Map of Slovenia | Geography | People | Government | Economy | Energy | Communication
Military | Transportation | Transnational Issues | Year: Guide1989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025 | More stats

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Background: The Slovene lands were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the latter's dissolution at the end of World War I. In 1918, Slovenia became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which was renamed Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia joined Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia as one of the constituent republics in the new Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). In 1990, Slovenia held its first multiparty elections, as well as a referendum on independence. Serbia responded with an economic blockade and military action, but after a short 10-day war, Slovenia declared independence in 1991. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004; it joined the euro zone and the Schengen Area in 2007.


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Location

Geographic coordinates

Map reference

Area
Total: 20,273 km²
Land: 20,151 km²
Water: 122 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than New Jersey

Land boundaries
Total: 1,211 km
Border countries (4): (4) Austria 299 km; Croatia 600 km; Hungary 94 km; Italy 218 km

Coastline: 46.6 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate: Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east

Terrain: a short southwestern coastal strip of Karst topography on the Adriatic; an alpine mountain region lies adjacent to Italy and Austria in the north; mixed mountains and valleys with numerous rivers to the east

Elevation
Highest point: Triglav 2,864 m
Lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
Mean elevation: 492 m

Natural resources

Land use
Agricultural land: 30.4% (2023 est.)
Arable land: 8.9% (2023 est.)
Permanent crops: 2.7% (2023 est.)
Permanent pasture: 18.8% (2023 est.)
Forest: 61.8% (2023 est.)
Other: 10.8% (2023 est.)

Irrigated land: 50 km² (2022)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards: flooding; earthquakes

Geography
Note: despite its small size, this eastern Alpine country controls some of Europe's major transit routes


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Population
Total: 2,097,893 (2024 est.)
Male: 1,051,044
Female: 1,046,849
Distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest are less dense
Growth rate: -0.1% (2024 est.)

Nationality

Ethnic groups

Languages: Slovene (official) 87.7%, Croatian 2.8%, Serbo-Croatian 1.8%, Bosnian 1.6%, Serbian 1.6%, Hungarian 0.4% (official, only in municipalities where Hungarian nationals reside), Italian 0.2% (official, only in municipalities where Italian nationals reside), other or unspecified 3.9% (2002 est.)
Major-language sample(s): ; Svetovni informativni zvezek - neobhoden vir osnovnih informacij. (Slovene); The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions: Catholic 69%, Orthodox 4%, Muslim 3%, Christian 1%, other 3%, atheist 14%, non-believer/agnostic 4%, refused to answer 2% (2019 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 14.3% (male 153,852/female 146,628)
15-64 years: 62.5% (male 683,573/female 627,788)
65 years and over: 23.2% (2024 est.) (male 213,619/female 272,433)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 58.5 (2024 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 22.8 (2024 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 35.7 (2024 est.)
Potential support ratio: 2.8 (2024 est.)

Median age
Total: 46.3 years (2024 est.)
Male: 45 years
Female: 47.9 years

Population growth rate: -0.1% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 10.5 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Net migration rate

Population distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest are less dense

Urbanization
Urban population: 56.1% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 286,000 LJUBLJANA (capital) (2018)

Environment

Air pollutants

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
Total population: 1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth

Maternal mortality ratio: 3 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 1.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 1.6 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 1.4 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 82.2 years (2024 est.)
Male: 79.4 years
Female: 85.2 years

Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Drinking water source
Total: 0.5% of population (2022 est.)

Current health expenditure

Physicians density

Hospital bed density

Sanitation facility access
Total: 0.8% of population (2022 est.)

Hiv/Aids

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

Education expenditures

Literacy

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education

Youth unemployment
Rate (ages 15-24): 3.4% (2024 est.); 3.7% (2023 est.); 4.1% (2022 est.)
Rate (ages 15-24) note: % of labor force seeking employment


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Country name

Government type

Capital
Name: Ljubljana
Geographic coordinates: 46 03 N, 14 31 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: by tradition, the name is related to the Slovene word ljubljena, meaning 'beloved,' but the origin is probably pre-Slavic and remains obscure

Administrative divisions: 200 municipalities (obcine, singular - obcina) and 12 urban municipalities (mestne obcine, singular - mestna obcina)
Municipalities: Ajdovscina, Ankaran, Apace, Beltinci, Benedikt, Bistrica ob Sotli, Bled, Bloke, Bohinj, Borovnica, Bovec, Braslovce, Brda, Brezice, Brezovica, Cankova, Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Cerknica, Cerkno, Cerkvenjak, Cirkulane, Crensovci, Crna na Koroskem, Crnomelj, Destrnik, Divaca, Dobje, Dobrepolje, Dobrna, Dobrova-Polhov Gradec, Dobrovnik/Dobronak, Dolenjske Toplice, Dol pri Ljubljani, Domzale, Dornava, Dravograd, Duplek, Gorenja Vas-Poljane, Gorisnica, Gorje, Gornja Radgona, Gornji Grad, Gornji Petrovci, Grad, Grosuplje, Hajdina, Hoce-Slivnica, Hodos, Horjul, Hrastnik, Hrpelje-Kozina, Idrija, Ig, Ilirska Bistrica, Ivancna Gorica, Izola/Isola, Jesenice, Jezersko, Jursinci, Kamnik, Kanal ob Soci, Kidricevo, Kobarid, Kobilje, Kocevje, Komen, Komenda, Kosanjevica na Krki, Kostel, Kozje, Kranjska Gora, Krizevci, Kungota, Kuzma, Lasko, Lenart, Lendava/Lendva, Litija, Ljubno, Ljutomer, Log-Dragomer, Logatec, Loska Dolina, Loski Potok, Lovrenc na Pohorju, Luce, Lukovica, Majsperk, Makole, Markovci, Medvode, Menges, Metlika, Mezica, Miklavz na Dravskem Polju, Miren-Kostanjevica, Mirna, Mirna Pec, Mislinja, Mokronog-Trebelno, Moravce, Moravske Toplice, Mozirje, Muta, Naklo, Nazarje, Odranci, Oplotnica, Ormoz, Osilnica, Pesnica, Piran/Pirano, Pivka, Podcetrtek, Podlehnik, Podvelka, Poljcane, Polzela, Postojna, Prebold, Preddvor, Prevalje, Puconci, Race-Fram, Radece, Radenci, Radlje ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne na Koroskem, Razkrizje, Recica ob Savinji, Rence-Vogrsko, Ribnica, Ribnica na Pohorju, Rogaska Slatina, Rogasovci, Rogatec, Ruse, Salovci, Selnica ob Dravi, Semic, Sempeter-Vrtojba, Sencur, Sentilj, Sentjernej, Sentjur, Sentrupert, Sevnica, Sezana, Skocjan, Skofja Loka, Skofljica, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Smarje pri Jelsah, Smarjeske Toplice, Smartno ob Paki, Smartno pri Litiji, Sodrazica, Solcava, Sostanj, Sredisce ob Dravi, Starse, Store, Straza, Sveta Ana, Sveta Trojica v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Andraz v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Jurij ob Scavnici, Sveti Jurij v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Tomaz, Tabor, Tisina, Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trnovska Vas, Trzic, Trzin, Turnisce, Velika Polana, Velike Lasce, Verzej, Videm, Vipava, Vitanje, Vodice, Vojnik, Vransko, Vrhnika, Vuzenica, Zagorje ob Savi, Zalec, Zavrc, Zelezniki, Zetale, Ziri, Zirovnica, Zrece, Zuzemberk
Urban municipalities: Celje, Koper, Kranj, Krsko, Ljubljana, Maribor, Murska Sobota, Nova Gorica, Novo Mesto, Ptuj, Slovenj Gradec, Velenje

Dependent areas

Independence

National holiday

Constitution

Legal system: civil law system

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship

Suffrage

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Natasa PIRC MUSAR (since 23 December 2022)
Head of government: Prime Minister Robert GOLOB (since 1 June 2022)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly
Election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term); following National Assembly elections, the president usually nominates the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister, and the National Assembly elects the nominee
Most recent election date: 23 October 2022, with a runoff on 13 November 2022
2022: Natasa PIRC MUSAR elected president in second round: percent of vote in first round - Anze LOGAR (SDS) 34%, Natasa PIRC MUSAR (independent) 26.9%, Milan BRGLEZ (SD) 15.5%, Vladimir PREBILIC (independent) 10.6%, Sabina SENCAR (Resni.ca) 5.9%, Janez CIGLER KRALJ (NSi) 4.4%, other 2.7%; percent of vote in second round - Natasa PIRC MUSAR 53.9%, Anze LOGAR 46.1%; Robert GOLOB (GS) elected prime minister on 25 May 2022, National Assembly vote - 54-30
2017: Borut PAHOR reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Borut PAHOR (independent) 47.1%, Marjan SAREC (Marjan Sarec List) 25%, Romana TOMC (SDS) 13.7%, Ljudmila NOVAK (NSi) 7.2%, other 7%; percent of vote in second round - Borut PAHOR 52.9%, Marjan SAREC 47.1%
Expected date of next election: 2,027

Legislative branch
Legislative structure: bicameral

Judicial branch

Political parties and leaders

International organization participation

Diplomatic representation

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red; the Slovenian seal (a shield with Triglav, the country's highest peak, in white on a blue background) is at the center, with two wavy blue lines under it; three six-pointed stars in an inverted triangle appear on the upper-left

National symbols

National anthem
Title: 'Zdravljica' (A Toast)
Lyrics/music: France PRESEREN/Stanko PREMRL
History: adopted in 1989; originally written in 1848; only the seventh verse of the poem is used as the anthem

National heritage
Total World Heritage Sites: 5 (3 cultural, 2 natural)
Selected World Heritage Site locales:


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Economy overview

Real gdp purchasing power parity

Real gdp growth rate: 1.6% (2024 est.); 2.1% (2023 est.); 2.7% (2022 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: 1.6% (2024 est.); 2.1% (2023 est.); 2.7% (2022 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Gross national saving

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 52.3% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 19.2% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 21.3% (2023 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.9% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 83.3% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -76.8% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 1.5% (2024 est.)
Industry: 28.8% (2024 est.)
Services: 58.2% (2024 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Agriculture products

Industries: ferrous metallurgy and aluminum products, lead and zinc smelting; electronics (including military electronics), trucks, automobiles, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools

Industrial production growth rate: 1.8% (2024 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force: 1.058 million (2024 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate: 3.4% (2024 est.); 3.7% (2023 est.); 4.1% (2022 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment
Rate (ages 15-24): 3.4% (2024 est.); 3.7% (2023 est.); 4.1% (2022 est.)
Rate (ages 15-24) note: % of labor force seeking employment

Population below poverty line

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share

Distribution of family income gini index

Budget
Revenues: $28.874 billion (2023 est.)
Expenditures: $30.714 billion (2023 est.)
Note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Taxes and other revenues: 20.3% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Public debt

Revenue

Fiscal year

Inflation rate consumer prices

Central bank discount rate

Commercial bank prime lending rate

Stock of narrow money

Stock of broad money

Stock of domestic credit

Market value of publicly traded shares

Current account balance

Exports: $59.159 billion (2024 est.); $57.66 billion (2023 est.); $56.51 billion (2022 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Commodities: packaged medicine, cars, refined petroleum, vehicle parts/accessories, plastic products (2023)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $54.583 billion (2024 est.); $53.309 billion (2023 est.); $55.158 billion (2022 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Commodities: nitrogen compounds, packaged medicine, refined petroleum, cars, vaccines (2023)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Debt external

Stock of direct foreign investment at home

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad

Exchange rates


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Electricity
Installed generating capacity: 4.739 million kW (2023 est.)
Consumption: 12.953 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Exports: 10.62 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Imports: 9.114 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 774.138 million kWh (2023 est.)
Access electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 24.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Generation sources nuclear: 35.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Generation sources solar: 6.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 31.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Generation sources biomass and waste: 2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Coal
Production: 2.44 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Consumption: 2.309 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Exports: 2,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Imports: 866,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Proven reserves: 95 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum
Total petroleum production: 4 bbl/day (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 44,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)

Crude oil

Refined petroleum

Natural gas
Production: 4.014 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Consumption: 811.395 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Exports: 11.387 million cubic meters (2018 est.)
Imports: 810.948 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 10.772 million metric tonnes of CO&sub2; (2023 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 2.706 million metric tonnes of CO&sub2; (2023 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 6.521 million metric tonnes of CO&sub2; (2023 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 1.545 million metric tonnes of CO&sub2; (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 104.502 million Btu/person (2023 est.)


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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 647,000 (2023 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2023 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 2.73 million (2023 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 126 (2022 est.)

Telephone system

Broadcast media

Internet
Users percent of population: 90% (2023 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 683,000 (2023 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 32 (2023 est.)


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Military expenditures: 2% of GDP (2025 est.); 1.4% of GDP (2024 est.); 1.3% of GDP (2023 est.); 1.3% of GDP (2022 est.); 1.2% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation

Space program

Terrorist groups


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National air transport system

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports: 42 (2025)

Heliports: 4 (2025)

Pipelines

Railways
Total: 1,207 km (2020) 609 km electrified

Roadways

Waterways

Merchant marine
Total: 8 (2023)
By type: other 8

Ports and terminals


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Disputes international

Refugees and internally displaced persons

Illicit drugs