Map of Slovakia | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024 | More stats

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Background:


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Location: Central Europe, south of Poland

Geographic coordinates: 48 40 N, 19 30 E

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 49,035 km²
Land: 48,105 km²
Water: 930 km²
Comparative: about one and a half times the size of Maryland; about twice the size of New Hampshire
Country comparison total: 1,587 km
Country comparison border countries: (5) Austria 105 km; Czechia 241 km; Hungary 627 km; Poland 517 km; Ukraine 97 km

Land boundaries
Total: 1,587 km
Border countries: (5) Austria 105 km; Czechia 241 km; Hungary 627 km; Poland 517 km; Ukraine 97 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Terrain: rugged mountains in the central and northern part and lowlands in the south

Elevation
Highest point: Gerlachovsky Stit 2,655 m
Lowest point: Bodrok River 94 m
Mean elevation: 458 m

Natural resources: lignite, small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore; salt; arable land

Land use
Agricultural land: 40.1% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land arable land: 28.9% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent crops: 0.4% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land permanent pasture: 10.8% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land forest: 40.2% (2018 est.)
Agricultural land other: 19.7% (2018 est.)

Irrigated land: 211 km² (2015)

Major rivers
By length in km: Dunaj (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km
By length in km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds area km²: Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 km²)

Total water withdrawal
Municipal: 290 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Industrial: 230 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Agricultural: 30 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total renewable water resources: 50.1 billion m³ (2020 est.)

Natural hazards: flooding

Geography
Note: landlocked; most of the country is rugged and mountainous; the Tatra Mountains in the north are interspersed with many scenic lakes and valleys


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Population
Distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country; slightly larger concentration in the west in proximity to the Czech border
Total: 5,563,649
Male: 2,684,747
Female: 2,878,902 (2024 est.)
Growth rate: -0.08% (2024 est.)
Below poverty line: 13.7% (2021 est.)
Below poverty line note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Nationality
Noun: Slovak(s)
Adjective: Slovak

Ethnic groups: Slovak 83.8%, Hungarian 7.8%, Romani 1.2%, other 1.8% (includes Czech, Ruthenian, Ukrainian, Russian, German, Polish), unspecified 5.4% (2021 est.)
Note: data represent population by nationality; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 7–11% of Slovakia's population

Languages: Slovak (official) 81.8%, Hungarian 8.5%, Roma 1.8%, other 2.2%, unspecified 5.7% (2021 est.)
Major-language samples: Svetova Kniha Faktov, nenahraditelny zdroj zakladnej informacie. (Slovak); Gheos World Guide, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions: Roman Catholic 55.8%, Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession 5.3%, Greek Catholic 4%, Reformed Christian 1.6%, other 3%, none 23.8%, unspecified 6.5% (2021 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 15.3% (male 444,033/female 408,902)
15-64 years: 66.5% (male 1,834,359/female 1,867,158)
65 years and over: 18.1% (2024 est.) (male 406,355/female 602,842)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 49.5
Youth dependency ratio: 23.7
Elderly dependency ratio: 25.8
Potential support ratio: 3.9 (2021 est.)

Median age
Total: 42.8 years (2024 est.)
Male: 41.3 years
Female: 44.4 years

Population growth rate: -0.08% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 10 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 11.2 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate: 0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country; slightly larger concentration in the west in proximity to the Czech border

Urbanization
Urban population: 54% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.17% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 441,000 BRATISLAVA (capital) (2023)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution and acid rain present human health risks and damage forests; land erosion caused by agricultural and mining practices; water pollution
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protection

Air pollutants
Particulate matter emissions: 15.89 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions: 32.42 megatons (2016 est.)
Methane emissions: 4.43 megatons (2020 est.)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 27.2 years (2020 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 5 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 5.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 5.7 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 77.2 years (2024 est.)
Male: 73.7 years
Female: 81 years

Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate: NA

Drinking water source
Improved urban: 100% of population
Unimproved rural: 0% of population
Unimproved total: 0% of population (2020 est.)
Unimproved urban: 0% of population

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density: 5.7 beds/1,000 population (2018)

Sanitation facility access
Improved urban: 99.9% of population
Improved rural: 100% of population
Improved total: 100% of population
Unimproved urban: 0.1% of population
Unimproved rural: 0% of population
Unimproved total: 0% of population (2020 est.)

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 20.5% (2016)

Alcohol consumption
Per capita total: 10.3 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita beer: 4.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita wine: 2.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita spirits: 4.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Per capita other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use
Total: 31.5% (2020 est.)
Male: 37.4% (2020 est.)
Female: 25.6% (2020 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: NA

Education expenditures: 4.6% of GDP (2020 est.)

Literacy
Total population: NA
Male: NA
Female: NA

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 15 years
Male: 14 years
Female: 15 years (2020)

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 19.4% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 21.6% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 15.8% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment


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Country name
Conventional long form: Slovak Republic
Conventional short form: Slovakia
Local long form: Slovenska republika
Local short form: Slovensko
Etymology: may derive from the medieval Latin word 'Slavus' (Slav), which had the local form 'Sloven', used since the 13th century to refer to the territory of Slovakia and its inhabitants

Government type: parliamentary republic

Capital
Name: Bratislava
Geographic coordinates: 48 09 N, 17 07 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: the name was adopted in 1919 after Czechoslovakia gained its independence and may derive from later transliterations of the 9th century military commander, Braslav, or the 11th century Bohemian Duke BRETISLAV I; alternatively, the name may derive from the Slovak words brat (brother) and slava (glory)

Administrative divisions: 8 regions (kraje, singular - kraj); Banska Bystrica, Bratislava, Kosice, Nitra, Presov, Trencin, Trnava, Zilina

Dependent areas

Independence: 1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia)

National holiday: Constitution Day, 1 September (1992)

Constitution
History: several previous (preindependence); latest passed by the National Council 1 September 1992, signed 3 September 1992, effective 1 October 1992
Amendments: proposed by the National Council; passage requires at least three-fifths majority vote of Council members; amended many times, last in 2020

Legal system: civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes
Note: legal code modified to comply with the obligations of Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Slovakia
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Peter PELLEGRINI (since 15 June 2024)
Head of government: Prime Minister Robert FICO (since 25 October 2023)
Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
Elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election first round held on 23 March 2024 with a runoff on 6 April 2024 (next to be held in 2,029); following National Council elections (every 4 years), the president designates a prime minister candidate, usually the leader of the party or coalition that wins the most votes, who must win a vote of confidence in the National Council
Election results: 2024: Peter PELLEGRINI elected president in the second round; percent of vote in second round Peter PELLEGRINI 53.1%; Ivan KORCOK 46.9%; percent of vote in first round - Ivan KORCOK (independent) 42.5%; Peter PELLEGRINI (Hlas-SD) 37%; Stefan HARABIN (independent) 11.7%, other 8.8%; ; 2019: Zuzana CAPUTOVA elected president in second round; percent of vote - Zuzana CAPUTOVA (PS) 58.4%, Maros SEFCOVIC (independent) 41.6%

Legislative branch
Description: unicameral National Council or Narodna Rada (150 seats; members directly elected in a single- and multi-seat constituencies by closed, party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms); 76 seats needed for a majority
Elections: last held on 30 September 2023 (next to be held by 2,027)
Elections results: percent of vote by party - SMER-SSD 23%, PS 18%, Hlas-SD 14.7%, OL'aNO 8.9%, KDH 6.8%, SaS 6.3%, SNS 5.6%; seats by party - SMER-SSD 42, PS 32, Hlas-SD 27, OL'aNO 16, KDH 12, SaS 11, SNS 10; composition - men 116, women 34, percentage women 22.7%

Judicial branch
Highest courts: Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic (consists of the court president, vice president, and approximately 80 judges organized into criminal, civil, commercial, and administrative divisions with 3- and 5-judge panels); Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic (consists of 13 judges organized into 3-judge panels)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judge candidates nominated by the Judicial Council of the Slovak Republic, an 18-member self-governing body that includes the Supreme Court chief justice and presidential, governmental, parliamentary, and judiciary appointees; judges appointed by the president serve for life subject to removal by the president at age 65; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Council of the Republic and appointed by the president; judges serve 12-year terms
Subordinate courts: regional and district civil courts; Special Criminal Court; Higher Military Court; military district courts; Court of Audit;

Political parties and leaders: Alliance-Szovetseg or A-S, Christian Union or KÚ, Civic Conservative Party or OKS, Democrats, Direction-Social Democracy or Smer-SSD, For the People or Za Ludi, Freedom and Solidarity or SaS, Life National Party or Život–NS (formerly Christian Democracy - Life and Prosperity - Alliance for Slovkia), New Majority or NOVA, Ordinary People and Independent Personalities - New Majority or OLaNO-NOVA, People's Party Our Slovakia or LSNS, Progressive Slovakia or PS, Republic, Slovak National Party or SNS, Voice - Social Democracy or Hlas-SD, We Are Family or Sme-Rodina (formerly Party of Citizens of Slovakia)

International organization participation: Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us: chief of mission: Ambassador Radovan JAVORČÍK (since 18 January 2021)
In the us chancery: 3,523 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 237-1054
In the us fax: [1] (202) 237-6,438
In the us email address and website: emb.washington@mzv.sk; [link]
In the us consulates general: New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Gautam A. RANA (since 28 September 2022)
From the us embassy: P.O. Box 309, 814 99 Bratislava
From the us mailing address: 5,840 Bratislava Place, Washington DC 20,521-5,840
From the us telephone: [421] (2) 5,443-3,338
From the us fax: [421] (2) 5,441-8,861
From the us email address and website: consulbratislava@state.gov; [link]

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red derive from the Pan-Slav colors; the Slovakian coat of arms (consisting of a red shield bordered in white and bearing a white double-barred cross of St. Cyril and St. Methodius surmounting three blue hills) is centered over the bands but offset slightly to the hoist side
Note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia

National symbols: double-barred cross (Cross of St. Cyril and St. Methodius) surmounting three peaks; national colors: white, blue, red

National anthem
Name: 'Nad Tatrou sa blyska' (Lightning Over the Tatras)
Lyrics/music: Janko MATUSKA/traditional
Note: adopted 1993, in use since 1844; music based on the Slovak folk song 'Kopala studienku' (She was digging a well)

National heritage
Total world heritage sites: 8 (6 cultural, 2 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales:


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Economy overview: high-income EU- and eurozone-member economy; manufacturing and exports led by automotive sector; weakening of anti-corruption laws may impact foreign investment and status of EU funds; influx of foreign labor offsets aging workforce; widening fiscal deficit from social spending and EU-financed public investments

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $213.053 billion (2023 est.); $209.705 billion (2022 est.); $205.856 billion (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Real gdp growth rate: 1.6% (2023 est.); 1.87% (2022 est.); 4.77% (2021 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: $39,300 (2023 est.); $38,600 (2022 est.); $37,800 (2021 est.)
Note: data in 2021 dollars

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 58.9% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 20.1% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 22% (2023 est.)
Investment in inventories: -2.3% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 91.4% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -90.1% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 2% (2023 est.)
Industry: 32.7% (2023 est.)
Services: 56.5% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Agriculture products: wheat, sugar beets, milk, maize, barley, rapeseed, sunflower seeds, potatoes, soybeans, pork (2022)
Note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Industries: automobiles; metal and metal products; electricity, gas, coke, oil, nuclear fuel; chemicals, synthetic fibers, wood and paper products; machinery; earthenware and ceramics; textiles; electrical and optical apparatus; rubber products; food and beverages; pharmaceutical

Industrial production growth rate: 15.61% (2023 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force: 2.823 million (2023 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate: 5.84% (2023 est.); 6.14% (2022 est.); 6.89% (2021 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment
Rate ages 15 24 total: 19.4% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 male: 21.6% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 female: 15.8% (2023 est.)
Rate ages 15 24 note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Population below poverty line: 13.7% (2021 est.)
Note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $43.882 billion (2022 est.)
Expenditures: $46.056 billion (2022 est.)
Note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Taxes and other revenues: 19.5% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Public debt: 64.51% of GDP (2022 est.)
Note: central government debt as a % of GDP

Revenue
From forest resources: 0.22% of GDP (2018 est.)
From coal: 0.01% of GDP (2018 est.)

Fiscal year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 10.53% (2023 est.); 12.77% (2022 est.); 3.15% (2021 est.)
Note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance: -$2.088 billion (2023 est.); -$8.452 billion (2022 est.); -$4.655 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Exports: $121.238 billion (2023 est.); $114.678 billion (2022 est.); $109.565 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: Germany 20%, Czechia 11%, Hungary 9%, Poland 7%, France 6% (2022)
Partners note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Commodities: cars, vehicle parts/accessories, video displays, broadcasting equipment, electricity (2022)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $118.869 billion (2023 est.); $120.622 billion (2022 est.); $109.265 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Partners: Czechia 18%, Germany 15%, Poland 9%, Russia 7%, Austria 7% (2022)
Partners note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Commodities: vehicle parts/accessories, broadcasting equipment, natural gas, cars, electricity (2022)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $11.288 billion (2023 est.); $10.28 billion (2022 est.); $9.61 billion (2021 est.)
Note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Debt external

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates:


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Electricity
Access electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 8.029 million kW (2022 est.)
Consumption: 26.372 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Exports: 15.336 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Imports: 16.709 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 1.236 billion kWh (2022 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 17.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 60.7% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources solar: 2.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 11.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 7.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Coal
Production: 2.343 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Consumption: 5.794 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Exports: 20,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 3.414 million metric tons (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 19 million metric tons (2022 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 7,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 94,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 9 million barrels (2021 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas
Production: 52.556 million m³ (2022 est.)
Consumption: 60.424 million m³ (2022 est.)
Imports: 6.241 billion m³ (2022 est.)
Proven reserves: 14.158 billion m³ (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 21.405 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 9.253 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 12.033 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 118,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 93.681 million Btu/person (2022 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 541,000 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 7.445 million (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 132 (2022 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet

Broadband fixed subscriptions


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Military expenditures: 2% of GDP (2024 est.); 2.1% of GDP (2023); 1.8% of GDP (2022); 1.7% of GDP (2021); 1.9% of GDP (2020)

Military and security forces: Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic (Ozbrojene Sily Slovenskej Republiky): Land Forces (Slovenské Pozemné Sily), Air Forces (Slovenské Vzdušné Sily), Special Operations Forces (Sily Pre Speciálne Operácie); Ministry of Interior: Slovak Police Force (SPF or Policajný Zbor) (2024)
Note: the SPF has sole responsibility for internal and border security

Military service age and obligation: 18-30 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription in peacetime suspended in 2004 (2023)
Note: as of 2021, women made up nearly 13% of the military's full-time personnel

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 4 (2020)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 45

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: OM

Airports: 114 (2024)

Heliports: 2 (2024)

Pipelines: 2,270 km gas transmission pipelines, 6,278 km high-pressure gas distribution pipelines, 27,023 km mid- and low-pressure gas distribution pipelines (2016), 510 km oil (2015) (2016)

Railways

Roadways
Total: 45,106 km (2022)

Waterways: 172 km (2012) (on Danube River)

Merchant marine

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 117,265 (Ukraine) (as of 14 April 2024)
Stateless persons: 2,940 (2022)

Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe; producer of synthetic drugs for regional market; consumer of MDMA (ecstasy)