Map of Egypt | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background:


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Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula

Geographic coordinates: 27 00 N, 30 00 E

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 1,001,450 km²
Land: 995,450 km²
Water: 6,000 km²
Comparative: more than eight times the size of Ohio; slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico
Country comparison total: 2,612 km
Country comparison border countries: (4) Gaza Strip 13 km; Israel 208 km; Libya 1,115 km; Sudan 1,276 km

Land boundaries
Total: 2,612 km
Border countries: (4) Gaza Strip 13 km; Israel 208 km; Libya 1,115 km; Sudan 1,276 km

Coastline: 2,450 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm or the equidistant median line with Cyprus
Continental shelf: 200 nm

Climate: desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

Terrain: vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta

Elevation
Highest point: Mount Catherine 2,629 m
Lowest point: Qattara Depression -133 m
Mean elevation: 321 m

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, rare earth elements, zinc

Land use
Agricultural land: 3.6% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 2.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 0.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 0% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land forest: 0.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land other: 96.3% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 36,500 km² (2012)

Major rivers
By length in km: An Nīl (Nile) river mouth (shared with Rwanda [s], Tanzania, Uganda, South Sudan, and Sudan) - 6,650 km
By length in km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 10.75 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 5.4 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 61.35 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 57.5 billion m³ (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes; flash floods; landslides; hot, driving windstorms called khamsin occur in spring; dust storms; sandstorms

Geography
Note: controls Sinai Peninsula, the only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, a sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics; dependence on upstream neighbors; dominance of Nile basin issues


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Population
Distribution: approximately 95% of the population lives within 20 km of the Nile River and its delta; vast areas of the country remain sparsely populated or uninhabited as shown in this population distribution map
Total: 111,247,248
Male: 57,142,484
Female: 54,104,764 (2024 est.)
Growth rate: 1.49% (2024 est.)
Below poverty line: 29.7% (2019 est.)
Below poverty line note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Nationality
Noun: Egyptian(s)
Adjective: Egyptian

Ethnic groups: Egyptian 99.7%, other 0.3% (2006 est.)
Note: data represent respondents by nationality

Languages: Arabic (official); English and French widely understood by educated classes
Major-language samples: دليل جيوس العالمي، المصدر الذي لا غنى عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic); Gheos World Guide, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions: Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 90%, Christian (majority Coptic Orthodox, other Christians include Armenian Apostolic, Catholic, Maronite, Orthodox, and Anglican) 10%

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 33.8% (male 19,349,395/female 18,243,571)
15-64 years: 60.6% (male 34,646,369/female 32,792,151)
65 years and over: 5.6% (2024 est.) (male 3,146,720/female 3,069,042)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 60.8
Youth dependency ratio: 53.2
Elderly dependency ratio: 7.7
Potential support ratio: 13 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 24.4 years (2024 est.)
Male: 24.3 years
Female: 24.4 years

Population growth rate: 1.49% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 19.5 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 4.3 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution: approximately 95% of the population lives within 20 km of the Nile River and its delta; vast areas of the country remain sparsely populated or uninhabited as shown in this population distribution map

Urbanization
Urban population: 43.1% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.9% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 22.183 million CAIRO (capital), 5.588 million Alexandria, 778,000 Bur Sa'id (2023)

Environment
Current issues: agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents; limited natural freshwater resources away from the Nile, which is the only perennial water source; rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile and natural resources
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 63.16 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 238.56 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 59.68 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 22.6 years (2014 est.)
Note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49

Maternal mortality ratio: 17 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 16.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 17.8 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 15.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 75 years (2024 est.)
Male: 73.8 years
Female: 76.2 years

Total fertility rate: 2.65 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 58.5% (2014)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 99.7% of population
Unimproved rural: 0.3% of population
Unimproved total: 0.3% of population (2020 est.)
Unimproved urban: 0.3% of population

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density: 1.4 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 99.9% of population
Improved rural: 98.2% of population
Improved total: 98.9% of population
Unimproved urban: 0.1% of population
Unimproved rural: 1.8% of population
Unimproved total: 1.1% of population (2020 est.)

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 32% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 0.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 0.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 24.3% (2020 est.)
Male: 48.1% (2020 est.)
Female: 0.4% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 7% (2014)

Education expenditures: 2.5% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 73.1%
Male: 78.8%
Female: 67.4% (2021)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 14 years
Male: 14 years
Female: 14 years (2018)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 19% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 12.6% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 49.2% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Arab Republic of Egypt
Conventional short form: Egypt
Local long form: Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah
Local short form: Misr
Former: United Arab Republic (short-lived unification with Syria)
Etymology: the English name 'Egypt' derives from the ancient Greek name for the country 'Aigyptos'; the Arabic name 'Misr' can be traced to the ancient Akkadian 'misru' meaning border or frontier

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: Cairo
Geographic coordinates: 30 03 N, 31 15 E
Time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Friday in April; ends last Thursday in October
Etymology: from the Arabic 'al-Qahira,' meaning 'the victorious'

Administrative divisions: 27 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazat); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar (Red Sea), Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah (Alexandria), Al Isma'iliyah (Ismailia), Al Jizah (Giza), Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah (Cairo), Al Qalyubiyah, Al Uqsur (Luxor), Al Wadi al Jadid (New Valley), As Suways (Suez), Ash Sharqiyah, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id (Port Said), Dumyat (Damietta), Janub Sina' (South Sinai), Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina' (North Sinai), Suhaj

Dependent areas

Independence: 28 February 1922 (from UK protectorate status; the military-led revolution that began on 23 July 1952 led to a republic being declared on 18 June 1953 and all British troops withdrawn on 18 June 1956)
Note: it was ca. 3,200 B.C. that the Two Lands of Upper (southern) and Lower (northern) Egypt were first united politically

National holiday: Revolution Day, 23 July (1952)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest approved by a constitutional committee in December 2013, approved by referendum held on 14-15 January 2014, ratified by interim president on 19 January 2014
Amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or by one fifth of the House of Representatives members; a decision to accept the proposal requires majority vote by House members; passage of amendment requires a two-thirds majority vote by House members and passage by majority vote in a referendum; articles of reelection of the president and principles of freedom are not amendable unless the amendment 'brings more guarantees;' amended 2019

Legal system: mixed legal system based on Napoleonic civil and penal law, Islamic religious law, and vestiges of colonial-era laws; judicial review of the constitutionality of laws by the Supreme Constitutional Court

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: if the father was born in Egypt
Dual citizenship recognized: only with prior permission from the government
Residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Abdel Fattah EL-SISI (since 8 June 2014)
Head of government: Prime Minister Mostafa MADBOULY (since 7 June 2018)
Cabinet: Cabinet ministers nominated by the executive branch and approved by the House of Representatives
Elections/appointments: president elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for 3 consecutive terms); election last held on 10 to 12 December 2023; next to held in 2,029); prime minister appointed by the president, approved by the House of Representatives
Election results: 2023: Abdel Fattah EL-SISI reelected president in first round; percent of valid votes cast - Abdel Fattah EL-SISI (independent) 89.6%, Hazam OMAR (Republican People’s Party) 4.5%, Farid ZAHRAN (Egyptian Social Democratic Party 4%, Abdel-Samad YAMAMA 1.9%; 2018: Abdelfattah ELSISI reelected president in first round; percent of valid votes cast - Abdelfattah ELSISI (independent) 97.1%, Moussa Mostafa MOUSSA (El Ghad Party) 2.9%
Note: more than 7% of ballots cast were deemed invalid

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral Parliament consists of: Senate or Majlis Al-Shiyoukh (300 seats; 100 members directly elected in single seat constituencies, 100 directly elected by closed party-list vote, and 100 appointed by the president, House of Representatives or Majlis Al-Nowaab (596 seats; 448 members directly elected by individual candidacy system, 120 members - with quotas for women, youth, Christians and workers - elected in party-list constituencies by simple majority popular vote, and 28 members appointed by the president; members of both houses serve 5-year terms
Elections: Senate - first round held on 11-12 August 2020 (9-10 August for diaspora); second round held on 8-9 September (6-7 September for diaspora) (next to be held in 2025), House of Representatives - last held 24-25 October and 7-8 November 2020) (next to be held in 2025)
Elections results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Nation's Future Party 100, independent 100; composition - men 258, women 41, percent of women 13.7% , House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Nation's Future Party 316, Republican People's Party 50, New Wafd Party 26, Homeland Defenders Party 23, Modern Egypt Party 11, Reform and Development Party 9, Al-Nour Party 7, Egyptian Conference Party 7, Egyptian Freedom Party 7, Egyptian Social Democratic Party 7, Tagammu 6, Justice Party 2, Etradet Geel Party 1, independent 124; composition - men 428, women 164, percent of women 27.5%; total Parliament percent of women 23%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Constitutional Court (SCC) (consists of the court president and 10 justices); the SCC serves as the final court of arbitration on the constitutionality of laws and conflicts between lower courts regarding jurisdiction and rulings; Court of Cassation (CC) (consists of the court president and 550 judges organized in circuits with cases heard by panels of 5 judges); the CC is the highest appeals body for civil and criminal cases, also known as 'ordinary justices'; Supreme Administrative Court (SAC) (consists of the court president and NA judges and organized in circuits with cases heard by panels of 5 judges); the SAC is the highest court of the State Council
Judge selection and term of office: under the 2014 constitution, all judges and justices selected and appointed by the Supreme Judiciary Council and approved as a formality by the president of the Republic; judges appointed for life; under the 2019 amendments, the president has the power to appoint heads of judiciary authorities and courts, the prosecutor general, and the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court
Subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Courts of First Instance; courts of limited jurisdiction; Family Court (established in 2004)

Political parties and leaders: Al-Nour, Arab Democratic Nasserist Party, Congress Party, Conservative Party, Democratic Peace Party, Egyptian National Movement Party, Egyptian Social Democratic Party, El Ghad Party, El Serh El Masry el Hor, Eradet Geel Party, Free Egyptians Party, Freedom Party, Justice Party, Homeland’s Protector Party, Modern Egypt Party, My Homeland Egypt Party, Nation's Future Party (Mostaqbal Watan), National Progressive Unionist (Tagammu) Party, Reform and Development Party, Republican People’s Party, Revolutionary Guards Party, Wafd Party

International organization participation: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, BRICS, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CD, CICA, COMESA, D-8, EBRD, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, LCBC (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us: chief of mission: Ambassador Motaz Mounir ZAHRAN (since 17 September 2020)
In the us chancery: 3,521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 895-5,400
In the us fax: (202) 244-4,319
In the us email address and website: embassy@egyptembassy.net; [link]
In the us consulates general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Herro MUSTAFA GARG (since 15 November 2023)
From the us embassy: 5 Tawfik Diab St., Garden City, Cairo
From the us mailing address: 7,700 Cairo Place, Washington DC 20,512-7,700
From the us telephone: [20-2] 2,797-3,300
From the us fax: [20-2] 2,797-3,200
From the us email address and website: ConsularCairoACS@state.gov; [link]
From the us consulates general: Alexandria

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the national emblem (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist side with a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white)
Note: similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band; Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band; and Yemen, which has a plain white band

National symbols: golden eagle, white lotus; national colors: red, white, black

National anthem
Name: 'Bilady, Bilady, Bilady' (My Homeland, My Homeland, My Homeland)
Lyrics/music: Younis-al QADI/Sayed DARWISH
Note: adopted 1979; the current anthem, less militaristic than the previous one, was created after the signing of the 1979 peace treaty with Israel; Sayed DARWISH, commonly considered the father of modern Egyptian music, composed the anthem

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 7 (6 cultural, 1 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales:


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Economy overview: Africa’s second-largest economy; 2,030 Vision to diversify markets and energy infrastructure; improving fiscal, external, and current accounts; underperforming private sector; poor labor force participation; expanded credit access

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $1.912 trillion (2023 est.); $1.842 trillion (2022 est.); $1.729 trillion (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 3.76% (2023 est.); 6.59% (2022 est.); 3.29% (2021 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: $17,000 (2023 est.); $16,600 (2022 est.); $15,800 (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 82.6% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 6.8% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 15.2% (2022 est.)
Investment in inventories: -2.3% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 19.1% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -21.3% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 10.6% (2023 est.)
Industry: 32.7% (2023 est.)
Services: 51.6% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Agriculture products: sugarcane, sugar beets, wheat, maize, tomatoes, potatoes, rice, milk, onions, oranges (2022)
Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries: textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals, light manufactures

Industrial production growth rate: -0.57% (2023 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force: 33.431 million (2023 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate: 7.31% (2023 est.); 7.34% (2022 est.); 7.44% (2021 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 19% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 12.6% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 49.2% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line: 29.7% (2019 est.)
Note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $69.999 billion (2015 est.)
Expenditures: $96.057 billion (2015 est.)
Note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Taxes and other revenues: 12.52% (of GDP) (2015 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Public debt: 103% of GDP (2017 est.)
Note: data cover central government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are sold at public auctions

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.15% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 33.88% (2023 est.); 13.9% (2022 est.); 5.21% (2021 est.)
Note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: -$10.537 billion (2022 est.); -$18.611 billion (2021 est.); -$14.236 billion (2020 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports: $76.295 billion (2022 est.); $58.339 billion (2021 est.); $40.102 billion (2020 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: Turkey 8%, Italy 6%, US 6%, Spain 6%, India 5% (2022)
Partners note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Commodities: natural gas, fertilizers, garments, refined petroleum, crude petroleum (2022)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $97.144 billion (2022 est.); $94.039 billion (2021 est.); $72.482 billion (2020 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: China 17%, US 7%, Saudi Arabia 7%, UAE 6%, Turkey 5% (2022)
Partners note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Commodities: refined petroleum, wheat, crude petroleum, natural gas, plastics (2022)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $33.07 billion (2023 est.); $32.144 billion (2022 est.); $39.824 billion (2021 est.)
Note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt external: $97.5 billion (2022 est.)
Note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 59.248 million kW (2022 est.)
Consumption: 176.719 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Exports: 1.61 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Imports: 176 million kWh (2022 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 37.615 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 88.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources solar: 2.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources wind: 2.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 6.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Coal
Production: 289,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Consumption: 3.083 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Exports: 92.8 metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 2.733 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 182 million metric tons (2022 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 667,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 851,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 3.3 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas
Production: 64.817 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Consumption: 60.089 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Exports: 9.28 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Imports: 6.648 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 1.784 trillion m³ (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 240.225 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 6.77 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 115.575 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 117.879 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 36.463 million Btu/person (2022 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 11.6 million (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 103.45 million (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 93 (2022 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures: 1% of GDP (2023 est.); 1.2% of GDP (2022 est.); 1.3% of GDP (2021 est.); 1.3% of GDP (2020 est.); 1.3% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military and security forces: Egyptian Armed Forces (EAF): Army (includes Republican Guard), Navy (includes Coast Guard), Air Force, Air Defense Forces, Border Guard Forces; Interior Ministry: Public Security Sector Police, the Central Security Force, National Security Agency (2024)
Note 1: the Public Security Sector Police are responsible for law enforcement nationwide; the Central Security Force protects infrastructure and is responsible for crowd control; the National Security Agency is responsible for internal security threats and counterterrorism along with other security services
Note 2: in addition to its external defense duties, the EAF also has a mandate to assist police in protecting vital infrastructure during a state of emergency; military personnel were granted full arrest authority in 2011 but normally only use this authority during states of emergency and “periods of significant turmoil”

Military service age and obligation: voluntary enlistment possible from age 16 for men and 17 for women; 18-30 years of age for conscript service for men; service obligation 14-36 months, followed by a 9-year reserve obligation; active service length depends on education; high school drop-outs serve for the full 36 months, while college graduates serve for lesser periods of time, depending on their education level (2023)
Note: conscripts make up a considerable portion of the military and the Central Security Force

Space program

Terrorist groups: Army of Islam; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham – Sinai Province (ISIS-SP); al-Qa’ida
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 14 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 101
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 12,340,832 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 437.63 million (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: SU

Airports: 73 (2024)

Heliports: 56 (2024)

Pipelines: 486 km condensate, 74 km condensate/gas, 7,986 km gas, 957 km liquid petroleum gas, 5,225 km oil, 37 km oil/gas/water, 895 km refined products, 65 km water (2013)

Railways

Roadways
Total: 65,050 km
Paved: 48,000 km
Unpaved: 17,050 km (2019)

Waterways: 3,500 km (2018) (includes the Nile River, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in Nile Delta; the Suez Canal (193.5 km including approaches) is navigable by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 17.68 m)

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 70,021 (West Bank and Gaza Strip) (mid-year 2022); 52,446 (Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 20,970 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 21,105 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers), 15,585 (Ethiopia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 10,025 (Yemen) (refugees and asylum seekers), 6,815 (Iraq) (refugees and asylum seekers), 6,802 (Somalia) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2022); 464,827 (Sudan) (refugees since 15 April 2023), 156,159 (Syria) (2024)
Stateless persons: 10 (2022)

Illicit drugs: major source of precursor chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics