Map of Mexico | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background:


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Location: North America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, between Belize and the United States and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala and the United States

Geographic coordinates: 23 00 N, 102 00 W

Map reference: North America

Area
Total: 1,964,375 km²
Land: 1,943,945 km²
Water: 20,430 km²
Comparative: slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Country comparison total: 4,389 km
Country comparison border countries: (3) Belize 276 km; Guatemala 958 km; US 3,155 km

Land boundaries
Total: 4,389 km
Border countries: (3) Belize 276 km; Guatemala 958 km; US 3,155 km

Coastline: 9,330 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate: varies from tropical to desert

Terrain: high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert

Elevation
Highest point: Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,636 m
Lowest point: Laguna Salada -10 m
Mean elevation: 1,111 m

Natural resources: petroleum, silver, antimony, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber

Land use
Agricultural land: 54.9% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 11.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 1.4% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 41.7% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land forest: 33.3% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land other: 11.8% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 60,620 km² (2020)

Major rivers
By length in km: Rio Grande river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 3,057 km; Colorado river mouth (shared with US [s]) - 2,333 km
By length in km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Gulf of Mexico) Rio Grande/Bravo (607,965 km²); Pacific Ocean drainage: (Gulf of California) Colorado (703,148 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 13.17 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 8.56 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 67.83 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 461.89 billion m³ (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coasts
Volcanism: volcanic activity in the central-southern part of the country; the volcanoes in Baja California are mostly dormant; Colima (3,850 m), which erupted in 2010, is Mexico's most active volcano and is responsible for causing periodic evacuations of nearby villagers; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Popocatepetl (5,426 m) poses a threat to Mexico City; other historically active volcanoes include Barcena, Ceboruco, El Chichon, Michoacan-Guanajuato, Pico de Orizaba, San Martin, Socorro, and Tacana; see note 2 under 'Geography - note'

Geography
Note 1: strategic location on southern border of the US; Mexico is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire
Note 2: some of the world's most important food crops were first domesticated in Mexico; the 'Three Sisters' companion plants -- winter squash, maize (corn), and climbing beans -- served as the main agricultural crops for various North American Indian groups; all three apparently originated in Mexico but then were widely disseminated through much of North America; avocado, amaranth, and chili peppers also emanate from Mexico, as does vanilla, the world's most popular aroma and flavor spice; although cherry tomatoes originated in Ecuador, their domestication in Mexico transformed them into the larger modern tomato
Note 3: the Sac Actun cave system at 348 km (216 mi) is the longest underwater cave in the world and the second longest cave worldwide, after Mammoth Cave in the United States (see 'Geography - note under United States)
Note 4: the prominent Yucatán Peninsula that divides the Gulf of Mexico from the Caribbean Sea is shared by Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize; just on the northern coast of Yucatan, near the town of Chicxulub (pronounce cheek-sha-loob), lie the remnants of a massive crater (some 150 km in diameter and extending well out into the Gulf of Mexico); formed by an asteroid or comet when it struck the earth 66 million years ago, the impact is now widely accepted as initiating a worldwide climate disruption that caused a mass extinction of 75% of all the earth's plant and animal species -- including the non-avian dinosaurs


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Population
Distribution: most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City
Total: 130,739,927
Male: 63,899,138
Female: 66,840,789 (2024 est.)
Growth rate: 0.72% (2024 est.)
Below poverty line: 36.3% (2022 est.)
Below poverty line note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Nationality
Noun: Mexican(s)
Adjective: Mexican

Ethnic groups: Mestizo (Indigenous-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Indigenous 21%, Indigenous 7%, other 10% (mostly European) (2012 est.)
Note: Mexico does not collect census data on ethnicity

Languages: Spanish only 93.8%, Spanish and indigenous languages (including Mayan, Nahuatl, and others) 5.4%, indigenous only 0.6%, unspecified 0.2% (2020 est.)
Major-language samples: La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish); Gheos World Guide, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions: Roman Catholic 78%, Protestant/evangelical Christian 11.2%, other 0.002%, unaffiliated (includes atheism) 10.6% (2020 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 23.3% (male 15,647,805/female 14,754,004)
15-64 years: 68.6% (male 43,651,105/female 45,983,174)
65 years and over: 8.2% (2024 est.) (male 4,600,228/female 6,103,611)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 49.4
Youth dependency ratio: 37.3
Elderly dependency ratio: 12.2
Potential support ratio: 8.2 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 30.8 years (2024 est.)
Male: 28.8 years
Female: 32.7 years

Population growth rate: 0.72% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 14.3 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 6.5 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution: most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City

Urbanization
Urban population: 81.6% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 22.281 million MEXICO CITY (capital), 5.420 million Guadalajara, 5.117 million Monterrey, 3.345 million Puebla, 2.626 million Toluca de Lerdo, 2.260 million Tijuana (2023)

Environment
Current issues: scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; rural to urban migration; natural freshwater resources scarce and polluted in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; deteriorating agricultural lands; serious air and water pollution in the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border; land subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion
Current issues note: the government considers the lack of clean water and deforestation national security issues
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 17.83 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 486.41 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 135.77 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 21.3 years (2008 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 59 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 12.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 13.4 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 10.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 74.6 years (2024 est.)
Male: 71.6 years
Female: 77.7 years

Total fertility rate: 1.79 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 73.1% (2018)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 100% of population
Unimproved rural: 1.7% of population
Unimproved total: 0.3% of population (2020 est.)
Unimproved urban: 0% of population

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density: 1 beds/1,000 population (2018)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 99.9% of population
Improved rural: 96.4% of population
Improved total: 99.2% of population
Unimproved urban: 0.1% of population
Unimproved rural: 3.6% of population
Unimproved total: 0.8% of population (2020 est.)

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 28.9% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 4.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 3.72 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 0.19 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.15 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 13.1% (2020 est.)
Male: 19.9% (2020 est.)
Female: 6.2% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 4.2% (2021)

Education expenditures: 4.3% of GDP (2018 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 95.2%
Male: 96.1%
Female: 94.5% (2020)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 15 years
Male: 15 years
Female: 15 years (2020)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 6.1% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 5.8% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 6.7% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment


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Country name
Conventional long form: United Mexican States
Conventional short form: Mexico
Local long form: Estados Unidos Mexicanos
Local short form: Mexico
Former: Mexican Republic, Mexican Empire
Etymology: named after the capital city, whose name stems from the Mexica, the largest and most powerful branch of the Aztecs; the meaning of the name is uncertain

Government type: federal presidential republic

Capital
Name: Mexico City (Ciudad de Mexico)
Geographic coordinates: 19 26 N, 99 08 W
Time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: DST was permanently removed in October 2022
Note: Mexico has four time zones
Etymology: named after the Mexica, the largest and most powerful branch of the Aztecs; the meaning of the name is uncertain

Administrative divisions: 32 states (estados, singular - estado); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Cuidad de Mexico, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas

Dependent areas

Independence: 16 September 1810 (declared independence from Spain); 27 September 1821 (recognized by Spain)

National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September (1810)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest approved 5 February 1917
Amendments: proposed by the Congress of the Union; passage requires approval by at least two thirds of the members present and approval by a majority of the state legislatures; amended many times, last in 2024

Legal system: civil law system with US constitutional law influence; judicial review of legislative acts

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: yes
Citizenship by descent only: yes
Dual citizenship recognized: not specified
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (since 1 October 2024)
Head of government: President Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (since 1 October 2024)
Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a single 6-year term; election last held on 2 June 2024 (next to be held in 2,030)
Election results: 2024: Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo elected president; percent of vote - Claudia SHEINBAUM Pardo (MORENA) 59.4%, Xóchitl GÁLVEZ Ruiz (PAN) 27.9%, Jorge Álvarez MÁYNEZ (MC) 10.4%, other 2.3%; 2018: Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR elected president; percent of vote - Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR (MORENA) 53.2%, Ricardo ANAYA Cortés (PAN) 22.3%, José Antonio MEADE Kuribreña (PRI) 16.4%, Jaime RODRÍGUEZ Calderón (independent) 5.2%, other 2.9%; 2012: Enrique PEÑA NIETO elected president; percent of vote - Enrique PEÑA NIETO (PRI) 38.2%, Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR (PRD) 31.6%, Josefina Eugenia VÁZQUEZ Mota (PAN) 25.4%, other 4.8%
Note: the president is both chief of state and head of government

Legislative branch: description: bicameral National Congress or Congreso de la Unión consists of: Senate or Cámara de Senadores (128 seats; 96 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 32 directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms), Chamber of Deputies or Cámara de Diputados (500 seats; 300 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 200 directly elected in a single, nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 3-year terms)
Elections: Senate - last held on 2 June 2024 (next to be held in 2,030), Chamber of Deputies - last held on 2 June 2024 (next to be held in 2,027)
Elections results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA
Note: as of the 2018 election, senators will be eligible for a second term and deputies up to 4 consecutive terms

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (consists of the chief justice and 11 justices and organized into civil, criminal, administrative, and labor panels) and the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary (organized into the superior court, with 7 judges including the court president, and 5 regional courts, each with 3 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court justices nominated by the president of the republic and approved by two-thirds vote of the members present in the Senate; justices serve 15-year terms; Electoral Tribunal superior and regional court judges nominated by the Supreme Court and elected by two-thirds vote of members present in the Senate; superior court president elected from among its members to hold office for a 4-year term; other judges of the superior and regional courts serve staggered, 9-year terms
Subordinate courts: federal level includes circuit, collegiate, and unitary courts; state and district level courts
Note: in April 2021, the Mexican congress passed a judicial reform which changed 7 articles of the constitution and preceded a new Organic Law on the Judicial Branch of the Federation

Political parties and leaders: Citizen's Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano) or MC, Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) or PRI, Labor Party (Partido del Trabajo) or PT, Mexican Green Ecological Party (Partido Verde Ecologista de México) or PVEM, Movement for National Regeneration (Movimiento Regeneración Nacional) or MORENA, National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional) or PAN, Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolución Democrática) or PRD, This Is For Mexico (Va Por México) (alliance that includes PAN, PRI, and PRD), Together We Make History (Juntos Hacemos Historia) (alliance that included MORENA, PT, PVEM) (dissolved 23 December 2020)

International organization participation: ACS, APEC, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CABEI, CAN (observer), Caricom (observer), CD, CDB, CE (observer), CELAC, CSN (observer), EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-3, G-15, G-20, G-24, G-5, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAFTA, NAM (observer), NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina (observer), UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us: chief of mission: Ambassador Esteban MOCTEZUMA Barragán (since 20 April 2021)
In the us chancery: 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,006
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 728-1600
In the us fax: [1] (202) 728-1698
In the us email address and website: mexembusa@sre.gob.mx; [link]
In the us consulates general: Atlanta (GA), Austin (TX), Boston (MA), Chicago (IL), Dallas (TX), Denver (GA), El Paso (TX), Houston (TX), Laredo (TX), Miami (FL), New York (NY), Nogales (AZ), Phoenix (AZ), Raleigh (NC), Sacramento (CA), San Antonio (TX), San Diego (CA), San Francisco (CA), San Jose (CA), San Juan (Puerto Rico)
In the us consulates: Albuquerque (NM), Boise (ID), Brownsville (TX), Calexico (CA), Del Rio (TX), Detroit (MI), Douglas (AZ), Eagle Pass (TX), Fresno (CA), Indianapolis (IN), Kansas City (MO), Las Vegas (NV), Little Rock (AR), Los Angeles (CA), McAllen (TX), Milwaukee (WI), New Orleans (LA), Oklahoma City (OK), Omaha (NE), Orlando (FL), Oxnard (CA), Philadelphia (PA), Portland (OR), Presidio (TX), Salt Lake City (UT), San Bernardino (CA), Santa Ana (CA), Seattle (WA), St. Paul (MN), Tucson (AZ), Yuma (AZ)
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Ken SALAZAR (since 14 September 2021)
From the us embassy: Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtémoc, 6,500 Mexico, CDMX
From the us mailing address: 8,700 Mexico City Place, Washington DC 20,521-8,700
From the us telephone: (011) [52]-55-5,080-2000
From the us fax: (011) 52-55-5,080-2005
From the us email address and website: ACSMexicoCity@state.gov; [link]
From the us consulates general: Ciudad Juárez, Guadalajara, Hermosillo, Matamoros, Mérida, Monterrey, Nogales, Nuevo Laredo, Tijuana

Flag description: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; Mexico's coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak perched on a cactus) is centered in the white band; green signifies hope, joy, and love; white represents peace and honesty; red stands for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor; the coat of arms is derived from a legend that the wandering Aztec people were to settle at a location where they would see an eagle on a cactus eating a snake; the city they founded, Tenochtitlan, is now Mexico City
Note: similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter, uses lighter shades of green and red, and does not display anything in its white band

National symbols: golden eagle, dahlia; national colors: green, white, red

National anthem
Name: 'Himno Nacional Mexicano' (National Anthem of Mexico)
Lyrics/music: Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA/Jaime Nuno ROCA
Note: adopted 1943, in use since 1854; also known as 'Mexicanos, al grito de Guerra' (Mexicans, to the War Cry); according to tradition, Francisco Gonzalez BOCANEGRA, an accomplished poet, was uninterested in submitting lyrics to a national anthem contest; his fiancee locked him in a room and refused to release him until the lyrics were completed

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 35 (27 cultural, 6 natural, 2 mixed)
Selected world heritage site locales:


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Economy overview: upper-middle income economy; highly integrated with US via trade and nearshore manufacturing; low unemployment; inflation gradually decreasing amid tight monetary policy; state intervention in energy sector and public infrastructure projects; challenges from income inequality, corruption, and cartel-based violence

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $2.873 trillion (2023 est.); $2.783 trillion (2022 est.); $2.678 trillion (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 3.23% (2023 est.); 3.95% (2022 est.); 5.74% (2021 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: $22,400 (2023 est.); $21,800 (2022 est.); $21,100 (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 70.4% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 11% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 24.4% (2023 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.4% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 36.2% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -37.9% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 4% (2023 est.)
Industry: 31.8% (2023 est.)
Services: 58.3% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Agriculture products: sugarcane, maize, milk, oranges, sorghum, tomatoes, chicken, wheat, chilies/peppers, lemons/limes (2022)
Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries: food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism

Industrial production growth rate: 3.52% (2023 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force: 60.042 million (2023 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate: 2.81% (2023 est.); 3.26% (2022 est.); 4.02% (2021 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 6.1% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 5.8% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 6.7% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line: 36.3% (2022 est.)
Note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $282.751 billion (2022 est.)
Expenditures: $327.211 billion (2022 est.)
Note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Taxes and other revenues: 13.44% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Public debt: 44.05% of GDP (2022 est.)
Note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.1% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 5.53% (2023 est.); 7.9% (2022 est.); 5.69% (2021 est.)
Note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: -$5.716 billion (2023 est.); -$17.667 billion (2022 est.); -$4.493 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports: $649.312 billion (2023 est.); $630.384 billion (2022 est.); $537.714 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: US 77%, Canada 4%, China 2%, Taiwan 1%, South Korea 1% (2022)
Partners note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Commodities: cars, computers, vehicle parts/accessories, crude petroleum, trucks (2022)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $673.828 billion (2023 est.); $672.914 billion (2022 est.); $560.842 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: US 56%, China 17%, Germany 3%, South Korea 3%, Japan 2% (2022)
Partners note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Commodities: refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories, machine parts, integrated circuits, natural gas (2022)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $214.317 billion (2023 est.); $201.119 billion (2022 est.); $207.799 billion (2021 est.)
Note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt external: $286.005 billion (2022 est.)
Note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Access electrification urban areas: 99.8%
Access electrification rural areas: 100%
Installed generating capacity: 104.318 million kW (2022 est.)
Consumption: 296.969 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Exports: 1.447 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Imports: 4.551 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 39.275 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 75% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 3.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources solar: 3.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources wind: 6.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 10.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources geothermal: 1.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Coal
Production: 7.453 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Consumption: 18.423 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Exports: 2,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 9.917 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 1.211 billion metric tons (2022 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 2.101 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 1.737 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 5.786 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas
Production: 31.422 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Consumption: 90.566 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Exports: 30.129 million m³ (2022 est.)
Imports: 59.436 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 180.322 billion m³ (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 453.6 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 38.781 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 246.324 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 168.494 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 59.319 million Btu/person (2022 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 27.185 million (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 21 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 127.872 million (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 100 (2022 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures: 0.6% of GDP (2023 est.); 0.7% of GDP (2022 est.); 0.7% of GDP (2021 est.); 0.6% of GDP (2020 est.); 0.5% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military and security forces:
Note: the National Guard was formed in 2019 of personnel from the former Federal Police (disbanded in December 2019) and military police units of the Army and Navy; the Guard was placed under the civilian-led Secretariat of Security and Civilian Protection, while the SEDENA had day-to-day operational control and provided the commanders and the training; in September 2022, Mexico’s Congress passed legislation shifting complete control of the National Guard to the military; however, in 2023 the move was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court; the Guard, along with state and municipal police, is responsible for enforcing the law and maintaining order; the regular military also actively supports police operations

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age (16 with parental consent) for voluntary enlistment for men and women; 18 years of age for compulsory military service for men (selection for service determined by lottery); conscript service obligation is 12 months; those selected serve on Saturdays in a Batallón del Servicio Militar Nacional (National Military Service Battalion) composed entirely of 12-month Servicio Militar Nacional (SMN) conscripts; conscripts remain in reserve status until the age of 40; cadets enrolled in military schools from the age of 15 are considered members of the armed forces; National Guard: single men and women 18-30 years of age may volunteer (2023)
Note: as of 2023, women comprised about 10% of the active-duty Army, Air Force, and Navy, and about 14% of the National Guard

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 16 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 370
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 64,569,640 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1,090,380,000 (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: XA

Airports: 1,485 (2024)

Heliports: 460 (2024)

Pipelines: 17,210 km natural gas (2022), 9,757 km oil (2017), 10,237 km refined products (2020)

Railways

Roadways
Total: 704,884 km
Paved: 175,526 km (includes 10,845 km of expressways)
Unpaved: 529,358 km (2017)

Waterways: 2,900 km (2012) (navigable rivers and coastal canals mostly connected with ports on the country's east coast)

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 35,755 (Honduras), 13,531 (El Salvador) (mid-year 2022); 113,108 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2023)
Idps: 386,000 (government's quashing of Zapatista uprising in 1994 in eastern Chiapas Region; drug cartel violence and government's military response since 2007; violence between and within indigenous groups) (2022)
Stateless persons: 13 (2022)

Illicit drugs: significant source and transit country for fentanyl, fentanyl-laced counterfeit pills, other synthetic opioids, cocaine from South America, heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine destined for the United States; a destination for synthetic drug precursor chemicals from China, India, and other countries