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Background:


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Location: North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Eastern Europe (the portion west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean

Geographic coordinates: 60 00 N, 100 00 E

Map reference: Asia

Area
Total: 17,098,242 km²
Land: 16,377,742 km²
Water: 720,500 km²
Comparative: approximately 1.8 times the size of the US
Country comparison total: 22,407 km
Country comparison border countries: (14) (14): Azerbaijan 338 km; Belarus 1,312 km; China (southeast) 4,133 km; and China (south) 46 km; Estonia 324 km; Finland 1,309 km; Georgia 894 km; Kazakhstan 7,644 km; North Korea 18 km; Latvia 332 km; Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 261 km; Mongolia 3,452 km; Norway 191 km; Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 209 km; Ukraine 1,944 km

Land boundaries
Total: 22,407 km
Border countries: (14) (14): Azerbaijan 338 km; Belarus 1,312 km; China (southeast) 4,133 km; and China (south) 46 km; Estonia 324 km; Finland 1,309 km; Georgia 894 km; Kazakhstan 7,644 km; North Korea 18 km; Latvia 332 km; Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 261 km; Mongolia 3,452 km; Norway 191 km; Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 209 km; Ukraine 1,944 km

Coastline: 37,653 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate: ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

Terrain: broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions

Elevation
Highest point: Gora El'brus (highest point in Europe) 5,642 m
Lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
Mean elevation: 600 m

Natural resources: wide natural-resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, bauxite, reserves of rare earth elements, timber
Note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources

Land use
Agricultural land: 13.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 7.3% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 0.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 5.7% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land forest: 49.4% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land other: 37.5% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 43,000 km² (2012)

Major rivers
By length in km: Yenisey-Angara - 5,539 km; Ob-Irtysh - 5,410 km; Amur river mouth (shared with China [s] and Mongolia) - 4,444 km; Lena - 4,400 km; Volga - 3,645 km; Kolyma - 2,513 km; Ural river source (shared with Kazakhstan [m]) - 2,428 km; Dnepr (Dnieper) river source (shared with Belarus and Ukraine [m]) - 2,287 km; Don - 1,870 km; Pechora - 1,809 km
By length in km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds area km²: Arctic Ocean drainage: Kolyma (679,934 km²), Lena (2,306,743 km²), Ob (2,972,493 km²), Pechora (289,532 km²), Yenisei (2,554,388 km²); Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Don (458,694 km²), Dnieper (533,966 km²); Pacific Ocean drainage: Amur (1,929,955 km²); Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: (Caspian Sea basin) Volga (1,410,951 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 17.15 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 29.03 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 18.64 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 4.53 trillion m³ (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia
Volcanism: significant volcanic activity on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands; the peninsula alone is home to some 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (4,835 m), which erupted in 2007 and 2010, is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky; see note 2 under 'Geography - note'

Geography
Note 1: largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture
Note 2: Russia's far east, particularly the Kamchatka Peninsula, lies along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire
Note 3: Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak; Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh surface water
Note 4: Kaliningrad oblast is an exclave annexed from Germany following World War II (it was formerly part of East Prussia); its capital city of Kaliningrad -- formerly Koenigsberg -- is the only Baltic port in Russia that remains ice free in the winter


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Population
Distribution: population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south
Total: 140,820,810
Male: 65,496,805
Female: 75,324,005 (2024 est.)
Growth rate: -0.49% (2024 est.)
Below poverty line: 11% (2021 est.)
Below poverty line note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Nationality
Noun: Russian(s)
Adjective: Russian

Ethnic groups: Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% (2010 est.)
Note: nearly 200 national and/or ethnic groups are represented in Russia's 2010 census

Languages: Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1% (2010 est.)
Major-language samples: Книга фактов о мире – незаменимый источник базовой информации. (Russian); Gheos World Guide, the indispensable source for basic information.
Note: data represent native language spoken

Religions: Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)
Note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of official atheism under Soviet rule; Russia officially recognizes Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism as the country's traditional religions

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 16.5% (male 11,956,284/female 11,313,829)
15-64 years: 65.7% (male 45,007,073/female 47,518,221)
65 years and over: 17.8% (2024 est.) (male 8,533,448/female 16,491,955)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 50
Youth dependency ratio: 26.6
Elderly dependency ratio: 23.4
Potential support ratio: 4.3 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 41.9 years (2024 est.)
Male: 39.4 years
Female: 44.5 years

Population growth rate: -0.49% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 8.4 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 14 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate: 0.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution: population is heavily concentrated in the westernmost fifth of the country extending from the Baltic Sea, south to the Caspian Sea, and eastward parallel to the Kazakh border; elsewhere, sizeable pockets are isolated and generally found in the south

Urbanization
Urban population: 75.3% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 12.680 million MOSCOW (capital), 5.561 million Saint Petersburg, 1.695 million Novosibirsk, 1.528 million Yekaterinburg, 1.292 million Kazan, 1.251 million Nizhniy Novgorod (2023)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; nuclear waste disposal; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 8.88 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 1,732.03 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 851.52 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.52 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.87 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 25.2 years (2013 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 14 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 6.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 7.2 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 72.3 years (2024 est.)
Male: 67.4 years
Female: 77.4 years

Total fertility rate: 1.52 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 68% (2011)
Note: percent of women aged 15-44

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 99.1% of population
Unimproved rural: 6.9% of population
Unimproved total: 2.4% of population (2020 est.)
Unimproved urban: 0.9% of population

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density: 7.1 beds/1,000 population (2018)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 95.2% of population
Improved rural: 72.3% of population
Improved total: 89.4% of population
Unimproved urban: 4.8% of population
Unimproved rural: 27.7% of population
Unimproved total: 10.6% of population (2020 est.)

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 23.1% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 7.29 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 3.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 0.97 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 3.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.12 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 26.8% (2020 est.)
Male: 40.8% (2020 est.)
Female: 12.8% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 3.7% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.7%
Male: 99.7%
Female: 99.7% (2018)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 16 years
Male: 16 years
Female: 16 years (2019)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 12.7% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 12.3% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 13.2% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Russian Federation
Conventional short form: Russia
Local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
Local short form: Rossiya
Former: Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Etymology: Russian lands were generally referred to as Muscovy until PETER I officially declared the Russian Empire in 1721; the new name sought to invoke the patrimony of the medieval eastern European Rus state centered on Kyiv in present-day Ukraine; the Rus were a Varangian (eastern Viking) elite that imposed their rule and eventually their name on their Slavic subjects

Government type: semi-presidential federation

Capital
Name: Moscow
Geographic coordinates: 55 45 N, 37 36 E
Time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: does not observe daylight savings time (DST)
Note: Russia has 11 time zones, the largest number of contiguous time zones of any country in the world; in 2014, two time zones were added and DST dropped
Etymology: named after the Moskva River; the origin of the river's name is obscure but may derive from the appellation 'Mustajoki' given to the river by the Finno-Ugric people who originally inhabited the area and whose meaning may have been 'dark' or 'turbid'

Administrative divisions: 46 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respubliki, singular - respublika), 4 autonomous okrugs (avtonomnyye okrugi, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 9 krays (kraya, singular - kray), 2 federal cities (goroda, singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous oblast (avtonomnaya oblast'); oblasts: Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad (Gatchina), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan, Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver, Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl; republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk); autonomous okrugs: Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi-Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard); krays: Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol, Zabaykalsk [Transbaikal] (Chita); federal cities: Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg]
Note 1: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)
Note 2: the United States does not recognize Russia's annexation of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol, nor their redesignation as the 'Republic of Crimea' and the 'Federal City of Sevastopol'; it similarly does not recognize the annexation of the Ukrainian oblasts Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson

Dependent areas

Independence: 25 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union; Russian SFSR renamed Russian Federation); notable earlier dates: 1157 (Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal created); 16 January 1547 (Tsardom of Muscovy established); 22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed); 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established)

National holiday: Russia Day, 12 June (1990)
Note: commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)

Constitution
History: several previous (during Russian Empire and Soviet era); latest drafted 12 July 1993, adopted by referendum 12 December 1993, effective 25 December 1993
Amendments: proposed by the president of the Russian Federation, by either house of the Federal Assembly, by the government of the Russian Federation, or by legislative (representative) bodies of the Federation's constituent entities; proposals to amend the government’s constitutional system, human and civil rights and freedoms, and procedures for amending or drafting a new constitution require formation of a Constitutional Assembly; passage of such amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of its total membership; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of valid votes; approval of proposed amendments to the government structure, authorities, and procedures requires approval by the legislative bodies of at least two thirds of the Russian Federation's constituent entities; amended several times, last in 2020 (major revisions)

Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Russia
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 3-5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (since 7 May 2012)
Head of government: Premier Mikhail Vladimirovich MISHUSTIN (since 16 January 2020)
Cabinet: the government is composed of the premier, his deputies, and ministers, all appointed by the president; the premier is also confirmed by the Duma
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 6-year term (2020 constitutional amendments allow a second consecutive term); election last held on 15 to 17 March 2024 (next to be held 2,030)
Election results: 2024: Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 88.5%, Nikolay KHARITONOV (Communist Party) 4.4%, Vladislav DAVANKOV (New People party) 3.9%, Leonid SLUTSKY (Liberal Democrats) 3.2%; 2018: Vladimir PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir PUTIN (independent) 77.5%, Pavel GRUDININ (CPRF) 11.9%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY (LDPR) 5.7%, other 4.9%; Mikhail MISHUSTIN (independent) approved as premier by Duma; vote - 383 to 0
Note: there is also a Presidential Administration that provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of: Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (170 seats statutory, 169 as of April 2023; 2 members in each of the 83 federal administrative units (see note below) - oblasts, krays, republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg - appointed by the top executive and legislative officials; members serve 4-year terms); State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats (see note below); as of February 2014, the electoral system reverted to a mixed electoral system for the 2016 election, in which one-half of the members are directly elected by simple majority vote and one-half directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)
Elections: State Duma - last held 17 - 19 September 2021 (next to be held in September 2,026)
Elections results: Federation Council - composition - men 137, women 32, percentage women 18.9%; State Duma - percent vote by party - United Russia 50.9%, CPRF 19.3%, LDPR 7.7%, A Just Russia 7.6%, New People 5.3% other minor parties and independents 9.2%; seats by party - United Russia 324, CPRF 57, LDPR 21, A Just Russia 27, New People 13; Rodina 1, CP 1, Party of Growth 1, independent 5; composition - men 376, women 74, percentage women 16.4%; total Federal Assembly percentage women 17.1%
Note 1: the State Duma now includes 3 representatives from the 'Republic of Crimea,' while the Federation Council includes 2 each from the 'Republic of Crimea' and the 'Federal City of Sevastopol,' both regions that Russia occupied and attempted to annex from Ukraine and that the US does not recognize as part of Russia

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (consists of 170 members organized into the Judicial Panel for Civil Affairs, the Judicial Panel for Criminal Affairs, and the Military Panel); Constitutional Court (consists of 11 members, including the chairperson and deputy)
Note: the 21 Russian Republics have court systems specified by their own constitutions
Judge selection and term of office: all members of Russia's 3 highest courts nominated by the president and appointed by the Federation Council (the upper house of the legislature); members of all 3 courts appointed for life
Subordinate courts: regional (kray) and provincial (oblast) courts; Moscow and St. Petersburg city courts; autonomous province and district courts

Political parties and leaders: A Just Russia or SRZP, Civic Platform or GP, Communist Party of the Russian Federation or KPRF, Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR, New People NL, Party of Growth PR, Rodina, United Russia ER

International organization participation: APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BRICS, BSEC, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UN Security Council (permanent), UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us: chief of mission: Ambassador Anatoly Ivanovich ANTONOV (since 8 September 2017)
In the us chancery: 2,650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,007
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 298-5,700
In the us fax: [1] (202) 298-5,735
In the us email address and website: rusembusa@mid.ru; [link]
In the us consulates general: Houston, New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Lynne M. TRACY (30 January 2023)
From the us embassy: 55,75,566° N, 37,58,028° E
From the us mailing address: 5,430 Moscow Place, Washington DC 20,521-5,430
From the us telephone: [7] (495) 728-5,000
From the us fax: [7] (495) 728-5,090
From the us email address and website: MoscowACS@state.gov; [link]
From the us consulates general: Vladivostok (suspended status), Yekaterinburg (suspended status)

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red
Note: the Russian flag was created when Russia built its first naval vessels, and was used mostly as a naval ensign until the nineteenth century; the colors may have been based on those of the Dutch flag; despite many popular interpretations, there is no official meaning assigned to the colors of the Russian flag; the flag inspired several other Slavic countries to adopt horizontal tricolors of the same colors but in different arrangements, and so red, blue, and white became the Pan-Slav colors

National symbols: bear, double-headed eagle; national colors: white, blue, red

National anthem
Name: 'Gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii' (National Anthem of the Russian Federation)
Lyrics/music: Sergey Vladimirovich MIKHALKOV/Aleksandr Vasilyevich ALEKSANDROV
Note: in 2000, Russia adopted the tune of the anthem of the former Soviet Union (composed in 1939); the lyrics, also adopted in 2000, were written by the same person who authored the Soviet lyrics in 1943

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 32 (21 cultural, 11 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales:


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Economy overview: natural resource-rich Eurasian economy; leading energy exporter to Europe and Asia; decreased oil export reliance; endemic corruption, Ukrainian invasion, and lack of green infrastructure limit investment and have led to sanctions

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $5.816 trillion (2023 est.); $5.614 trillion (2022 est.); $5.732 trillion (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 3.6% (2023 est.); -2.07% (2022 est.); 5.61% (2021 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: $39,800 (2023 est.); $38,300 (2022 est.); $38,900 (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 49.8% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 18.5% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 21.9% (2023 est.)
Investment in inventories: 3.8% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 23.1% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -18.7% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 3.3% (2023 est.)
Industry: 30.6% (2023 est.)
Services: 56.9% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Agriculture products: wheat, sugar beets, milk, barley, potatoes, sunflower seeds, maize, soybeans, chicken, pork (2022)
Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries: complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts

Industrial production growth rate: 3.56% (2023 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force: 72.408 million (2023 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate: 3.33% (2023 est.); 3.87% (2022 est.); 4.72% (2021 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 12.7% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 12.3% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 13.2% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line: 11% (2021 est.)
Note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $776.897 billion (2022 est.)
Expenditures: $719.521 billion (2022 est.)
Note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Taxes and other revenues: 10.97% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Public debt: 19.51% of GDP (2022 est.)
Note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.29% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0.53% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 6.69% (2021 est.); 3.38% (2020 est.); 4.47% (2019 est.)
Note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: $50.224 billion (2023 est.); $237.678 billion (2022 est.); $124.953 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports: $465.432 billion (2023 est.); $640.709 billion (2022 est.); $549.717 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: China 21%, India 8%, Germany 6%, Turkey 5%, Italy 5% (2022)
Partners note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Commodities: crude petroleum, natural gas, refined petroleum, coal, fertilizers (2022)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $378.615 billion (2023 est.); $347.384 billion (2022 est.); $376.923 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: China 39%, Germany 8%, Turkey 5%, Kazakhstan 5%, South Korea 3% (2022)
Partners note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Commodities: packaged medicine, broadcasting equipment, cars, garments, plastic products (2022)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $597.217 billion (2023 est.); $581.71 billion (2022 est.); $632.242 billion (2021 est.)
Note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt external: $135.301 billion (2022 est.)
Note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Access electrification urban areas: 99.1%
Access electrification rural areas: 100%
Installed generating capacity: 301.123 million kW (2022 est.)
Consumption: 1.026 trillion kWh (2022 est.)
Exports: 18.582 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Imports: 1.532 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 95.804 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 60.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 19.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources solar: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources wind: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 19.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Coal
Production: 508.19 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Consumption: 310.958 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Exports: 220.306 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 23.074 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 162.166 billion metric tons (2022 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 10.727 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 3.684 million bbl/day (2022 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 80 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas
Production: 617.83 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Consumption: 472.239 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Exports: 176.056 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Imports: 8.129 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 47.805 trillion m³ (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 1.84 billion metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 517.718 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 414.253 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 907.83 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 225.235 million Btu/person (2022 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 23.864 million (2021 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 16 (2021 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 245.267 million (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 169 (2021 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures: 5% of GDP (2023 est.); 4% of GDP (2022 est.); 4% of GDP (2021 est.); 4% of GDP (2020 est.); 3.8% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military and security forces: Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: Ground Troops (Sukhoputnyye Voyskia, SV), Navy (Voyenno-Morskoy Flot, VMF), Aerospace Forces (Vozdushno-Kosmicheskiye Sily, VKS); Airborne Troops (Vozdushno-Desantnyye Voyska, VDV), and Missile Troops of Strategic Purpose (Raketnyye Voyska Strategicheskogo Naznacheniya, RVSN) referred to commonly as Strategic Rocket Forces, are independent 'combat arms,' not subordinate to any of the three branches; Federal National Guard Troops Service of the Russian Federation (FSVNG, National Guard, Russian Guard, or Rosgvardiya); Federal Security Services (FSB): Federal Border Guard Service (includes land and maritime forces) (2024)
Note 1: the Air Force and Aerospace Defense Forces were merged into the VKS in 2015; VKS responsibilities also include launching military and dual‐use satellites, maintaining military satellites, and monitoring and defending against space threats; in 2024, the Russian Government announced plans to create an Unmanned Systems Force branch in 2025
Note 2: the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Federal Security Service, Investigative Committee, Office of the Prosecutor General, and National Guard are responsible for law enforcement; the Federal Security Service is responsible for state security, counterintelligence, and counterterrorism, as well as for fighting organized crime and corruption; the national police force, under the Ministry of Internal Affairs, is responsible for combating all crime
Note 3: the National Guard was created in 2016 as an independent agency for internal/regime security, combating terrorism and narcotics trafficking, protecting important state facilities and government personnel, and supporting border security; it also participates in armed defense of the country’s territory in coordination with the Armed Forces; forces under the National Guard include the Special Purpose Mobile Units (OMON), Special Rapid Response Detachment (SOBR), and Interior Troops (VV); these troops were originally under the command of the Interior Ministry (MVD)

Military service age and obligation: 18-27 years of age for compulsory service for men; 18-40 for voluntary/contractual service; women and non-Russian citizens (18-30) may volunteer; men are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; 12-month service obligation (Russia offers the option of serving on a 24-month contract instead of completing a 12-month conscription period); reserve obligation for non-officers to age 50 (Russian men who have completed their compulsory service to re-enter the army up to the age of 55); enrollment in military schools from the age of 16 (2023)
Note 1: in May 2022, Russia's parliament approved a law removing the upper age limit for contractual service in the military; in November 2022, President Vladimir PUTIN signed a decree allowing dual-national Russians and those with permanent residency status in foreign countries to be drafted into the army for military service
Note 2: historically, the Russian military has taken in about 260,000 conscripts each year in two semi-annual drafts (Spring and Fall)
Note 3: prior to the invasion of Ukraine in 2022, approximately 40-45,000 women served in the Russian Armed Forces
Note 4: since 2015, foreigners 18-30 with a good command of Russian have been allowed to join the military on five-year contracts and become eligible for Russian citizenship after serving three years; in October 2022, the Interior Ministry opened up recruitment centers for foreigners to sign a one-year service contract with the armed forces, other troops, or military formations participating in the invasion of Ukraine with the promise of simplifying the process of obtaining Russian citizenship

Space program

Terrorist groups: Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 32 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 958
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 99,327,311 (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 6,810,610,000 (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: RA

Airports: 904 (2024)

Heliports: 383 (2024)

Pipelines: 177,700 km gas, 54,800 km oil, 19,300 km refined products (2017)

Railways

Roadways
Total: 1,283,387 km
Paved: 927,721 km (includes 39,143 km of expressways)
Unpaved: 355,666 km (2012)

Waterways: 102,000 km (2009) (including 48,000 km with guaranteed depth; the 72,000-km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea, White Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea)

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 1,212,585 (Ukraine) (as of 30 June 2023)
Idps: 7,500 (2022)
Stateless persons: 56,960 (mid-year 2021)
Note: Russia's stateless population consists of Roma, Meskhetian Turks, and ex-Soviet citizens from the former republics; between 2003 and 2010 more than 600,000 stateless people were naturalized; most Meskhetian Turks, followers of Islam with origins in Georgia, fled or were evacuated from Uzbekistan after a 1989 pogrom and have lived in Russia for more than the required five-year residency period; they continue to be denied registration for citizenship and basic rights by local Krasnodar Krai authorities on the grounds that they are temporary illegal migrants

Illicit drugs: a destination country for heroin and other Afghan opiates; a transit country for cocaine from South America, especially Ecuador to Europe, Belgium and Netherlands; synthetic drugs are produced in clandestine drug laboratories throughout the country; marijuana cultivated in Russian Far East and the North Caucasus; the majority of hashish is smuggled in from Northern Africa