Map of Myanmar | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

top of page


Background:


top of page


Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand

Geographic coordinates: 22 00 N, 98 00 E

Map reference: Southeast Asia

Area
Total: 676,578 km²
Land: 653,508 km²
Water: 23,070 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than Texas
Country comparison total: 6,522 km
Country comparison border countries: (5) Bangladesh 271 km; China 2,129 km; India 1,468 km; Laos 238 km; Thailand 2,416 km

Land boundaries
Total: 6,522 km
Border countries: (5) Bangladesh 271 km; China 2,129 km; India 1,468 km; Laos 238 km; Thailand 2,416 km

Coastline: 1,930 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate: tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)

Terrain: central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands

Elevation
Highest point: Gamlang Razi 5,870 m
Lowest point: Andaman Sea/Bay of Bengal 0 m
Mean elevation: 702 m

Natural resources: petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower, arable land

Land use
Agricultural land: 19.2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 16.5% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 2.2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 0.5% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land forest: 48.2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land other: 32.6% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 17,140 km² (2020)

Major rivers
By length in km: Mekong (shared with China [s], Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam [m]) - 4,350 km; Salween river mouth (shared with China [s] and Thailand) - 3,060 km; Irrawaddy river mouth (shared with China [s]) - 2,809 km; Chindwin - 1,158 km
By length in km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds area km²: Indian Ocean drainage: Brahmaputra (651,335 km²), Ganges (1,016,124 km²), Irrawaddy (413,710 km²), Salween (271,914 km²); Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 3.32 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)
Industrial: 500 million cubic meters (2019 est.)
Agricultural: 29.57 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 1.2 trillion m³ (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts

Geography
Note: strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes; the north-south flowing Irrawaddy River is the country's largest and most important commercial waterway


top of page


Population
Distribution: population concentrated along coastal areas and in general proximity to the shores of the Irrawaddy River; the extreme north is relatively underpopulated
Total: 57,527,139
Male: 28,387,831
Female: 29,139,308 (2024 est.)
Growth rate: 0.71% (2024 est.)
Below poverty line: 24.8% (2017 est.)
Below poverty line note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Nationality
Noun: Burmese (singular and plural)
Adjective: Burmese

Ethnic groups: Burman (Bamar) 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian 2%, Mon 2%, other 5%
Note: the largest ethnic group — the Burman (or Bamar) — dominate politics, and the military ranks are largely drawn from this ethnic group; the Burman mainly populate the central parts of the country, while various ethnic minorities have traditionally lived in the peripheral regions that surround the plains in a horseshoe shape; the government recognizes 135 indigenous ethnic groups

Languages: Burmese (official)
Major-language samples: ကမ္ဘာ့အချက်အလက်စာအုပ်- အခြေခံအချက်အလက်တွေအတွက် မရှိမဖြစ်တဲ့ အရင်းအမြစ် (Burmese); Gheos World Guide, the indispensable source for basic information.
Note: minority ethnic groups use their own languages

Religions: Buddhist 87.9%, Christian 6.2%, Muslim 4.3%, Animist 0.8%, Hindu 0.5%, other 0.2%, none 0.1% (2014 est.)
Note: religion estimate is based on the 2014 national census, including an estimate for the non-enumerated population of Rakhine State, which is assumed to mainly affiliate with the Islamic faith; as of December 2019, Muslims probably make up less than 3% of Burma's total population due to the large outmigration of the Rohingya population since 2017

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 24.4% (male 7,197,177/female 6,843,879)
15-64 years: 68.5% (male 19,420,361/female 19,998,625)
65 years and over: 7.1% (2024 est.) (male 1,770,293/female 2,296,804)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 46
Youth dependency ratio: 36.3
Elderly dependency ratio: 9.7
Potential support ratio: 10.3 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 30.8 years (2024 est.)
Male: 29.9 years
Female: 31.6 years

Population growth rate: 0.71% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 15.7 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate: -1.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution: population concentrated along coastal areas and in general proximity to the shores of the Irrawaddy River; the extreme north is relatively underpopulated

Urbanization
Urban population: 32.1% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 5.610 million RANGOON (Yangon) (capital), 1.532 million Mandalay (2023)

Environment
Current issues: deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease; rapid depletion of the country's natural resources
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 27.16 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 25.28 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 42.2 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 24.7 years (2015/16 est.)
Note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49

Maternal mortality ratio: 179 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 32.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 35.4 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 28.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 70.3 years (2024 est.)
Male: 68.5 years
Female: 72.1 years

Total fertility rate: 1.97 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 52.2% (2015/16)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 95.4% of population
Unimproved rural: 19.3% of population
Unimproved total: 14.7% of population (2020 est.)
Unimproved urban: 4.6% of population

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density: 1 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 93.9% of population
Improved rural: 81.3% of population
Improved total: 85.2% of population
Unimproved urban: 6.1% of population
Unimproved rural: 18.7% of population
Unimproved total: 14.8% of population (2020 est.)

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 5.8% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 2.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 0.5 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 1.55 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 44.1% (2020 est.)
Male: 68.5% (2020 est.)
Female: 19.7% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 19.1% (2017/18)

Education expenditures: 2.1% of GDP (2019 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 89.1%
Male: 92.4%
Female: 86.3% (2019)
Note: most public schools were closed immediately after the coup in 2021, and attendance has remained low since schools reopened; literacy is expected to decline from 2019 to 2023

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 11 years
Male: 10 years
Female: 11 years (2018)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 9.7% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 10.3% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 8.9% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment


top of page


Country name
Conventional long form: Union of Burma
Conventional short form: Burma
Local long form: Pyidaungzu Thammada Myanma Naingngandaw (translated as the Republic of the Union of Myanmar)
Local short form: Myanma Naingngandaw
Former: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma, Union of Myanmar
Etymology: both 'Burma' and 'Myanmar' derive from the name of the majority Burman (Bamar) ethnic group
Note: since 1989 the military authorities in Burma and the deposed parliamentary government have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; the US Government has not officially adopted the name

Government type: military regime

Capital
Name: Rangoon (aka Yangon, continues to be recognized as the primary Burmese capital by the US Government); Nay Pyi Taw is the administrative capital
Geographic coordinates: 16 48 N, 96 10 E
Time difference: UTC+6.5 (11.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: Rangoon/Yangon derives from the Burmese words yan and koun, which mean 'danger' and 'no more' respectively and provide the meaning of 'end of strife'; Nay Pyi Taw translates as: 'Abode of Royals' or 'the capital city of a kingdom'

Administrative divisions: 7 regions (taing-myar, singular - taing), 7 states (pyi ne-myar, singular - pyi ne), 1 union territory; regions: Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy), Bago, Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing, Tanintharyi, Yangon (Rangoon); states: Chin, Kachin, Kayah, Karen, Mon, Rakhine, Shan; union territory: Nay Pyi Taw

Dependent areas

Independence: 4 January 1948 (from the UK)

National holiday: Independence Day, 4 January (1948); Union Day, 12 February (1947)

Constitution
History: previous 1947, 1974 (suspended until 2008); latest drafted 9 April 2008, approved by referendum 29 May 2008
Amendments: proposals require at least 20% approval by the Assembly of the Union membership; passage of amendments to sections of the constitution on basic principles, government structure, branches of government, state emergencies, and amendment procedures requires 75% approval by the Assembly and approval in a referendum by absolute majority of registered voters; passage of amendments to other sections requires only 75% Assembly approval; military granted 25% of parliamentary seats by default; amended 2015

Legal system: mixed legal system of English common law (as introduced in codifications designed for colonial India) and customary law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: both parents must be citizens of Burma
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: none
Note: an applicant for naturalization must be the child or spouse of a citizen

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: Prime Minister, State Administration Council Chair, Sr. Gen. MIN AUNG HLAING (since 1 August 2021)
Head of government: Prime Minister, State Administration Council Chair, Sr. Gen. MIN AUNG HLAING (since 1 August 2021)
Cabinet: Cabinet appointments shared by the president and the commander-in-chief
Note: 2: prior to the military takeover, the a state counsellor served the equivalent term of the president and was similar to a prime minister in that the holder acted as a link between the parliament and the executive branch
Elections/appointments: prior to the military takeover in 2021, president was indirectly elected by simple majority vote by the full Assembly of the Union from among 3 vice-presidential candidates nominated by the Presidential Electoral College (consists of members of the lower and upper houses and military members); the other 2 candidates become vice presidents (president elected for a 5-year term); general election last held on 8 November 2020; the military junta has pledged to hold new general elections but has repeatedly announced delays
Election results: 2020: the National League for Democracy (NLD) won 396 seats across both houses, well above the 322 required for a parliamentary majority, which would have ensured that its preferred candidates would be elected president and second vice president in the Presidential Electoral College; however, on 1 February 2021 the military claimed the results of the election were illegitimate and launched a coup d'état that deposed State Counsellor AUNG SAN SUU KYI and President WIN MYINT of the NLD, causing military-affiliated Vice President MYINT SWE (USDP) to become Acting President; MYINT SWE subsequently handed power to coup leader MIN AUNG HLAING; WIN MYINT and other key leaders of the ruling NLD party were placed under arrest following the military takeover; 2018: WIN MYINT elected president in an indirect by-election held on 28 March 2018 after the resignation of HTIN KYAW; Assembly of the Union vote for president - WIN MYINT (NLD) 403, MYINT SWE (USDP) 211, HENRY VAN THIO (NLD) 18, 4 votes canceled (636 votes cast)
State counsellor: State Counselor AUNG SAN SUU KYI (since 6 April 2016)

Legislative branch
Description: prior to its dissolution after a coup, the bicameral Assembly of the Union or Pyidaungsu consisted of: House of Nationalities or Amyotha Hluttaw, (224 seats; 168 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed and 56 appointed by the military; members served 5-year terms), prior to its dissolution after a coup, the House of Representatives or Pyithu Hluttaw, (440 seats, currently 433; 330 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 110 appointed by the military; members served 5-year terms)
Elections: House of Nationalities - last held on 8 November 2020 , House of Representatives - last held on 8 November 2020
Elections results: House of Nationalities - percent of vote by party - NLD 61.6%, USDP 3.1%, ANP 1.8%, MUP 1.3%, KySPD 1.3%, other 5.9%, military appointees 25%; seats by party - NLD 138, USDP 7, ANP 4, MUP 3, KySPD 3, SNLD 2, TNP 2, other 2, vacant 7 (canceled due to insurgency), military appointees 56, House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NLD 58.6%, USDP 5.9%, SNLD 3.0%, other 7.5%, military 25%; seats by party - NLD 258, USDP 26, SNLD 13, ANP 4, PNO 3, TNP 3, MUP 2, KySPD 2, other 4, vacant 15 (canceled due to insurgency), military appointees 110
Note 1: the Assembly of the Union was dissolved on 1 February 2021 after a military coup led by Sr. General MIN AUNG HLAING; it was replaced by the State Administration Council
Note 2: the military junta overturned the results of the 8 November legislative elections

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of the Union (consists of the chief justice and 7-11 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: chief justice and judges nominated by the president, with approval of the Lower House, and appointed by the president; judges normally serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
Subordinate courts: High Courts of the Region; High Courts of the State; Court of the Self-Administered Division; Court of the Self-Administered Zone; district and township courts; special courts (for juvenile, municipal, and traffic offenses); courts martial

Political parties and leaders: Arakan National Party or ANP , Democratic Party or DP , Kayah State Democratic Party or KySDP, Kayin People's Party or KPP , Kokang Democracy and Unity Party or KDUP , La Hu National Development Party or LHNDP , Lisu National Development Party or LNDP , Mon Unity Party (formed in 2019 from the All Mon Region Democracy Party and Mon National Party), National Democratic Force or NDF , National League for Democracy or NLD , National Unity Party or NUP , Pa-O National Organization or PNO , People's Party , Shan Nationalities Democratic Party or SNDP , Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or SNLD , Ta'ang National Party or TNP , Tai-Leng Nationalities Development Party or TNDP , Union Solidarity and Development Party or USDP , Unity and Democracy Party of Kachin State or UDPKS , Wa Democratic Party or WDP , Wa National Unity Party or WNUP , Zomi Congress for Democracy or ZCD

International organization participation: ADB, ARF, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, CP, EAS, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), NAM, OPCW (signatory), SAARC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires THET WIN (since 22 June 2022)
In the us chancery: 2,300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 332-3,344
In the us fax: [1] (202) 332-4,351
In the us email address and website: washington-embassy@mofa.gov.mm; [link]
In the us consulates general: Los Angeles
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Susan STEVENSON (since 10 July 2023)
From the us embassy: 110 University Avenue, Kamayut Township, Rangoon
From the us mailing address: 4,250 Rangoon Place, Washington DC 20,521-4,250
From the us telephone: [95] (1) 753-6,509
From the us fax: [95] (1) 751-1069
From the us email address and website: ACSRangoon@state.gov; [link]

Flag description: design consists of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow (top), green, and red; centered on the green band is a large white five-pointed star that partially overlaps onto the adjacent colored stripes; the design revives the triband colors used by Burma from 1943-45, during the Japanese occupation

National symbols: chinthe (mythical lion); national colors: yellow, green, red, white

National anthem
Name: 'Kaba Ma Kyei' (Till the End of the World, Myanmar)
Lyrics/music: SAYA TIN
Note: adopted 1948; Burma is among a handful of non-European nations that have anthems rooted in indigenous traditions; the beginning portion of the anthem is a traditional Burmese anthem before transitioning into a Western-style orchestrated work

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 2 (both cultural)
Selected world heritage site locales:


top of page


Economy overview: prior to COVID-19 and the February 2021 military coup, massive declines in poverty, rapid economic growth, and improving social welfare; underdevelopment, climate change, and unequal investment threaten progress and sustainability planning; since coup, foreign assistance has ceased from most funding sources

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $290.507 billion (2023 est.); $287.624 billion (2022 est.); $276.462 billion (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 1% (2023 est.); 4.04% (2022 est.); -12.02% (2021 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: $5,300 (2023 est.); $5,300 (2022 est.); $5,100 (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 59.2% (2017 est.)
Government consumption: 13.8% (2017 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 33.5% (2017 est.)
Investment in inventories: 1.5% (2017 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 21.4% (2017 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -28.6% (2017 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 20.4% (2023 est.)
Industry: 38.1% (2023 est.)
Services: 41.5% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Agriculture products: rice, sugarcane, vegetables, beans, maize, groundnuts, fruits, plantains, coconuts, onions (2022)
Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries: agricultural processing; wood and wood products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; cement, construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer; oil and natural gas; garments; jade and gems

Industrial production growth rate: 1.53% (2023 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force: 22.884 million (2023 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate: 2.84% (2023 est.); 2.83% (2022 est.); 4.34% (2021 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 9.7% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 10.3% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 8.9% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line: 24.8% (2017 est.)
Note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $10.945 billion (2019 est.)
Expenditures: $10.22 billion (2019 est.)
Note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Taxes and other revenues: 6.02% (of GDP) (2019 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Public debt: 33.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

Revenue
From forest resources: 1.69% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 8.83% (2019 est.); 6.87% (2018 est.); 4.57% (2017 est.)
Note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: $67.72 million (2019 est.); -$2.561 billion (2018 est.); -$4.917 billion (2017 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports: $20.4 billion (2021 est.); $17.523 billion (2019 est.); $15.728 billion (2018 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: China 36%, Thailand 13%, Germany 6%, Japan 6%, US 4% (2022)
Partners note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Commodities: garments, precious stones, natural gas, dried legumes, rice (2022)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $23.1 billion (2021 est.); $17.356 billion (2019 est.); $18.664 billion (2018 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: China 45%, Thailand 16%, Singapore 14%, Malaysia 4%, Indonesia 4% (2022)
Partners note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Commodities: refined petroleum, fabric, synthetic fabric, crude petroleum, fertilizers (2022)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $7.67 billion (2020 est.); $5.824 billion (2019 est.); $5.646 billion (2018 est.)
Note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt external

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


top of page


Electricity
Access electrification total population: 73.7% (2022 est.)
Access electrification urban areas: 93.9%
Access electrification rural areas: 62.8%
Installed generating capacity: 6.993 million kW (2022 est.)
Consumption: 15.473 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Exports: 1.317 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 3.591 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 50.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources solar: 0.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 47.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 1.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Coal
Production: 1.268 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Consumption: 1.453 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Exports: 89,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 305,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 252 million metric tons (2022 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 7,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 148,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 139 million barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas
Production: 16.78 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Consumption: 3.788 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Exports: 13.099 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Imports: 219.822 million m³ (2021 est.)
Proven reserves: 637.129 billion m³ (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 31.347 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 2.693 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 21.174 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 7.48 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 9.244 million Btu/person (2022 est.)


top of page


Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 535,000 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: (2022 est.) less than 1
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 57.807 million (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 107 (2022 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


top of page


Military expenditures: 3.9% of GDP (2023 est.); 3.6% of GDP (2022 est.); 3.5% of GDP (2021 est.); 3% of GDP (2020 est.); 4.1% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military and security forces: Burmese Defense Service (aka Armed Forces of Burma, Myanmar Army, Royal Armed Forces, the Tatmadaw, or the Sit-Tat): Army (Tatmadaw Kyi), Navy (Tatmadaw Yay), Air Force (Tatmadaw Lay); People’s Militia; Ministry of Home Affairs: Burma (People's) Police Force, Border Guard Forces/Police (2024)
Note 1: under the 2008 constitution, the Tatmadaw was given control over the appointments of senior officials to lead the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Border Affairs, and the Ministry of Home Affairs; in March 2022, a new law gave the commander-in-chief of the Tatmadaw the authority to appoint or remove the head of the police force
Note 2: the Burma Police Force is primarily responsible for internal security; the Border Guard Police is administratively part of the Burma Police Force but operationally distinct; both are under the Ministry of Home Affairs, which is led by an active-duty military general and controlled by the military

Military service age and obligation: 18-35 years of age (men) and 18-27 years of age (women) for voluntary and conscripted military service; 24-month service obligation; conscripted professional men (ages 18-45) and women (ages 18-35), including doctors, engineers, and mechanics, serve up to 36 months; service terms may be extended to 60 months in an officially declared emergency (2024)
Note: in February 2024, the military government announced that the People’s Military Service Law requiring mandatory military service would go into effect; the Service Law was first introduced in 2010 but had not previously been enforced; the military government also said that it intended to call up about 60,000 men and women annually for mandatory service; during the ongoing insurgency, the military has recruited men 18-60 to serve in local militias

Space program

Terrorist groups


top of page


National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 8 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 42
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 3,407,788 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 4.74 million (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: XY

Airports: 73 (2024)

Heliports: 6 (2024)

Pipelines: 3,739 km gas, 1321 km oil (2017)

Railways

Roadways
Total: 157,000 km (2013)
Paved: 57,840 km (2017)
Unpaved: 99,160 km (2017)

Waterways: 12,800 km (2011)

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals


top of page


Disputes international

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Idps: 1.975 million (government offensives against armed ethnic minority groups near its borders with China and Thailand, natural disasters, forced land evictions) (2023)
Stateless persons: 600,000 (2022)
Note: Rohingya Muslims, living predominantly in Rakhine State, are Burma's main group of stateless people; the Burmese Government does not recognize the Rohingya as a 'national race' and stripped them of their citizenship under the 1982 Citizenship Law, categorizing them as 'non-nationals' or 'foreign residents;' under the Rakhine State Action Plan drafted in October 2014, the Rohingya must demonstrate their family has lived in Burma for at least 60 years to qualify for a lesser naturalized citizenship and the classification of Bengali or be put in detention camps and face deportation; native-born but non-indigenous people, such as Indians, are also stateless; the Burmese Government does not grant citizenship to children born outside of the country to Burmese parents who left the country illegally or fled persecution, such as those born in Thailand; the number of stateless persons has decreased dramatically because hundreds of thousands of Rohingya have fled to Bangladesh since 25 August 2017 to escape violence

Illicit drugs: source of precursor or essential chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics; narcotics produced in Burma trafficked throughout the region, with routes extending beyond Southeast Asia to Australia, New Zealand, and Japan; largest opium poppy cultivator globally with an estimated 47,100 hectares grown in 2023; not a major source or transit country for drugs entering the United States; domestic consumption of synthetic drug cocktails such as Yaba, “Happy Water,” and “Wei Tiong” (mixtures of drugs including caffeine, methamphetamine, tramadol, and MDMA) popular among the younger population and domestic drug consumption substantial and widespread. (2021)