Background: The landlocked Principality of Andorra -- one of the smallest states in Europe and nestled high in the Pyrenees between the French and Spanish borders -- is the last independent survivor of the Hispanic March states created by Frankish King Charlemagne in 795 after he halted the Moorish invasion of Spain. The March states were a series of buffer states to keep the Muslim Moors from advancing into Christian France. For 715 years, from 1278 to 1993, Andorrans lived under a unique co-principality, ruled by French and Spanish leaders (from 1607 onward, the French chief of state and the Bishop of Urgell). In 1993, this feudal system was modified with the introduction of a modern constitution; the co-princes remained as titular heads of state, but the government transformed into a parliamentary democracy. Andorra's winter sports, summer climate, and duty-free shopping attract approximately 8 million people each year. Andorra has also become a wealthy international commercial center because of its mature banking sector and low taxes. As part of the effort to modernize its economy, Andorra has opened to foreign investment and engaged in other reforms, such as tax initiatives aimed at supporting broader infrastructure. Although not a member of the EU, Andorra enjoys a special relationship with the bloc that is governed by various customs and cooperation agreements, and Andorra uses the euro as its national currency.

Area
Total: 468 km²
Land: 468 km²
Water: 0 km²
Comparative: 2.5 times the size of Washington, D.C.

Land boundaries
Total: 118 km
Border countries (2): (2) France 55 km; Spain 63 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers

Terrain: rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys

Elevation
Highest point: Pic de Coma Pedrosa 2,946 m
Lowest point: Riu Runer 840 m
Mean elevation: 1,996 m

Land use
Agricultural land: 39.9% (2023 est.)
Arable land: 1.6% (2023 est.)
Permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
Permanent pasture: 38.3% (2023 est.)
Forest: 38.7% (2023 est.)
Other: 21.4% (2023 est.)

Irrigated land: 0 km² (2022)

Natural hazards: avalanches

Geography
Note: landlocked; straddles a number of important crossroads in the Pyrenees

Population
Total: 85,370 (2024 est.)
Male: 43,652
Female: 41,718
Distribution: population is unevenly distributed and is concentrated in the seven urbanized valleys that make up the country's parishes (political administrative divisions)
Growth rate: -0.12% (2024 est.)

Languages: Catalan (official) 44.1%, Castilian 40.3%, Portuguese 13.5%, French 10%, English 3%, other 6.8% (2022 est.)
Note: data represent mother tongue

Religions: Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 89.5, other 8.8%, unaffiliated 1.7% (2020 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 12% (male 5,276/female 4,954)
15-64 years: 67.7% (male 29,562/female 28,201)
65 years and over: 20.4% (2024 est.) (male 8,814/female 8,563)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 47.8 (2024 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 17.7 (2024 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 30.1 (2024 est.)
Potential support ratio: 3.3 (2024 est.)

Median age
Total: 48.8 years (2024 est.)
Male: 48.7 years
Female: 48.8 years

Population growth rate: -0.12% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 6.9 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 8.1 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution: population is unevenly distributed and is concentrated in the seven urbanized valleys that make up the country's parishes (political administrative divisions)

Urbanization
Urban population: 87.8% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.11% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 23,000 ANDORRA LA VELLA (capital) (2018)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 11 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 3.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 3.4 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 3.2 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 83.8 years (2024 est.)
Male: 81.6 years
Female: 86.2 years

Total fertility rate: 1.47 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Drinking water source
Urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Capital
Name: Andorra la Vella
Geographic coordinates: 42 30 N, 1 31 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: translates as 'Andorra the Old' in Catalan

Administrative divisions: 7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Andorra la Vella, Canillo, Encamp, Escaldes-Engordany, La Massana, Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria

Legal system: mixed legal system of civil and customary law with the influence of canon (religious) law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Executive branch
Chief of state: Co-prince Emmanuel MACRON (since 14 May 2017); represented by Patrick STROZDA (since 14 May 2017); and Co-prince Archbishop Joan-Enric VIVES i Sicilia (since 12 May 2003); represented by Eduard Ibanez PULIDO (since 27 November 2023)
Head of government: Prime Minister Xavier Espot ZAMORA (since 16 May 2019)
Cabinet: Executive Council composed of head of government and 11 ministers designated by the head of government
Election/appointment process: head of government indirectly elected by the General Council (Andorran parliament), formally appointed by the co-princes for a 4-year term; the leader of the majority party in the General Council is usually elected head of government
Most recent election date: 2 April 2023
2023: Xaviar Espot ZAMORA (DA) reelected head of government; percent of General Council vote - 57.1%
2019: Xaviar Espot ZAMORA (DA) elected head of government; percent of General Council vote - 60.7
Expected date of next election: April 2,027

Legislative branch
Legislature name: General Council (Consell General)
Legislative structure: unicameral
Number of seats: 28 (all directly elected)
Electoral system: mixed system
Scope of elections: full renewal
Term in office: 4 years
Most recent election date: 4/2/2023
Parties elected and seats per party: Democrats for Andorra (DA) and its allies (17); Concordia (Concòrdia) and its allies (5); Andorra Forward (Andorra Endavant) (3); Social Democrat Party (PS) - Social Democracy and Progress (SDP) (3)
Percentage of women in chamber: 50%
Expected date of next election: April 2,027
Note: voters cast two separate ballots -- one for the national election and one for their parish

Flag description: three vertical bands of blue (left side), yellow, and red, with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band, which is slightly wider than the other two; the coat of arms features a quartered shield with the emblems of Urgell, Foix, Bearn, and Catalonia; the motto reads VIRTUS UNITA FORTIOR (Strength United is Stronger)

National anthem
Title: 'El Gran Carlemany' (The Great Charlemagne)
Lyrics/music: Joan BENLLOCH i VIVO/Enric MARFANY BONS
History: adopted 1921; the anthem provides a brief history of Andorra in a first-person narrative

National heritage
Total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)
Selected World Heritage Site locales:

Real gdp growth rate: 3.4% (2024 est.); 2.6% (2023 est.); 9.6% (2022 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: 3.4% (2024 est.); 2.6% (2023 est.); 9.6% (2022 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 0.5% (2024 est.)
Industry: 12.8% (2024 est.)
Services: 77.6% (2024 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Industries: tourism (particularly skiing), banking, timber, furniture

Industrial production growth rate: 6% (2024 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Budget
Revenues: $1.054 billion (2023 est.)
Expenditures: $989.38 million (2023 est.)
Note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Exports: $3.169 billion (2023 est.); $2.736 billion (2022 est.); $2.446 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Commodities: paintings, integrated circuits, cars, orthopedic appliances, garments (2023)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $2.716 billion (2023 est.); $2.44 billion (2022 est.); $2.143 billion (2021 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Commodities: cars, refined petroleum, garments, perfumes, electricity (2023)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Electricity
Access electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 52,000 (2023 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 64 (2023 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 126,000 (2023 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 142 (2022 est.)

Internet
Users percent of population: 95% (2023 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 42,000 (2023 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 52 (2023 est.)

Heliports: 2 (2025)