

Ethnic groups: Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan 0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian 0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 est.)

Languages: Ukrainian (official) 67.5%, Russian (regional language) 29.6%, other (includes small Crimean Tatar-, Moldovan/Romanian-, and Hungarian-speaking minorities) 2.9% (2001 est.); note - in February 2018, the Constitutional Court ruled that 2012 language legislation entitling a language spoken by at least 10% of an oblast's population to be given the status of "regional language" - allowing for its use in courts, schools, and other government institutions - was unconstitutional, thus making the law invalid; Ukrainian remains the country's only official nationwide language
Major-language samples:

Religions: Orthodox (includes the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU), Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC), and the Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP)), Ukrainian Greek Catholic, Roman Catholic, Protestant, Muslim, Jewish (2013 est.)
Note: Ukraine's population is overwhelmingly Christian; the vast majority - up to two thirds - identify themselves as Orthodox, but many do not specify a particular branch; the OCU and the UOC-MP each represent less than a quarter of the country's population, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church accounts for 8-10%, and the UAOC accounts for 1-2%; Muslim and Jewish adherents each compose less than 1% of the total population

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 15.9% (male 3,549,814/female 3,334,617)
15-64 years: 65.95% (male 13,856,470/female 14,705,547)
65 years and over: 18.15% (2023 est.) (male 2,680,500/female 5,179,529)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 48.4
Youth dependency ratio: 22.6
Elderly dependency ratio: 25.8
Potential support ratio: 3.9 (2021 est.)
Note: data include Crimea

Median age
Total: 45.3 years (2023 est.)
Male: 41.3 years
Female: 50 years

Population growth rate: 2.33% (2023 est.)

Birth rate: 5.8 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate: 19.8 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Net migration rate: 37.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution: densest settlement in the eastern (Donbas) and western regions; noteable concentrations in and around major urban areas of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Donets'k, Dnipropetrovs'k, and Odesa

Urbanization
Urban population: 70.1% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: -0.27% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 3.017 million KYIV (capital), 1.421 million Kharkiv, 1.008 million Odesa, 942,000 Dnipropetrovsk, 888,000 Donetsk (2023)

Environment
Current issues: air and water pollution; land degradation; solid waste management; biodiversity loss; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 13.51 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 202.25 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 63.37 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.52 male(s)/female
Total population: 1 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 26.2 years (2019 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 17 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
Male: 10.1 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 7.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 69.8 years (2023 est.)
Male: 64.5 years
Female: 75.4 years

Total fertility rate: 1.22 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 65.4% (2012)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 99.4% of population
Improved rural: 100% of population
Improved total: 99.6% of population
Unimproved urban: 0.6% of population
Unimproved rural: 0% of population
Unimproved total: 0.4% of population (2020 est.)

Current health expenditure: 7.6% of GDP (2020)

Physicians density: 2.99 physicians/1,000 population (2014)

Hospital bed density: 7.5 beds/1,000 population (2014)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban:
Unimproved urban:

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 24.1% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 5.69 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 2.44 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.32 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 2.88 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.05 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 25.8% (2020 est.)
Male: 40% (2020 est.)
Female: 11.5% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 5.4% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 100%
Male: 100%
Female: 100% (2021)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 15 years
Male: 15 years
Female: 15 years (2014)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 16.5% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 16.3%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 16.7%


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Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Ukraine
Local long form: none
Local short form: Ukraina
Former: Ukrainian National Republic, Ukrainian State, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Etymology: name derives from the Old East Slavic word "ukraina" meaning "borderland or march (militarized border region)" and began to be used extensively in the 19th century; originally Ukrainians referred to themselves as Rusyny (Rusyns, Ruthenians, or Ruthenes), an endonym derived from the medieval Rus state (Kyivan Rus)

Government type: semi-presidential republic

Capital
Name: Kyiv (Kiev as the transliteration from Russian)
Geographic coordinates: 50 26 N, 30 31 E
Time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: the name is associated with that of Kyi, who along with his brothers Shchek and Khoryv, and their sister Lybid, are the legendary founders of the medieval city of Kyiv; Kyi being the eldest brother, the city was named after him
Note: pronounced KAY-yiv

Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtonomna respublika), and 2 municipalities** (mista, singular - misto) with oblast status; Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Chernivtsi, Crimea or Avtonomna Respublika Krym* (Simferopol), Dnipropetrovsk (Dnipro), Donetsk, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kharkiv, Kherson, Khmelnytskyi, Kirovohrad (Kropyvnytskyi), Kyiv**, Kyiv, Luhansk, Lviv, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Poltava, Rivne, Sevastopol**, Sumy, Ternopil, Vinnytsia, Volyn (Lutsk), Zakarpattia (Uzhhorod), Zaporizhzhia, Zhytomyr
Note 1: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses); plans include the eventual renaming of Dnipropetrovsk and Kirovohrad oblasts, but because these names are mentioned in the Constitution of Ukraine, the change will require a constitutional amendment
Note 2: the US Government does not recognize Russia's illegal annexation of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol, nor their redesignation as the "Republic of Crimea" and the "Federal City of Sevastopol"; neither does the US Government recognize Russia's claimed annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia oblasts

Dependent areas

Independence: 24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier dates: ca. 982 (VOLODYMYR I consolidates Kyivan Rus); 1199 (Principality (later Kingdom) of Ruthenia formed); 1648 (establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate); 22 January 1918 (from Soviet Russia)

National holiday: Independence Day, 24 August (1991); note - 22 January 1918, the day Ukraine first declared its independence from Soviet Russia, and the date the short-lived Western and Greater (Eastern) Ukrainian republics united (1919), is now celebrated as Unity Day

Constitution
History: several previous; latest adopted and ratified 28 June 1996
Amendments: proposed by the president of Ukraine or by at least one third of the Supreme Council members; adoption requires simple majority vote by the Council and at least two-thirds majority vote in its next regular session; adoption of proposals relating to general constitutional principles, elections, and amendment procedures requires two-thirds majority vote by the Council and approval in a referendum; constitutional articles on personal rights and freedoms, national independence, and territorial integrity cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2019

Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Ukraine
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Volodymyr ZELENSKYY (since 20 May 2019)
Head of government: Prime Minister Denys SHMYHAL (since 4 March 2020)
Cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, approved by the Verkhovna Rada
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 31 March and 21 April 2019 (next to be held in March 2024); prime minister selected by the Verkhovna Rada
Election results:
Note: there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC originally created in 1992 as the National Security Council; the NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy on domestic and international matters and advising the president; a presidential administration helps draft presidential edicts and provides policy support to the president

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral Supreme Council or Verkhovna Rada (450 seats; 225 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 225 directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by closed, party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)
Elections: last held on 21 July 2019 (next to be held on 29 October 2023)
Election results: percent of vote by party - Servant of the People 43.2%, Opposition Platform-For Life 13.1%, Batkivshchyna 8.2%, European Solidarity 8.1%, Voice 5.8%, other 21.6%; Servant of the People 254, Opposition Platform for Life 43, Batkivshchyna 26, European Solidarity 25, Voice 20, Opposition Bloc 6, Svoboda 1, Self Reliance 1, United Centre 1, Bila Tserkva Together 1, Independents 46; note - voting not held in Crimea and parts of two Russian-occupied eastern oblasts leaving 26 seats vacant; although this brings the total to 424 elected members (of 450 potential), article 83 of the constitution mandates that a parliamentary majority consists of 226 seats
Note: Legislative and presidential elections cannot be held under martial law.;the Verkhovna Rada declared martial law in February 2022 following Russia's full-scale invasion

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of Ukraine or SCU (consists of 100 judges, organized into civil, criminal, commercial and administrative chambers, and a grand chamber); Constitutional Court (consists of 18 justices); High Anti-Corruption Court (consists of 39 judges, including 12 in the Appeals Chamber)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges recommended by the High Qualification Commission of Judges (a 16-member state body responsible for judicial candidate testing and assessment and judicial administration), submitted to the High Council of Justice, a 21-member independent body of judicial officials responsible for judicial self-governance and administration, and appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; High Anti-Corruption Court judges are selected by the same process as Supreme Court justices, with one addition - a majority of a combined High Qualification Commission of Judges and a 6-member Public Council of International Experts must vote in favor of potential judges in order to recommend their nomination to the High Council of Justice; this majority must include at least 3 members of the Public Council of International Experts; Constitutional Court justices appointed - 6 each by the president, by the Congress of Judges, and by the Verkhovna Rada; judges serve 9-year nonrenewable terms  

Political parties and leaders:

International organization participation: Australia Group, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CICA (observer), CIS (participating member, has not signed the 1993 CIS charter), EAEC (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Note: Ukraine is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Oksana MARKAROVA (since 7 July 2021)
In the us chancery: 3,350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20,007
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 349-2,963
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 333-0817
In the us email address and website:
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Bridget A. BRINK (since 2 June 2022)
From the us embassy: 4 A. I. Igor Sikorsky Street, 4,112 Kyiv
From the us mailing address: 5,850 Kyiv Place, Washington, DC 20,521-5,850
From the us telephone: [380] (44) 521-5,000
From the us FAX: [380] (44) 521-5,544
From the us email address and website:

Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow; although the colors date back to medieval heraldry, in modern times they are sometimes claimed to represent grain fields under a blue sky

National symbols: tryzub (trident), sunflower; national colors: blue, yellow

National anthem
Name: "Shche ne vmerla Ukraina" (Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished)
Lyrics/music: Paul CHUBYNSKYI/Mikhail VERBYTSKYI
Note: music adopted 1991, lyrics adopted 2003; song first performed in 1864 at the Ukraine Theatre in Lviv; the lyrics, originally written in 1862, were revised in 2003

National heritage
Total World Heritage Sites: 7 (6 cultural, 1 natural)


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Economy overview: lower middle-income non-EU Eastern European economy; key wheat, corn, and industrials exporter; emerging electronics producer; war-related massive labor shortages and displacement, as well as environmental destruction of agricultural areas; critical humanitarian and military aid recipient; large inflation and poverty increases; wartime data collection inconsistencies for Western areas

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 66.5% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 20.4% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 16% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 4.7% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 47.9% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -55.6% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 12.2% (2017 est.)
Industry: 28.6% (2017 est.)
Services: 60% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: sunflower seed, maize, wheat, rapeseed, barley, poultry meats, soybeans

Industries: industrial machinery, ferrous and nonferrous metals, automotive and aircraft components, electronics, chemicals, textiles, mining, construction

Industrial production growth rate: 2.57% (2021 est.)

Labor force: 20.463 million (2021 est.)

Unemployment rate:
Note: officially registered workers; large number of unregistered or underemployed workers

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 16.5% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 16.3%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 16.7%

Population below poverty line: 1.1% (2019 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 25.6 (2020 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10%: 4.2%
Highest 10%: 21.6% (2015 est.)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $29 billion (2021 est.)
Expenditures: $35.75 billion (2021 est.)
Surplus  or deficit: -5.5% (of GDP) (2021 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 19.15% (of GDP) (2020 est.)

Public debt:
Note: the total public debt of $64.5 billion consists of: domestic public debt ($23.8 billion); external public debt ($26.1 billion); and sovereign guarantees ($14.6 billion)

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.34% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0.42% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Note: Excluding the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol and part of the anti-terrorist operation zone

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance:

Exports:
Partners: China 12%, Poland 7%, Turkey 6%, Russia 5%, Italy 5% (2021)
Commodities: iron and iron products, sunflower seed oils, wheat, corn, insulated wiring, rapeseed (2021)

Imports:
Partners: China 14%, Russia 11%, Poland 9%, Germany 9%, Belarus 6% (2021)
Commodities: refined petroleum, cars, natural gas, packaged medicines, coal, broadcasting equipment (2021)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

Debt external:

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification-total population: 100% (2021)
Access note: pre-war numbers
Installed generating capacity: 56.816 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 124,533,790,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 5.139 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Imports: 2.72 billion kWh (2020 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 16.434 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 37.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 55.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 1.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 3.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 23.908 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 41.181 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 61,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 17.333 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 34.375 billion metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 57,700 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 248,100 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 700 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 6,500 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 395 million barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 63,670 bbl/day (2017 est.)
Products exports: 1,828 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 167,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 19,511,040,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Consumption: 26,413,486,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Exports: 0 cubic meters (2021 est.)
Imports: 10,740,619,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Proven reserves: 1,104,355,000,000 cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 185.686 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 105.929 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 30.365 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 49.392 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 82.571 million Btu/person (2019 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 1,739,319 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 6 (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 56 million (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 140 (2021 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: Ukraine’s media landscape is dominated by oligarch-owned news outlets, which are often politically motivated and at odds with one another and/or the government; while polls suggest most Ukrainians still receive news from traditional media sources, social media is a crucial component of information dissemination in Ukraine; almost all Ukrainian politicians and opinion leaders communicate with the public via social media and maintain at least one social media page, if not more; this allows them direct communication with audiences, and news often breaks on Facebook or Twitter before being picked up by traditional news outlets; Kyiv created a unified news platform to broadcast news about the war following Russia's full-scale invasion; the government's "United News" television marathon is a round-the clock framework which untied the Ukrainian public broadcaster and top commercial TV channels' programming; Ukraine television serves as the principal source of news; the largest national networks are controlled by oligarchs: Studio 1+1 is owned by Ihor Kolomoyskyy; Inter is owned by Dmytro Firtash and Serhiy Lyovochkin; and StarlightMedia channels (ICTV, STB, and Novyi Kanal) are owned by Victor Pinchuk;  a set of 24-hour news channels also have clear political affiliations: pro-Ukrainian government Channel 5 and Pryamyi are linked to President Petro Poroshenko; 24 is owned by opposition, but not pro-Russian, politicians; UA: Suspilne is a public television station under the umbrella of the National Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine; while it is often praised by media experts for balanced coverage, it lags in popularity; Ukrainian Radio, institutionally linked to UA: Suspilne, is one of only two national talk radio networks, with the other being the privately owned Radio NV (2021)

Internet
Country code: .ua
Users total: 34,596,356 (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 79% (2021 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 7,769,401 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 19 (2020 est.)


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Military expenditures:

Military and security forces:
Note 1: in the event that martial law is declared, all National Guard units, with certain exceptions such as those tasked with providing for diplomatic security of embassies and consulates, would come under the command of the Ministry of Defense as auxiliary forces to the Armed Forces
Note 2: the Territorial Defense Forces (TDF) were formally established in July 2021; the TDF evolved from former Territorial Defense Battalions and other volunteer militia and paramilitary units that were organized in 2014-2015 to fight Russian-backed separatists in the Donbas; in January 2022, the TDF was activated as a separate military branch; it is organized into 25 brigades of varying size representing each of the 24 oblasts, plus the city of Kyiv

Military service age and obligation: conscription abolished in 2012, but reintroduced in 2014; 20-27 years of age for compulsory military service; prior to the Russian invasion of February 2022, conscript service obligation was 12-18 months, depending on the service (2023)
Note 1: following the Russian invasion in 2022, all nonexempt men ages 18 to 60 were required to register with their local recruitment offices and undergo medical screening for possible service; the Territorial Defense Forces (TDF) accepts volunteers, 18-60 years of age; since the invasion, hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians have volunteered for the regular armed forces, the TDF, or to work in civilian defense activities
Note 2: women have been able to volunteer for military service since 1993; as of 2023, approximately 60,000 women were serving in the armed forces
Note 3: since 2015, the Ukrainian military has allowed foreigners and stateless persons, 18-45 (in special cases up to 60), to join on 3-5-year contracts, based on qualifications; following the Russian invasion in 2022, the military began accepting medically fit foreign volunteers on a larger scale, with an emphasis on persons with combat experience; wartime volunteers typically serve for 6 months

Space program
Overview: SSAU/NSAU inherited a large and well-developed space program when it took over all of the former Soviet defense/space industrial industry that was located on the territory of Ukraine upon the country’s declaration of independence in 1991; prior to the 2014 Russia takeover of Crimea and support for separatists in Ukraine’s Donbas region, Ukraine’s space efforts largely provided support to the Russian space program, including the production of satellite/space launch vehicles (SLVs)/rocket carriers and their components; today, it develops and produces SLVs/rocket carriers, spacecraft, satellites, and satellite sub-components both independently and jointly with numerous foreign space agencies and private space industry companies, including those of Brazil, Canada, China, the European Space Agency (ESA) and its member states (particularly Italy and Poland), Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia (curtailed after 2014), Turkey, and the US; prior to the full scale Russian invasion in February 2022, Ukraine was producing more than 100 SLVs, SLV stages, or SLV engines annually, and since 1991, over 160 rockets and more than 370 spacecraft had been manufactured by Ukraine or produced with its participation; as of 2022, SSAU had 16,000 employees and controlled 20 state-run corporations in Ukraine's “space cluster,” a region between the cities of Dnipro, Kharkiv, and Kyiv (note - Dnipro, known as Ukraine's “Rocket City,” was one of the Soviet Union’s main centers for space, nuclear, and military industries and played a crucial role in the development and manufacture of both civilian and military rockets); in 2019, the Ukrainian Parliament began allowing private companies to engage in space endeavors, including launching rockets into space and allowing companies to negotiate with foreign companies without the state’s approval; previously, only state-owned companies could do so (2023)
Overview note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in space programs

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 14 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 126
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 7,854,842 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 75.26 million (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: UR

Airports: 215 (2021)
With paved runways: 108
With paved runways civil airports: 17
With paved runways military airports: 15
With paved runways joint use (civil-military) airports: 4
With paved runways other airports: 72
With paved runways note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)
With unpaved runways: 79
With unpaved runways note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control

Heliports: 9 (2021)

Pipelines: 36,720 km gas, 4,514 km oil, 4,363 km refined products (2013)

Railways
Total: 21,733 km (2014)
Standard gauge: 49 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (49 km electrified)
Broad gauge: 21,684 km (2014) 1.524-m gauge (9,250 km electrified)

Roadways
Total: 169,694 km (2012)
Paved: 166,095 km (2012) (includes 17 km of expressways)
Unpaved: 3,599 km (2012)

Waterways: 1,672 km (2012) (most on Dnieper River)

Merchant marine
Total: 410 (2022)
By type: bulk carrier 1, container ship 1, general cargo 84, oil tanker 15, other 309

Ports and terminals
Major seaports: Feodosiia, Chornomorsk, Mariupol, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Yuzhne
River ports: Kherson, Kyiv (Dnieper River), Mykolaiv (Pivdennyy Buh River)


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Disputes international: Ukraine-Belarus: in 1997, Ukraine and Belarus signed a boundary delimitation treaty; the instruments of ratification were exchanged in 2013; a joint commission should be established to enable the actual demarcation to begin

Refugees and internally displaced persons
IDPs: 1,461,700 (Russian-sponsored separatist violence in Crimea and eastern Ukraine) (2021); 3.67 million (2023) (since Russian invasion that started in February 2022); note - the more recent invasion total may reflect some double counting, since it is impossible to determine how many of the recent IDPs may also include IDPs from the earlier Russian-sponsored violence in Crimea and eastern Ukraine

Illicit drugs: