Map of Finland | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background: Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete independence in 1917. During World War II, Finland successfully defended its independence through cooperation with Germany and resisted subsequent invasions by the Soviet Union, albeit with some loss of territory. During the next half-century, Finland transformed from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per-capita income is among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the EU since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro single currency at its initiation in January 1999. In the 21st century, the key features of Finland's modern welfare state are high-quality education, promotion of equality, and a national social welfare system, although the system is currently facing the challenges of an aging population and the fluctuations of an export-driven economy. Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Finland opted to join NATO; it became the organization's 31st member in April 2023.


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Location: Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia

Geographic coordinates: 64 00 N, 26 00 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 338,145 km²
Land: 303,815 km²
Water: 34,330 km²
Comparative: slightly more than two times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Montana
Country comparison total: 2,563 km
Country comparison border countries: (3) Norway 709 km; Sweden 545 km; Russia 1,309 km

Land boundaries
Total: 2,563 km
Border countries: (3) Norway 709 km; Sweden 545 km; Russia 1,309 km

Coastline: 1,250 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden, Estonia, and Russia

Climate: cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills

Elevation
Highest point: Halti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi) 1,328 m
Lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
Mean elevation: 164 m

Natural resources: timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone

Land use
Agricultural land: 7.5% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 7.4% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 0.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land forest: 72.9% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land other: 19.6% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 80 km² (2015)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 1 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 2 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 500 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 110 billion m³ (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: severe winters in the north

Geography
Note: long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain


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Population
Distribution: the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely populated
Total: 5,626,414
Male: 2,773,656
Female: 2,852,758 (2024 est.)
Growth rate: 0.2% (2024 est.)
Below poverty line: 12.2% (2022 est.)
Below poverty line note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Nationality
Noun: Finn(s)
Adjective: Finnish

Ethnic groups: Finnish, Swedish, Russian, Estonian, Romani, Sami
Note: 90.9% of the population has a Finnish background (2022 est.)

Languages: Finnish (official) 85.9%, Swedish (official) 5.2%, Russian 1.7%, other 7.2% (2022 est.)
Major-language samples: Gheos World Guide, korvaamaton perustietolähde. (Finnish); Gheos World Guide, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions: Lutheran 66.6%, Greek Orthodox 1.1%, other 1.7%, none 30.6% (2022 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 16.2% (male 464,939/female 444,585)
15-64 years: 60.3% (male 1,725,072/female 1,668,604)
65 years and over: 23.5% (2024 est.) (male 583,645/female 739,569)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 62.1
Youth dependency ratio: 25
Elderly dependency ratio: 37.1
Potential support ratio: 2.7 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 43.3 years (2024 est.)
Male: 41.8 years
Female: 44.9 years

Population growth rate: 0.2% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 10.2 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 10.4 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate: 2.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution: the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely populated

Urbanization
Urban population: 85.8% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 1.338 million HELSINKI (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: limited air pollution in urban centers; some water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 5.47 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 45.87 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 4.46 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 29.5 years (2020 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 8 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 2.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 2.3 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 1.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 82.2 years (2024 est.)
Male: 79.3 years
Female: 85.2 years

Total fertility rate: 1.74 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 85.5% (2015)
Note: percent of women aged 18-49

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 100% of population
Unimproved rural: 0% of population
Unimproved total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
Unimproved urban: 0% of population

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density: 3.6 beds/1,000 population (2018)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 100% of population
Improved rural: 100% of population
Improved total: 100% of population
Unimproved urban: 0% of population
Unimproved rural: 0% of population
Unimproved total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 22.2% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 8.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 3.76 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 1.59 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 1.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.91 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 21.6% (2020 est.)
Male: 26.9% (2020 est.)
Female: 16.3% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 5.9% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Total population: NA
Male: NA
Female: NA

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 19 years
Male: 18 years
Female: 20 years (2020)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 15.9% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 16.4% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 15.5% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Finland
Conventional short form: Finland
Local long form: Suomen tasavalta (Finnish)/ Republiken Finland (Swedish)
Local short form: Suomi (Finnish)/ Finland (Swedish)
Etymology: name may derive from the ancient Fenni peoples who are first described as living in northeastern Europe in the first centuries A.D.

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Helsinki
Geographic coordinates: 60 10 N, 24 56 E
Time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: the name may derive from the Swedish helsing, an archaic name for 'neck' (hals), and which may refer to a narrowing of the Vantaa River that flows into the Gulf of Finland at Helsinki; fors refers to 'rapids,' so helsing fors meaning becomes 'the narrows' rapids'

Administrative divisions: 19 regions (maakunnat, singular - maakunta (Finnish); landskapen, singular - landskapet (Swedish)); Aland (Swedish), Ahvenanmaa (Finnish); Etela-Karjala (Finnish), Sodra Karelen (Swedish) [South Karelia]; Etela-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Sodra Osterbotten (Swedish) [South Ostrobothnia]; Etela-Savo (Finnish), Sodra Savolax (Swedish) [South Savo]; Kanta-Hame (Finnish), Egentliga Tavastland (Swedish); Kainuu (Finnish), Kajanaland (Swedish); Keski-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Mellersta Osterbotten (Swedish) [Central Ostrobothnia]; Keski-Suomi (Finnish), Mellersta Finland (Swedish) [Central Finland]; Kymenlaakso (Finnish), Kymmenedalen (Swedish); Lappi (Finnish), Lappland (Swedish); Paijat-Hame (Finnish), Paijanne-Tavastland (Swedish); Pirkanmaa (Finnish), Birkaland (Swedish) [Tampere]; Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Osterbotten (Swedish) [Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Karjala (Finnish), Norra Karelen (Swedish) [North Karelia]; Pohjois-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Norra Osterbotten (Swedish) [North Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Savo (Finnish), Norra Savolax (Swedish) [North Savo]; Satakunta (Finnish and Swedish); Uusimaa (Finnish), Nyland (Swedish) [Newland]; Varsinais-Suomi (Finnish), Egentliga Finland (Swedish) [Southwest Finland]

Dependent areas

Independence: 6 December 1917 (from Russia)

National holiday: Independence Day, 6 December (1917)

Constitution
History: previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000
Amendments: proposed by Parliament; passage normally requires simple majority vote in two readings in the first parliamentary session and at least two-thirds majority vote in a single reading by the newly elected Parliament; proposals declared 'urgent' by five-sixths of Parliament members can be passed by at least two-thirds majority vote in the first parliamentary session only; amended several times, last in 2018

Legal system: civil law system based on the Swedish model

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Finland
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 6 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Alexander STUBB (since 1 March 2024)
Head of government: Prime Minister Petteri ORPO (since 20 June 2023)
Cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); first round held on 28 January 2024 with a runoff on 11 February 2024 (next to be held by 28 January 2,030); prime minister appointed by Parliament
Election results: 2024: Alexander STUBB elected in the second round; percent of vote in the first round - Alexander STUBB (KoK) 27.2%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 25.8%, Jussi HALLA-AHO (PS) 19.0%, Olli REHN (Kesk) 15.3%; percent of vote in second round - STUBB 51.6%, HAAVISTO 48.4%; 2018: Sauli NIINISTO reelected president; percent of vote - Sauli NIINISTO (independent) 62.7%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 12.4%, Laura HUHTASAARI (PS) 6.9%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (independent) 6.2%, Matti VANHANEN (Kesk) 4.1%, other 7.7%

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; 199 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member in the province of Aland directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)
Elections: last held on 2 April 2023 (next to be held on 30 April 2,027)
Elections results: percent of vote by party/coalition - Kok 24%, PS 23%, SDP 21.5%. Center Party 11.5%, Vihr 6.5%, Vas 5.5%, SFP 4.5%, KD 2.5%, Aland 0.5%; Movement Now 0.5%; seats by party/coalition - Kok 48, PS 46, SDP 43, Center Party 23, Vihr 13, Vas 11, SFP 9, KD 5; Aland 1; Movement Now 1; composition - men 108, women 92, percentage women 46%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (consists of the court president and 18 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 21 judges, including the court president and organized into 3 chambers)
Note: Finland has a dual judicial system - courts with civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction for litigation between individuals and administrative organs of the state and communities
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court judges appointed by the president of the republic; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 68
Subordinate courts: 6 Courts of Appeal; 8 regional administrative courts; 27 district courts; special courts for issues relating to markets, labor, insurance, impeachment, land, tenancy, and water rights

Political parties and leaders: Aland Coalition (a coalition of several political parties on the Aland Islands), Center Party or Kesk , Christian Democrats or KD , Finns Party or PS , Green League or Vihr , Left Alliance or Vas , Movement Now or Liike Nyt , National Coalition Party or Kok , Social Democratic Party or SDP , Swedish People's Party or RKP or SFP

International organization participation: ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNSOM, UNTSO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us: chief of mission: Ambassador Leena-Kaisa MIKKOLA (since 18 September 2024)
In the us chancery: 3,301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 298-5,800
In the us fax: [1] (202) 298-6,030
In the us email address and website: sanomat.WAS@gov.fi; [link]
In the us consulates general: Los Angeles, New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Douglas HICKEY (since 11 May 2022)
From the us embassy: Itainen Puistotie 14 B, 00140 Helsinki
From the us mailing address: 5,310 Helsinki Place, Washington DC 20,521-5,310
From the us telephone: [358] (9) 616-250
From the us fax: [358] (9) 174-681
From the us email address and website: HelsinkiACS@state.gov; [link]

Flag description: white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the blue represents the thousands of lakes scattered across the country, while the white is for the snow that covers the land in winter

National symbols: lion; national colors: blue, white

National anthem
Name: 'Maamme' (Our Land)
Lyrics/music: Johan Ludvig RUNEBERG/Fredrik PACIUS
Note: in use since 1848; although never officially adopted by law, the anthem has been popular since it was first sung by a student group in 1848; Estonia's anthem uses the same melody as that of Finland

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 7 (6 cultural, 1 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales:


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Economy overview: high-income, export-based EU and eurozone economy; major timber, metals, engineering, telecom, and electronics industries; emerging from recession triggered by inflation, weak consumer and export demand, and lower private investment; labor market reform plan to address structural rigidities

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $321.126 billion (2023 est.); $324.486 billion (2022 est.); $320.209 billion (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: -1.04% (2023 est.); 1.34% (2022 est.); 2.84% (2021 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: $57,500 (2023 est.); $58,400 (2022 est.); $57,800 (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 52.5% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 25.2% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 23.4% (2023 est.)
Investment in inventories: -0.7% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 41% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -41.4% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 2.5% (2023 est.)
Industry: 24.5% (2023 est.)
Services: 60.7% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Agriculture products: milk, barley, oats, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, pork, chicken, peas, beef (2022)
Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries: metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing

Industrial production growth rate: -2.72% (2023 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force: 2.88 million (2023 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate: 7.16% (2023 est.); 6.72% (2022 est.); 7.61% (2021 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 15.9% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 16.4% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 15.5% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line: 12.2% (2022 est.)
Note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $105.182 billion (2022 est.)
Expenditures: $106.991 billion (2022 est.)
Note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Taxes and other revenues: 21.08% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Public debt: 61.3% of GDP (2017 est.)
Note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.36% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 6.25% (2023 est.); 7.12% (2022 est.); 2.19% (2021 est.)
Note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: -$4.364 billion (2023 est.); -$7.074 billion (2022 est.); $1.222 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports: $122.953 billion (2023 est.); $127.706 billion (2022 est.); $116.762 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: Germany 11%, US 10%, Sweden 10%, Netherlands 7%, China 5% (2022)
Partners note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Commodities: paper, refined petroleum, steel, wood pulp, wood (2022)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $124.221 billion (2023 est.); $134.575 billion (2022 est.); $116.72 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: Sweden 15%, Germany 14%, China 8%, Norway 7%, Netherlands 6% (2022)
Partners note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Commodities: crude petroleum, refined petroleum, cars, garments, electricity (2022)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $16.929 billion (2023 est.); $16.036 billion (2022 est.); $16.744 billion (2021 est.)
Note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt external

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 24.784 million kW (2022 est.)
Consumption: 80.082 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Exports: 6.896 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Imports: 19.825 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 3.009 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 9.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 34.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources solar: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources wind: 17% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 19.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 19% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Coal
Production: 808,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Consumption: 4.141 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Exports: 37,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 4.068 million metric tons (2022 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 8,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 175,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas
Consumption: 1.157 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Exports: 106.77 million m³ (2022 est.)
Imports: 1.372 billion m³ (2022 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 36.006 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 8.577 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 25.198 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 2.231 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 181.313 million Btu/person (2022 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 186,000 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 7.13 million (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 129 (2022 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures: 2.4% of GDP (2024 est.); 2.5% of GDP (2023); 2% of GDP (2022); 1.9% of GDP (2021); 1.5% of GDP (2020)

Military and security forces: Finnish Defense Forces (FDF; Puolustusvoimat): Army (Maavoimat), Navy (Merivoimat), Air Force (Ilmavoimat) (2024)
Note: the Border Guard (Rajavartiolaitos) and National Police are under the Ministry of the Interior; the Border Guard becomes part of the FDF in wartime

Military service age and obligation: at age 18, all Finnish men are obligated to serve 5.5-12 months of service within a branch of the military or the Border Guard (length of service depends on the type of duty); women 18-29 may volunteer for service; there is also an option to perform non-military service which lasts for 8.5 or 11.5 months; after completing their initial conscript obligation, individuals enter the reserves and remain eligible for mobilization until the age of 50 for rank-and-file and 60 for non-commissioned and commissioned officers (2024)
Note 1: Finland has had conscription since 1951; each year, the military inducts and trains approximately 21,000 conscripts; women have served on a voluntary basis since 1995, and as of 2022 made up about 19% of the military's full-time personnel

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 3 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 77
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 13,364,839 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 957.64 million (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: OH

Airports: 98 (2024)

Heliports: 15 (2024)

Pipelines: 1,288 km gas transmission pipes, 1,976 km distribution pipes (2016)

Railways

Roadways
Total: 108,637 km (2019)
Private and forest roads: 350,000 km (2012)
Urban: 26,000 km (2012)

Waterways: 8,000 km (2013) (includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased from Russia; water transport used frequently in the summer and widely replaced with sledges on the ice in winter; there are 187,888 lakes in Finland that cover 31,500 km); Finland also maintains 8,200 km of coastal fairways

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 9,175 (Iraq) (mid-year 2022); 66,195 (Ukraine) (as of 29 February 2024)
Stateless persons: 3,546 (2022)

Illicit drugs