Map of Canada | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background: A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada gained legislative independence from Britain in 1931 and formalized its constitutional independence from the UK when it passed the Canada Act in 1982. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.


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Location: Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US

Geographic coordinates: 60 00 N, 95 00 W

Map reference: North America

Area
Total: 9,984,670 km²
Land: 9,093,507 km²
Water: 891,163 km²
Comparative: slightly larger than the US
Country comparison total: 8,892 km
Country comparison border countries: (2) US 8,891 km; (includes 2,475 km; with Alaska) Denmark (Greenland) 1.3 km

Land boundaries
Total: 8,892 km
Border countries: (2) US 8,891 km; (includes 2,475 km; with Alaska) Denmark (Greenland) 1.3 km

Coastline: 202,080 km
Note: the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - consisting of 36,563 islands, several of them some of the world's largest - contributes to Canada easily having the longest coastline in the world

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate: varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Terrain: mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast

Elevation
Highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m
Lowest point: Atlantic/Pacific/Arctic Oceans 0 m
Mean elevation: 487 m

Natural resources: bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, uranium, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower

Land use
Agricultural land: 6.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 4.7% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 0.5% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 1.6% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land forest: 34.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land other: 59.1% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 9,045 km² (2015)

Major rivers
By length in km: Mackenzie - 4, 241 km; Yukon river source (shared with the US [m]) - 3,185 km; Saint Lawrence river mouth (shared with US) - 3,058 km; Nelson - 2,570 km; Columbia river source (shared with the US [m]) - 1,953 km; Churchill - 1,600 km; Fraser - 1,368 km; Ottawa - 1,271 km; Athabasca - 1,231 km; North Saskatchewan - 1,220 km; Liard - 1,115 km
By length in km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: Mississippi* (Gulf of Mexico) (3,202,185 km², Canada only 32,000 km²), Nelson (Hudson Bay) (1,093,141 km²), Saint Lawrence* (1,049,636 km², Canada only 839,200 km²); Arctic Ocean drainage: Mackenzie (1,706,388 km²); Pacific Ocean drainage: Yukon* (847,620 km², Canada only 823,800 km²), Columbia* (657,501 km², Canada only 103,000 km²)
Note: watersheds shared with the US shown with *

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 4.87 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 27.51 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 3.86 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 2.9 trillion m³ (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains
Volcanism: the vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormant

Geography
Note 1: second-largest country in world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border
Note 2: Canada has more fresh water than any other country and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water; Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes -- that is more than all other countries combined


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Population
Distribution: vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia
Total: 38,794,813
Male: 19,234,729
Female: 19,560,084 (2024 est.)
Growth rate: 0.71% (2024 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Canadian(s)
Adjective: Canadian

Ethnic groups: Canadian 15.6%, English 14.7%, Scottish 12.1%, French 11%, Irish 12.1%, German 8.1%, Chinese 4.7%, Italian 4.3%, First Nations 1.7%, Indian 3.7%, Ukrainian 3.5%, Metis 1.5% (2021 est.)
Note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin

Languages: English (official) 87.1%, French (official) 29.1%, Chinese languages 4.2%, Spanish 3.2%, Punjabi 2.6%, Arabic 2.4%, Tagalog 2.3%, Italian 1.5% (2022 est.)
Major-language samples: Gheos World Guide, the indispensable source for basic information. (English); Gheos World Guide une source indispensable d'informations de base. (French)

Religions: Christian 53.3%, Muslim 4.9%, Hindu 2.3%, Sikh 2.1%, Buddhist 1%, Jewish 0.9%, Traditional (North American Indigenous) 0.2%, other religions and traditional spirituality 0.6%, none 34.6% (2021 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 15.5% (male 3,098,478/female 2,929,148)
15-64 years: 63.4% (male 12,382,422/female 12,227,512)
65 years and over: 21% (2024 est.) (male 3,753,829/female 4,403,424)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 52.1
Youth dependency ratio: 23.9
Elderly dependency ratio: 28.2
Potential support ratio: 3.6 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 42.6 years (2024 est.)
Male: 41.4 years
Female: 43.8 years

Population growth rate: 0.71% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 10 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 8.2 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate: 5.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution: vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia

Urbanization
Urban population: 81.9% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.95% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 6.372 million Toronto, 4.308 million Montreal, 2.657 million Vancouver, 1.640 million Calgary, 1.544 million Edmonton, 1.437 million OTTAWA (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting agricultural and forest productivity; air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 6.39 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 544.89 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 101.82 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 29.4 years (2019 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 11 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 4.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 4 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 84.2 years (2024 est.)
Male: 81.9 years
Female: 86.6 years

Total fertility rate: 1.58 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 99.3% of population
Unimproved rural: 0.9% of population
Unimproved total: 0.8% of population (2020 est.)
Unimproved urban: 0.7% of population

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density: 2.5 beds/1,000 population (2019)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 99.1% of population
Improved rural: 98.9% of population
Improved total: 99% of population
Unimproved urban: 0.9% of population
Unimproved rural: 1.1% of population
Unimproved total: 1% of population (2020 est.)

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 29.4% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 8 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 3.5 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 2.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0.4 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 13% (2020 est.)
Male: 15.3% (2020 est.)
Female: 10.7% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 5.2% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Total population: NA
Male: NA
Female: NA

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 17 years
Male: 16 years
Female: 17 years (2020)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 10.6% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 11.4% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 9.8% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment


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Country name
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Canada
Etymology: the country name likely derives from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word 'kanata' meaning village or settlement

Government type: federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution

Capital
Name: Ottawa
Geographic coordinates: 45 25 N, 75 42 W
Time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November
Note: Canada has six time zones
Etymology: the city lies on the south bank of the Ottawa River, from which it derives its name; the river name comes from the Algonquin word 'adawe' meaning 'to trade' and refers to the indigenous peoples who used the river as a trade highway

Administrative divisions: 10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*

Dependent areas

Independence: 1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster)

National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

Constitution
History: consists of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982
Amendments: proposed by either house of Parliament or by the provincial legislative assemblies; there are 5 methods for passage though most require approval by both houses of Parliament, approval of at least two thirds of the provincial legislative assemblies and assent and formalization as a proclamation by the governor general in council; the most restrictive method is reserved for amendments affecting fundamental sections of the constitution, such as the office of the monarch or the governor general, and the constitutional amendment procedures, which require unanimous approval by both houses and by all the provincial assemblies, and assent of the governor general in council; amended 11 times, last in 2011 (Fair Representation Act, 2011)

Legal system: common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: yes
Citizenship by descent only: yes
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: minimum of 3 of last 5 years resident in Canada

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 6 July 2021)
Head of government: Prime Minister Justin Pierre James TRUDEAU (since 4 November 2015)
Cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his/her own party sitting in Parliament
Elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons generally designated prime minister by the governor general
Note: the governor general position is largely ceremonial

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of: Senate or Senat (105 seats; members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and can serve until age 75), House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (338 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote with terms up to 4 years)
Elections: Senate - last appointed in July 2021, House of Commons - last held on 20 September 2021 (next to be held on or before 20 October 2025)
Elections results: Senate - composition - men 43, women 54, percentage women 55.7% (8 seats are vacant), House of Commons - percent of vote by party - CPC 33.7%, Liberal Party 32.6%, NDP 17.8%, Bloc Quebecois 7.7%, Greens 2.3%, other 5.9%; seats by party - Liberal Party 159, CPC 119, NDP 25, Bloc Quebecois 32, Greens 2, independent 1; composition - men 234, women 102; percentage women 30.4%; total Parliament percentage women 35.2%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges)
Note: in 1999, the Nunavut Court - a circuit court with the power of a provincial superior court, as well as a territorial court - was established to serve isolated settlements
Judge selection and term of office: chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75
Subordinate courts: federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; Courts Martial; provincial/territorial level: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts

Political parties and leaders: Bloc Quebecois, Conservative Party of Canada or CPC, Green Party, Liberal Party, New Democratic Party or NDP, People's Party of Canada

International organization participation: ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, USMCA, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us: chief of mission: Ambassador Kirsten HILLMAN (since 17 July 2020)
In the us chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,001
In the us telephone: [1] (844) 880-6,519
In the us fax: [1] (202) 682-7,738
In the us email address and website: ccs.scc@international.gc.ca; [link]
In the us consulates general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco, Seattle, trade office(s): Houston, Palo Alto (CA), San Diego
In the us note: there are trade offices in the Consulates General
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador David L. COHEN (since December 2021)
From the us embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8
From the us mailing address: 5,480 Ottawa Place, Washington DC 20,521-5,480
From the us telephone: [1] (613) 688-5,335
From the us fax: [1] (613) 241-7,845
From the us email address and website: OttawaNIV@state.gov; [link]
From the us consulates general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver
From the us consulates: Winnipeg

Flag description: two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the maple leaf has long been a Canadian symbol

National symbols: maple leaf, beaver; national colors: red, white

National anthem
Name: 'O Canada'
Lyrics/music: Adolphe-Basile ROUTHIER [French], Robert Stanley WEIR [English]/Calixa LAVALLEE
Note: adopted 1980; originally written in 1880, 'O Canada' served as an unofficial anthem many years before its official adoption; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ; as a Commonwealth realm, in addition to the national anthem, 'God Save the King' serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 22 (10 cultural, 11 natural, 1 mixed) (2021)
Selected world heritage site locales:


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Economy overview: one of the world’s leading developed economies; globally integrated commercial and financial markets; largest US trading partner; key energy, forestry, manufacturing and service industries; inflation recovering following interest rate hikes; government priorities include climate policy, immigration and affordable housing

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $2.238 trillion (2023 est.); $2.215 trillion (2022 est.); $2.133 trillion (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 1.07% (2023 est.); 3.82% (2022 est.); 5.29% (2021 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: $55,800 (2023 est.); $56,900 (2022 est.); $55,800 (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 55.2% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 21.2% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 22.9% (2023 est.)
Investment in inventories: 1% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 33.5% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -33.9% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 1.8% (2020 est.)
Industry: 22.5% (2020 est.)
Services: 69.6% (2020 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Agriculture products: wheat, rapeseed, maize, barley, milk, soybeans, potatoes, oats, peas, lentils (2022)
Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries: transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas

Industrial production growth rate: -0.9% (2023 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force: 22.11 million (2023 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate: 5.37% (2023 est.); 5.28% (2022 est.); 7.53% (2021 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 10.6% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 11.4% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 9.8% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $393.642 billion (2022 est.)
Expenditures: $399.8 billion (2022 est.)
Note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Taxes and other revenues: 12.83% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Public debt: 61.42% of GDP (2022 est.)
Note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0.08% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 3.88% (2023 est.); 6.8% (2022 est.); 3.4% (2021 est.)
Note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: -$13.255 billion (2023 est.); -$7.622 billion (2022 est.); $256.504 million (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports: $717.677 billion (2023 est.); $731.81 billion (2022 est.); $626.676 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: US 75%, China 4%, Japan 2%, UK 2%, Mexico 1% (2022)
Partners note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Commodities: crude petroleum, cars, natural gas, refined petroleum, gold (2022)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $726.139 billion (2023 est.); $728.732 billion (2022 est.); $626.558 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: US 56%, China 11%, Mexico 4%, Germany 3%, Japan 2% (2022)
Partners note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Commodities: cars, refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories, trucks, crude petroleum (2022)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $117.551 billion (2023 est.); $106.952 billion (2022 est.); $106.615 billion (2021 est.)
Note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt external

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 158.973 million kW (2022 est.)
Consumption: 553.261 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Exports: 65.225 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Imports: 14.116 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 33.626 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 17.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 12.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources solar: 0.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources wind: 6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 61.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 1.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Coal
Production: 43.024 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Consumption: 17.138 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Exports: 29.114 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 6.444 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 6.582 billion metric tons (2022 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 5.692 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 2.454 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 170.3 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas
Production: 187.686 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Consumption: 130.316 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Exports: 84.928 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Imports: 27.481 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 2.067 trillion m³ (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 572.82 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 25.74 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 290.996 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 256.084 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 315.581 million Btu/person (2022 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 11.312 million (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 29 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 35.082 million (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 91 (2022 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures: 1.4% of GDP (2024); 1.3% of GDP (2023); 1.2% of GDP (2022); 1.3% of GDP (2021); 1.4% of GDP (2020)

Military and security forces: Canadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force; Department of Fisheries and Oceans: Coast Guard (2024)
Note 1: the CAF is comprised of both a Regular Force and a Reserve Force; the Reserve Force is part of all three services (Army, Navy, and Air Force) and is considered an integral component of the CAF; reservists are primarily part-time service positions; they may volunteer for full-time employment or deployment on operations; they typically serve one or more evenings a week and/or during weekends at locations close to home; the Reserve Force is comprised of the Primary Reserve, Canadian Rangers, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Supplementary Reserve; the Canadian Rangers are part of the Army Reserve Force and provide a limited presence in Canada's northern, coastal, and isolated areas for sovereignty, public safety, and surveillance roles
Note 2: the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP or 'Mounties') are under the Department of Public Safety; only Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland and Labrador have provincial police forces, but the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary contracts policing in regions of the province to the RCMP; the RCMP and municipal forces provide coverage for other provinces and territories; some Indigenous reserves provide Indigenous policing; provincial and municipal police report to their respective provincial authorities

Military service age and obligation: 17 years of age for voluntary male and female military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; maximum 34 years of age; service obligation 3-9 years (2023)
Note 1: Canada opened up all military occupations to women in 2001; women in 2023 comprised about 16% of the CAF
Note 2: the CAF offers waivers to foreign nationals applying for military service only in exceptional cases — to individuals on international military exchanges, for example, or to candidates who have specialized skills in high demand

Space program

Terrorist groups: Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Hizballah
Note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 51 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 879
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 89.38 million (2018)
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 3,434,070,000 (2018) mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: C

Airports: 1,425 (2024)

Heliports: 481 (2024)

Pipelines: 840,000 km oil and gas (2020)

Railways

Roadways
Total: 1,042,300 km
Paved: 415,600 km (includes 17,000 km of expressways)
Unpaved: 626,700 km (2011)

Waterways: 636 km (2011) (Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States)

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 22,400 (Venezuela) (refugees and migrants) (2020); 5,254 (Iran) (mid-year 2021)
Stateless persons: 4,323 (2022)

Illicit drugs: transnational criminal organizations trafficked cocaine, opium, methamphetamine, other synthetic drugs, and prescription drugs (some of which transited the United States) to Canada for domestic consumption; a source of synthetic drugs (including synthetic opioids), cannabis, and MDMA trafficked to the United States; a major source of precursor or essential chemicals used in the production of illicit narcotics