Map of Uzbekistan | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background: Uzbekistan is the geographic and population center of Central Asia. The country has a diverse economy and a relatively young population. Russia conquered and united the disparate territories of present-day Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff resistance to the Red Army after the Bolshevik Revolution was eventually suppressed and a socialist republic established in 1924. During the Soviet era, intensive production of "white gold" (cotton) and grain led to the overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, leaving the land degraded and the Aral Sea and certain rivers half-dry. Independent since the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, the country has diversified agricultural production while developing its mineral and petroleum export capacity and increasing its manufacturing base, although cotton remains a major part of its economy. Uzbekistan’s first president, Islom KARIMOV, led Uzbekistan for 25 years until his death in September 2016. His successor, former Prime Minister Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV, has improved relations with Uzbekistan’s neighbors and introduced wide-ranging economic, judicial, and social reforms. MIRZIYOYEV was reelected in October 2021 with 80% of the vote and again following a 2023 constitutional referendum with 87% of the vote.


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Location: Central Asia, north of Turkmenistan, south of Kazakhstan

Geographic coordinates: 41 00 N, 64 00 E

Map reference: Asia

Area
Total: 447,400 km²
Land: 425,400 km²
Water: 22,000 km²
Comparative: about four times the size of Virginia; slightly larger than California

Land boundaries
Total: 6,893 km
Border countries: (5) Afghanistan 144 km; Kazakhstan 2,330 km; Kyrgyzstan 1,314 km; Tajikistan 1,312 km; Turkmenistan 1,793 km

Coastline: 0 km (doubly landlocked); note - Uzbekistan includes the southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline

Maritime claims: none (doubly landlocked)

Climate: mostly mid-latitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east

Terrain: mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya, Syr Darya (Sirdaryo), and Zaravshan; Fergana Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west

Elevation
Highest point: Xazrat Sulton Tog' 4,643 m
Lowest point: Sariqamish Kuli -12 m

Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum

Land use
Agricultural land: 62.6% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 10.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 51.7% (2018 est.)
Forest: 7.7% (2018 est.)
Other: 29.7% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 37,320 km² (2020)

Major rivers
By length in km:

Major watersheds area km²: Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Aral Sea basin) Amu Darya (534,739 km²), Syr Darya (782,617 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 2.41 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 2.13 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 54.36 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 48.87 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: earthquakes; floods; landslides or mudslides; avalanches; droughts

Geography
Note: along with Liechtenstein, one of the only two doubly landlocked countries in the world


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Population
Distribution: most of the population is concentrated in the fertile Fergana Valley in the easternmost arm of the country; the south has significant clusters of people, while the central and western deserts are sparsely populated: 31,360,836 (2023 est.)
Growth rate: 1.61% (2023 est.)
Below poverty line: 14.1% (2013 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Uzbekistani
Adjective: Uzbekistani

Ethnic groups: Uzbek 83.8%, Tajik 4.8%, Kazakh 2.5%, Russian 2.3%, Karakalpak 2.2%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.9% (2017 est.)

Languages: Uzbek (official) 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%
Major-language samples:
Note: in the semi-autonomous Republic of Karakalpakstan, both the Karakalpak language and Uzbek have official status

Religions: Muslim 88% (mostly Sunni), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 22.48% (male 3,612,997/female 3,437,866)
15-64 years: 70.64% (male 11,055,763/female 11,097,841)
65 years and over: 6.88% (2023 est.) (male 933,134/female 1,223,235)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 54
Youth dependency ratio: 46.3
Elderly dependency ratio: 7.2
Potential support ratio: 13 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 28.7 years (2023 est.)
Male: 27.9 years
Female: 29.5 years

Population growth rate: 1.61% (2023 est.)

Birth rate: 22.2 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Death rate: 5.2 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Population distribution: most of the population is concentrated in the fertile Fergana Valley in the easternmost arm of the country; the south has significant clusters of people, while the central and western deserts are sparsely populated

Urbanization
Urban population: 50.5% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.25% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 2.603 million TASHKENT (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: shrinkage of the Aral Sea has resulted in growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and contribute to desertification and respiratory health problems; water pollution from industrial wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause of many human health disorders; increasing soil salination; soil contamination from buried nuclear processing and agricultural chemicals, including DDT
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
International agreements signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 40.98 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 91.81 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 96.16 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 23.7 years (2019 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 30 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 18.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
Male: 21.9 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 15.7 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 75.8 years (2023 est.)
Male: 73.2 years
Female: 78.6 years

Total fertility rate: 2.92 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 99.6% of population
Improved rural: 96.1% of population
Improved total: 97.8% of population
Unimproved urban: 0.4% of population
Unimproved rural: 3.9% of population
Unimproved total: 2.2% of population (2020 est.)

Current health expenditure: 6.8% of GDP (2020)

Physicians density: 2.37 physicians/1,000 population (2014)

Hospital bed density: 4 beds/1,000 population (2014)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban:
Unimproved urban:

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 16.6% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 2.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 0.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 2.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 17.6% (2020 est.)
Male: 34% (2020 est.)
Female: 1.1% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 1.8% (2021)

Education expenditures: 4.9% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 100%
Male: 100%
Female: 100% (2019)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 12 years
Male: 12 years
Female: 12 years (2021)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 16% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 15.8%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 16.2%


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Uzbekistan
Conventional short form: Uzbekistan
Local long form: O'zbekiston Respublikasi
Local short form: O'zbekiston
Former: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
Etymology: a combination of the Turkic words "uz" (self) and "bek" (master) with the Persian suffix "-stan" (country) to give the meaning "Land of the Free"

Government type: presidential republic; highly authoritarian

Capital
Name: Tashkent (Toshkent)
Geographic coordinates: 41 19 N, 69 15 E
Time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: tash means "stone" and kent means "city" in Turkic languages, so the name simply denotes "stone city"

Administrative divisions: Independence: 1 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

National holiday: Independence Day, 1 September (1991)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest adopted 8 December 1992
Amendments:

proposed by the Supreme Assembly or by referendum; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of both houses of the Assembly or passage in a referendum; amended several times, last in 2023

Legal system: International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Uzbekistan
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (since 14 December 2016)
Head of government: Prime Minister Abdulla ARIPOV (since 14 December 2016)
Cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with most requiring approval of the Senate chamber of the Supreme Assembly (Oliy Majlis)
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 7-year term (eligible for a second term; previously a 5-year term, extended to 7 years by a 2023 constitutional amendment); election last held on 24 October 2021 (next to be held in 2,026); prime minister nominated by majority party in legislature since 2011, but appointed along with the ministers and deputy ministers by the president
Election results: Legislative branch
Description:

bicameral Supreme Assembly or Oliy Majlis consists of:
Senate or Senat (100 seats); 84 members indirectly elected by regional governing councils and 16 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms); note - amendments to the constitution approved in April 2023 call for the reduction of Senate seats to 65 from 100
Legislative Chamber or Qonunchilik Palatasi (150 seats statutory, 140 seats current; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed; members serve 5-year terms)

Elections:

Senate - last held 16-17 January 2020 (next to be held in 2025)
Legislative Chamber - last held on 22 December 2019 and 5 January 2020 (next to be held in December 2024)

Election results:

Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition as of May 2023 (90 members) - men 68, women 22, percent of women 24.4%
Legislative Chamber - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - LDPU 53, National Revival Democratic Party 36, Adolat 24, PDP 22, Ecological Movement 15; composition as of May 2023 (140 members) - men 93, women, 47, percent of women 33.6%; note - total Supreme Assembly percent of women 30%

Note: all parties in the Supreme Assembly support President Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of 67 judges organized into administrative, civil, criminal, and economic sections); Constitutional Court (consists of 7 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: judges of the highest courts nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate of the Oliy Majlis; judges appointed for a single 10-year term; the court chairman and deputies appointed for 10-year terms without the right to reelection. (Article 132 of the constitution)
Subordinate courts: regional, district, city, and town courts

Political parties and leaders:

Ecological Party of Uzbekistan (O'zbekiston Ekologik Partivasi) [Narzullo OBLOMURODOV]
Justice (Adolat) Social Democratic Party of Uzbekistan [Bahrom ABDUKHALIMOV]
Liberal Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (O'zbekiston Liberal-Demokratik Partiyasi) or LDPU [Aktam HAITOV]
National Revival Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (O'zbekiston Milliy Tiklanish Demokratik Partiyasi) [Alisher QODIROV]
People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (Xalq Demokratik Partiyas) or PDP [Ulugbek Ilyosovich INOYATOV] (formerly Communist Party)

International organization participation: ADB, CICA, CIS, EAEU (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EEU (observer), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Furqat SIDIKOV (since 19 April 2023)
In the us chancery: 1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,036
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 887-5,300
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 293-6,804
In the us email address and website:

info.washington@mfa.uz

[link]

From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Jonathan HENICK (since 14 October 2022)
From the us embassy: 3 Moyqorghon, 5th Block, Yunusobod District, 100,093 Tashkent
From the us mailing address: 7,110 Tashkent Place, Washington DC 20,521-7,110
From the us telephone: [998] 78-120-5,450
From the us FAX: [998] 78-120-6,335
From the us email address and website:

ACSTashkent@state.gov

[link]

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by red fimbriations with a vertical, white crescent moon (closed side to the hoist) and 12 white, five-pointed stars shifted to the hoist on the top band; blue is the color of the Turkic peoples and of the sky, white signifies peace and the striving for purity in thoughts and deeds, while green represents nature and is the color of Islam; the red stripes are the vital force of all living organisms that links good and pure ideas with the eternal sky and with deeds on earth; the crescent represents Islam and the 12 stars the months and constellations of the Uzbek calendar

National symbols: khumo (mythical bird); national colors: blue, white, red, green

National anthem
Name: "O'zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi" (National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan)
Lyrics/music: Abdulla ARIPOV/Mutal BURHANOV
Note: adopted 1992; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan kept the music of the anthem from its time as a Soviet Republic but adopted new lyrics

National heritage
Total World Heritage Sites: 6 (5 cultural, 1 natural)
Selected World Heritage Site locales:

Uzbekistan - Economy 2023

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Economy overview: lower middle-income Central Asian economy; CIS Free Trade Area member but no intention of EAEU membership; key natural gas, cotton, and gold exporter; landlocked and environmentally fragile; positive growth through COVID-19, but poverty increasing

Real gdp purchasing power parity:

$270.062 billion (2021 est.)
$251.408 billion (2020 est.)
$246.753 billion (2019 est.)

Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real gdp growth rate:

7.42% (2021 est.)
1.89% (2020 est.)
5.71% (2019 est.)

Real gdp per capita:

$7,700 (2021 est.)
$7,300 (2020 est.)
$7,300 (2019 est.)

Note: data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by sector of origin

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 59.5% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 16.3% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 25.3% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 3% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 19% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -20% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 17.9% (2017 est.)
Industry: 33.7% (2017 est.)
Services: 48.5% (2017 est.)

Agriculture products: milk, wheat, potatoes, carrots/turnips, cotton, tomatoes, vegetables, grapes, onions, watermelons

Industries: textiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy, mining, hydrocarbon extraction, chemicals

Industrial production growth rate: 8.37% (2021 est.)

Labor force: 14.094 million (2021 est.)

Labor force

Unemployment rate:

7.16% (2021 est.)
7.04% (2020 est.)
5.85% (2019 est.)

Note: official data; another 20% are underemployed

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 16% (2021 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 15.8%
Rate ages 15 24 female: 16.2%

Population below poverty line: 14.1% (2013 est.)

Gini index
Coefficient distribution of family income: 36.8 (2003 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10%: 2.8%
Highest 10%: 29.6% (2003)

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $16.197 billion (2019 est.)
Expenditures: $16.346 billion (2019 est.)
Surplus  or deficit: 0.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 14.87% (of GDP) (2020 est.)

Public debt:

24.3% of GDP (2017 est.)
10.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

Revenue
From forest resources: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0.06% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:

10.85% (2021 est.)
12.87% (2020 est.)
14.53% (2019 est.)

Note: official data; based on independent analysis of consumer prices, inflation reached 22% in 2012

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance:

-$4.825 billion (2021 est.)
-$3.007 billion (2020 est.)
-$3.366 billion (2019 est.)

Exports:

$16.399 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$14.532 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$16.993 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Partners: Switzerland 19%, United Kingdom 17%, Russia 15%, China 14%, Kazakhstan 9%, Turkey 8%, Kyrgyzstan 5% (2019)
Commodities: gold, natural gas, cotton fibers, copper, ethylene polymers (2019)

Imports:

$27.774 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$22.56 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars
$26.551 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Partners: China 23%, Russia 18%, South Korea 11%, Kazakhstan 9%, Turkey 6%, Germany 5% (2019)
Commodities: cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, refined petroleum, aircraft, construction vehicles (2019)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$35.375 billion (31 December 2021 est.)
$34.903 billion (31 December 2020 est.)
$29.291 billion (31 December 2019 est.)

Debt external:

$16.9 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$16.76 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:

Uzbekistani soum (UZS) per US dollar - 10,609.464 (2021 est.)
10,054.261 (2020 est.)
8,836.788 (2019 est.)
8,069.606 (2018 est.)
5,113.879 (2017 est.)

Uzbekistan - Energy 2023

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Electricity
Access electrification-total population: 99.9% (2020)
Access electrification-urban areas: 100% (2021)
Access electrification-rural areas: 99.7% (2021)
Installed generating capacity: 16.042 million kW (2020 est.)
Consumption: 57,605,687,000 kWh (2019 est.)
Exports: 2.067 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Imports: 3.379 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 3.858 billion kWh (2019 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 88.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources solar: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 11.9% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources tide and wave: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Coal
Production: 3.98 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Consumption: 5.668 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Exports: 1,000 metric tons (2020 est.)
Imports: 2.995 million metric tons (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 1.375 billion metric tons (2019 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 5,200 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 98,200 bbl/day (2019 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate exports: 0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil and lease condensate imports: 24,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 594 million barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 61,740 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products exports: 3,977 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Products imports: 0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 46,968,227,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)
Consumption: 43,882,007,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Exports: 13,283,524,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)
Imports: 0 cubic meters (2020 est.)
Proven reserves: 1,840,592,000,000 cubic meters (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 102.965 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 7.816 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 11.53 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 83.619 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 57.709 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Uzbekistan - Communication 2023

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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 5,685,854 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17 (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 35 million (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 100 (2021 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media: the government controls media; 17 state-owned broadcasters - 13 TV and 4 radio - provide service to virtually the entire country; about 20 privately owned TV stations, overseen by local officials, broadcast to local markets; privately owned TV stations are required to lease transmitters from the government-owned Republic TV and Radio Industry Corporation; in 2019, the Uzbek Agency for Press and Information was reorganized into the Agency of Information and Mass Communications and became part of the Uzbek Presidential Administration (2019)

Internet
Country code: .uz
Users total: 26.18 million (2021 est.)
Users percent of population: 77% (2021 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 4,820,009 (2020 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2020 est.)

Uzbekistan - Military 2023

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Military expenditures:

2.8% of GDP (2019 est.)
2.9% of GDP (2018 est.)
2.7% of GDP (2017 est.)
2.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
2.5% of GDP (2015 est.)

Military and security forces:

Armed Forces of Uzbekistan: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces; National Guard 

Ministry of Internal Affairs: Internal Security Troops, Border Guards, police (2023)

Note: the National Guard is under the Defense Ministry, but is independent of the other military services; it is responsible for ensuring public order and the security of diplomatic missions, radio and television broadcasting, and other state entities

Military service age and obligation: 18-27 years of age for compulsory military service; 12-month conscript service obligation for men (those conscripted have the option of paying for a shorter service of 1 month while remaining in the reserves until the age of 27) (2023)
Note: Uzbek citizens who have completed their service terms in the armed forces have privileges in employment and admission to higher educational institutions

Space program
Overview: has a small space program focused on acquiring satellites and developing the country’s space industry; Uzbekcosmos largely sets state policy and shapes the strategic direction, development, and use of the country’s space-related industries and technologies in key sectors, including cartography, environmental and disaster monitoring, land use, resource management, and telecommunications; also has an astronomy program; cooperates with foreign space agencies and commercial companies, including those of China, France, India, Kazakhstan, Russia, and South Korea (2023)
Overview note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in space programs

Terrorist groups
Terrorist groups: Islamic Jihad Union; Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Khorasan (ISIS-K)
Note 1: these groups have typically been active in the area where the Uzbek, Kyrgyz, and Tajik borders converge and ill-defined and porous borders allow for the relatively free movement of people and illicit goods

Uzbekistan - Transportation 2023

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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 34
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 3,056,558 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 89.43 million (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: UK

Airports: 53 (2021)
With paved runways: 33
With paved runways civil airports: 9
With paved runways military airports: 3
With paved runways joint use (civil-military) airports: 1
With paved runways other airports: 20
With paved runways note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)
With unpaved runways: 20
With unpaved runways note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control

Heliports

Pipelines: 13,700 km gas, 944 km oil (2016)

Railways
Total: 4,642 km (2018)
Broad gauge: 4,642 km (2018) 1.520-m gauge (1,684 km electrified)

Roadways
Total: 86,496 km (2000)
Paved: 75,511 km (2000)
Unpaved: 10,985 km (2000)

Waterways: 1,100 km (2012)

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals
River ports: Termiz (Amu Darya)

Uzbekistan - Transnational issues 2023

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Disputes international: Uzbekistan-Afghanistan: none identified

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 13,031 (Afghanistan) (mid-year 2022)
Stateless persons: 31,829 (2022)

Illicit drugs: a transit country for Afghan heroin, opium, and hashish destined to Kazakhstan, Russia, and Europe;  cannabis and opium poppy are grown domestically for personal use and sale

Uzbekistan
Atlas

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