Map of Peru | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background:


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Location: Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador

Geographic coordinates: 10 00 S, 76 00 W

Map reference: South America

Area
Total: 1,285,216 km²
Land: 1,279,996 km²
Water: 5,220 km²
Comparative: almost twice the size of Texas; slightly smaller than Alaska
Country comparison total: 7,062 km
Country comparison border countries: (5) Bolivia 1,212 km; Brazil 2,659 km; Chile 168 km; Colombia 1,494 km; Ecuador 1,529 km

Land boundaries
Total: 7,062 km
Border countries: (5) Bolivia 1,212 km; Brazil 2,659 km; Chile 168 km; Colombia 1,494 km; Ecuador 1,529 km

Coastline: 2,414 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 200 nm
Note: the US does not recognize this claim
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm

Climate: varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes

Terrain: western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)

Elevation
Highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,746 m
Lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
Mean elevation: 1,555 m

Natural resources: copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas

Land use
Agricultural land: 18.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 3.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 14.6% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land forest: 53% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land other: 28.2% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 25,800 km² (2012)

Major rivers
By length in km: Amazon river source (shared with Brazil [m]) - 6,400 km
By length in km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 2.24 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 3.51 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 32.8 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 1.88 trillion m³ (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity
Volcanism: volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (5,672 m), which last erupted in 2009, is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane; see note 2 under 'Geography - note'

Geography
Note 1: shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River
Note 2: Peru is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire
Note 3: on 19 February 1600, Mount Huaynaputina in the southern Peruvian Andes erupted in the largest volcanic explosion in South America in historical times; intermittent eruptions lasted until 5 March 1600 and pumped an estimated 16 to 32 million metric tons of particulates into the atmosphere, reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earth's surface and affecting weather worldwide; over the next two and a half years, millions died around the globe in famines from bitterly cold winters, cool summers, and the loss of crops and animals
Note 4: the southern regions of Peru and the extreme northwestern part of Bolivia are considered to be the place of origin for the common potato


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Population
Distribution: approximately one-third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, which is strongly identified with the country's Amerindian population, contains roughly half of the overall population; the eastern slopes of the Andes, and adjoining rainforest, are sparsely populated
Total: 32,600,249
Male: 15,952,556
Female: 16,647,693 (2024 est.)
Growth rate: 0.48% (2024 est.)
Below poverty line: 27.5% (2022 est.)
Below poverty line note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Nationality
Noun: Peruvian(s)
Adjective: Peruvian

Ethnic groups: Mestizo (mixed Indigenous and White) 60.2%, Indigenous 25.8%, White 5.9%, African descent 3.6%, other (includes Chinese and Japanese descent) 1.2%, unspecified 3.3% (2017 est.)

Languages: Spanish (official) 82.9%, Quechua (official) 13.6%, Aymara (official) 1.6%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes many minor Amazonian languages) 0.8%, other 0.2%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.7% (2017 est.)
Major-language samples: La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish); Gheos World Guide, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions: Roman Catholic 66.4%, Protestant 22.4% (Evangelical 19.6%, other Protestant 1.3%), other 1.9%, agnostic/atheist none 6.8%, unspecified 1.2% (2023 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 25.8% (male 4,293,229/female 4,119,269)
15-64 years: 66.2% (male 10,546,502/female 11,041,106)
65 years and over: 8% (2024 est.) (male 1,112,825/female 1,487,318)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 53
Youth dependency ratio: 37.1
Elderly dependency ratio: 13.1
Potential support ratio: 7.9 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 30.2 years (2024 est.)
Male: 29.1 years
Female: 31.3 years

Population growth rate: 0.48% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 16.7 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 10.9 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate: -1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution: approximately one-third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, which is strongly identified with the country's Amerindian population, contains roughly half of the overall population; the eastern slopes of the Andes, and adjoining rainforest, are sparsely populated

Urbanization
Urban population: 78.9% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 11.204 million LIMA (capital), 959,000 Arequipa, 904,000 Trujillo (2023)

Environment
Current issues: deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes; overfishing
International agreements party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 29.07 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 57.41 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 30.17 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 21.9 years (2013 est.)
Note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49

Maternal mortality ratio: 69 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 10.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 11.9 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 9.7 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 68.9 years (2024 est.)
Male: 65.4 years
Female: 72.7 years

Total fertility rate: 2.15 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 77.4% (2020)

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 97.2% of population
Unimproved rural: 17.6% of population
Unimproved total: 6% of population (2020 est.)
Unimproved urban: 2.8% of population

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density: 1.6 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 93.6% of population
Improved rural: 65.3% of population
Improved total: 87.4% of population
Unimproved urban: 6.4% of population
Unimproved rural: 34.7% of population
Unimproved total: 12.6% of population (2020 est.)

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 19.7% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 5.74 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 3.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 2.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 8.1% (2020 est.)
Male: 13.2% (2020 est.)
Female: 3% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 2.1% (2021)

Education expenditures: 4% of GDP (2021 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 94.5%
Male: 97%
Female: 92% (2020)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 15 years
Male: 15 years
Female: 15 years (2017)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 8.8% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 7.8% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 10% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Peru
Conventional short form: Peru
Local long form: República del Perú
Local short form: Perú
Etymology: exact meaning is obscure, but the name may derive from a native word 'biru' meaning 'river'

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: Lima
Geographic coordinates: 12 03 S, 77 03 W
Time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Etymology: the word 'Lima' derives from the Spanish pronunciation of 'Limaq,' the native name for the valley in which the city was founded in 1535; 'limaq' means 'talker' in coastal Quechua and referred to an oracle that was situated in the valley but which was eventually destroyed by the Spanish and replaced with a church

Administrative divisions: 25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali
Note: Callao, the largest port in Peru, is also referred to as a constitutional province, the only province of the Callao region

Dependent areas

Independence: 28 July 1821 (from Spain)

National holiday: Independence Day, 28-29 July (1821)

Constitution
History: several previous; latest promulgated 29 December 1993, enacted 31 December 1993
Amendments: proposed by Congress, by the president of the republic with the approval of the Council of Ministers or by petition of at least 0.3% of voters; passage requires absolute majority approval by the Congress membership, followed by approval in a referendum; a referendum is not required if Congress approves the amendment by greater than two-thirds majority vote in each of two successive sessions; amended many times, last in 2021

Legal system: civil law system

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: yes
Citizenship by descent only: yes
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 2 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Dina Ercilia BOLUARTE Zegarra (since 7 December 2022)
Head of government: President Dina Ercilia BOLUARTE Zegarra (since 7 December 2022)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive terms); election last held on 11 April 2021 with a runoff on 6 June 2021 (next to be held in April 2,026)
Election results: 2021: Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones (PL) 18.9%, Keiko Sofia FUJIMORI Higuchi (FP) 13.4%, Rafael LOPEZ ALIAGA Cazorla (RP) 11.8%, Hernando DE SOTO Polar (Social Integration Party) 11.6%, Yonhy LESCANO Ancieta (AP) 9.1%, Veronika MENDOZA Frisch (JP) 7.9%, Cesar ACUNA Peralta (APP) 6%, George FORSYTH Sommer (VN) 5.7%, Daniel Belizario URRESTI Elera (PP) 5.6%, other 10%; percent of vote second round - Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones 50.1%, Keiko Sofia FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9%; 2016: Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi (FP) 39.9%, Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard (PPK) 21.1%, Veronika MENDOZA (FA) 18.7%, Alfredo BARNECHEA (AP) 7%, Alan GARCIA (APRA) 5.8%, other 7.5%; percent of vote in second round - Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard 50.1%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9%
Note: 3: the president is both chief of state and head of government

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la República del Perú (130 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed party-list proportional representation vote to serve single 5-year terms)
Elections: last held on 11 April 2021 (next to be held in April 2,026)
Election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - Free Peru 32, Popular Force 24, AP 15, APP 15, AvP 10, RP 9, Democratic Peru 7, We Are Peru 5, PP 5, JP 5, Purple Party 3; composition - men 80, women 50, percentage women 40%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of 16 judges and divided into civil, criminal, and constitutional-social sectors)
Judge selection and term of office: justices proposed by the National Board of Justice (a 7-member independent body), nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Congress; justices can serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
Subordinate courts: Court of Constitutional Guarantees; Superior Courts or Cortes Superiores; specialized civil, criminal, and mixed courts; 2 types of peace courts in which professional judges and selected members of the local communities preside

Political parties and leaders: Advance the Nation (Avanza País) or AvP, Alliance for Progress (Alianza para el Progreso) or APP, Broad Front (Frente Amplio) or FA, Free Peru (Perú Libre) or PL, Front for Hope (Frente Esperanza), Magisterial Block of National Concentration (Bloque Magisterial de Concertación Nacional) or BMCN, National Victory (Victoria Nacional) or VN, Peru Bicentennial (Perú Bicentenario) or PB, Popular Action (Acción Popular) or AP, Popular Force (Fuerza Popular) or FP, Popular Renewal (Renovación Popular) or RP, Purple Party (Partido Morado), Social Integration Party (Avanza País - Partido de Integración Social), Together For Perú (Juntos por el Peru) or JP, We Are Peru (Somos Perú) of SP, We Can Peru (Podemos Perú) or PP

International organization participation: AIIB, APEC, BIS, CAN, CD, CELAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, PROSUR, SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us: chief of mission: Ambassador Alfredo Santiago Carlos FERRERO DIEZ CANSECO (since 27 February 2024)
In the us chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,036
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 833-9,860
In the us fax: [1] (202) 659-8,124
In the us email address and website: Webadmin@embassyofperu.us, Embassy of Peru in the United States - E-United States - Platform of the Peruvian State (www.gob.pe)
In the us consulates general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Stephanie SYPTAK-RAMNATH (since 20 June 2024)
From the us embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33
From the us mailing address: 3,230 Lima Place, Washington DC 20,521-3,230
From the us telephone: [51] (1) 618-2000
From the us fax: [51] (1) 618-2,724
From the us email address and website: lima_webmaster@state.gov; [link]

Flag description: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth); red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace

National symbols: vicuna (a camelid related to the llama); national colors: red, white

National anthem
Name: 'Himno Nacional del Peru' (National Anthem of Peru)
Lyrics/music: Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO
Note: adopted 1822; the song won a national anthem contest

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 13 (9 cultural, 2 natural, 2 mixed)
Selected world heritage site locales:


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Economy overview: upper-middle-income South American economy; strong post-COVID rebound tempered by political uncertainty and climate risks; exports driven by mineral extraction and agriculture; large informal sector and uneven access to public services; stable fiscal position and financial sector

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $517.644 billion (2023 est.); $520.507 billion (2022 est.); $506.697 billion (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: -0.55% (2023 est.); 2.73% (2022 est.); 13.36% (2021 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: $15,100 (2023 est.); $15,300 (2022 est.); $15,000 (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 64.3% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 13.7% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 21.3% (2023 est.)
Investment in inventories: -2.4% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 27.1% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -23.8% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 7.1% (2022 est.)
Industry: 35% (2022 est.)
Services: 49.6% (2022 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Agriculture products: sugarcane, potatoes, rice, bananas, milk, chicken, maize, oil palm fruit, cassava, grapes (2022)
Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries: mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish processing, cement, glass, textiles, clothing, food processing, beer, soft drinks, rubber, machinery, electrical machinery, chemicals, furniture

Industrial production growth rate: -1.28% (2023 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force: 18.529 million (2023 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate: 4.82% (2023 est.); 3.85% (2022 est.); 5.1% (2021 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 8.8% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 7.8% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 10% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line: 27.5% (2022 est.)
Note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $48.008 billion (2021 est.)
Expenditures: $51.709 billion (2021 est.)
Note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Taxes and other revenues: 15.92% (of GDP) (2021 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Public debt: 35.25% of GDP (2021 est.)
Note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.12% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 6.46% (2023 est.); 8.33% (2022 est.); 4.27% (2021 est.)
Note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: $2.219 billion (2023 est.); -$9.743 billion (2022 est.); -$4.674 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports: $73.326 billion (2023 est.); $71.129 billion (2022 est.); $66.061 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: China 30%, US 15%, Japan 5%, Canada 5%, South Korea 4% (2022)
Partners note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Commodities: copper ore, gold, natural gas, refined copper, refined petroleum (2022)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $62.99 billion (2023 est.); $69.44 billion (2022 est.); $58.509 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: China 27%, US 24%, Brazil 6%, Argentina 4%, Chile 3% (2022)
Partners note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Commodities: refined petroleum, crude petroleum, cars, broadcasting equipment, trucks (2022)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $71.394 billion (2023 est.); $72.328 billion (2022 est.); $78.59 billion (2021 est.)
Note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt external: $37.467 billion (2022 est.)
Note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 96.2% (2022 est.)
Access electrification urban areas: 99%
Access electrification rural areas: 85.1%
Installed generating capacity: 15.504 million kW (2022 est.)
Consumption: 50.868 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Imports: 43 million kWh (2022 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 6.814 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 38.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources solar: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources wind: 3.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 55.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Coal
Production: 153,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Consumption: 712,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Exports: 1.159 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 356,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 1.567 billion metric tons (2022 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 118,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 210,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 858.89 million barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas
Production: 12.27 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Consumption: 7.185 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Exports: 5.041 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 300.159 billion m³ (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 45.504 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 1.481 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 27.786 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 16.236 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 24.932 million Btu/person (2022 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 1.798 million (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 5 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 41.549 million (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 122 (2022 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures: 1% of GDP (2023 est.); 1.1% of GDP (2022 est.); 1.1% of GDP (2021 est.); 1.2% of GDP (2020 est.); 1.2% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military and security forces: Armed Forces of Peru (Fuerzas Armadas del Perú or FAP): Peruvian Army (Ejercito del Peru), Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP, includes naval infantry and Coast Guard), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP); Ministry of the Interior (Ministerio del Interior): Peruvian National Police (Policía Nacional del Perú, PNP) (2024)

Military service age and obligation: 18-30 years of age for voluntary military service (12 months); no conscription (abolished in 1999) (2023)
Note: as of 2019, women made up about 10% of the active duty military

Space program

Terrorist groups: Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 6 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 62
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 17,758,527 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 313.26 million (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: OB

Airports: 166 (2024)

Heliports: 6 (2024)

Pipelines: 786 km extra heavy crude, 1,526 km gas, 679 km liquid petroleum gas, 1,106 km oil, 15 km refined products (2022)

Railways

Roadways
Total: 70,000 km (2021)
Paved: 18,699 km (2022)
Note: includes 27,109 km of national roads (21,434 km paved), 247,505 km of departmental roads (3,623 km paved), and 113,857 km of local roads (1,858 km paved)

Waterways: 8,808 km (2011) (8,600 km of navigable tributaries on the Amazon River system and 208 km on Lago Titicaca)

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 1,542,004 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2023)
Idps: 73,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions; as of 2011, no new information on the situation of these IDPs) (2022)

Illicit drugs: world’s second-largest producer of cocaine and coca (after Colombia), with approximately 84,400 hectares (ha) under cultivation in 2021; Peruvian cocaine is trafficked throughout South America for shipment to Europe, East Asia, Mexico, and the United States; major importer of precursor chemicals for cocaine production; growing domestic drug consumption problem; a major source of precursor or essential chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics