Background: Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and a constituent part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands after the Congress of Vienna. When Belgium declared independence from the Netherlands in 1839, Luxembourg lost more than half of its territory to Belgium but gained a larger measure of autonomy within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Luxembourg gained full independence in 1867 by promising to remain permanently neutral. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, its neutrality ended in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the EEC (later the EU), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency zone.

Area
Total: 2,586 km²
Land: 2,586 km²
Water: 0 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than Rhode Island; about half the size of Delaware

Land boundaries
Total: 327 km
Border countries (3): (3) Belgium 130 km; France 69 km; Germany 128 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

Terrain: mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast

Elevation
Highest point: Buurgplaatz 559 m
Lowest point: Moselle River 133 m
Mean elevation: 325 m

Land use
Agricultural land: 51.7% (2023 est.)
Arable land: 23.8% (2023 est.)
Permanent crops: 0.6% (2023 est.)
Permanent pasture: 27.1% (2023 est.)
Forest: 34.5% (2023 est.)
Other: 13.9% (2023 est.)

Irrigated land: 0 km² (2012)

Natural hazards: occasional flooding

Geography
Note: landlocked

Population
Total: 671,254 (2024 est.)
Male: 338,702
Female: 332,552
Distribution: most people live in the south, on or near the border with France
Growth rate: 1.52% (2024 est.)

Languages: Luxembourgish (official administrative, judicial, and national language) 48.9%, Portuguese 15.4%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 14.9%, Italian 3.6%, English 3.6%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 2.9%, other 10.8% (2021 est.)

Religions: Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.6%, Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish) 0.4%, unaffiliated 26.7% (2020 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 16.7% (male 57,921/female 54,484)
15-64 years: 67.1% (male 231,214/female 219,497)
65 years and over: 16.1% (2024 est.) (male 49,567/female 58,571)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 46.6 (2024 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 23.2 (2024 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 23.4 (2024 est.)
Potential support ratio: 4.3 (2024 est.)

Median age
Total: 39.9 years (2024 est.)
Male: 39.4 years
Female: 40.4 years

Population growth rate: 1.52% (2024 est.)

Birth rate: 11.6 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Death rate: 7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Population distribution: most people live in the south, on or near the border with France

Urbanization
Urban population: 92.1% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: 120,000 LUXEMBOURG (capital) (2018)

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 3.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
Male: 3.6 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 2.8 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 83.4 years (2024 est.)
Male: 80.9 years
Female: 85.9 years

Total fertility rate: 1.63 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Drinking water source
Urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Rural: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)
Total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access
Urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Rural: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)
Total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Youth unemployment
Rate (ages 15-24): 6% (2024 est.); 5.2% (2023 est.); 4.6% (2022 est.)
Rate (ages 15-24) note: % of labor force seeking employment

Capital
Name: Luxembourg
Geographic coordinates: 49 36 N, 6 07 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Etymology: probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean 'little fortress;' the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country

Administrative divisions: 12 cantons; Capellen, Clervaux, Diekirch, Echternach, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg, Mersch, Redange, Remich, Vianden, Wiltz

Legal system: civil law system

International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Executive branch
Chief of state: Grand Duke GUILLAUME (since 3 October 2025)
Head of government: Prime Minister Luc FRIEDEN (since 17 November 2023)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the monarch
Election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary; following elections to the Chamber of Deputies, monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister; deputy prime minister also appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies

Legislative branch
Legislature name: Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des députés)
Legislative structure: unicameral
Number of seats: 60 (all directly elected)
Electoral system: proportional representation
Scope of elections: full renewal
Term in office: 5 years
Most recent election date: 10/8/2023
Parties elected and seats per party: Christian Social People's Party (CSV) (21); Democratic Party (PD/DP) (14); Socialist Workers' Party (POSL/LSAP) (11); Alternative Democratic Reform Party (ADR) (5); Greens (DEI GRÉNG) (4); Pirate Party (PIRATEN) (3); Other (2)
Percentage of women in chamber: 35%
Expected date of next election: October 2,028
Note: a 21-member Council of State is appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister and serves as an advisory body to the Chamber of Deputies

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue

National anthem
Title: “De Wilhelmus” (The William)
Lyrics/music: Nikolaus WELTER
History: adopted 1919; royal anthem, for use when members of the grand ducal family enter or exit a ceremony in Luxembourg

National heritage
Total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)
Selected World Heritage Site locales:

Real gdp growth rate: 1% (2024 est.); -0.7% (2023 est.); -1.1% (2022 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real gdp per capita: 1% (2024 est.); -0.7% (2023 est.); -1.1% (2022 est.)
Note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 31.6% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 18.6% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 16.1% (2023 est.)
Investment in inventories: 1.3% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 217.8% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -186.7% (2023 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 0.2% (2024 est.)
Industry: 9% (2024 est.)
Services: 81.9% (2024 est.)
Note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Industries: banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology

Industrial production growth rate: -1.1% (2024 est.)
Note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Labor force: 350,000 (2024 est.)
Note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Unemployment rate: 6% (2024 est.); 5.2% (2023 est.); 4.6% (2022 est.)
Note: % of labor force seeking employment

Youth unemployment
Rate (ages 15-24): 6% (2024 est.); 5.2% (2023 est.); 4.6% (2022 est.)
Rate (ages 15-24) note: % of labor force seeking employment

Budget
Revenues: $37.951 billion (2023 est.)
Expenditures: $38.263 billion (2023 est.)
Note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Taxes and other revenues: 27.2% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
Note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Exports: $202.203 billion (2024 est.); $195.294 billion (2023 est.); $184.53 billion (2022 est.)
Note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Commodities: iron blocks, gas turbines, plastic products, rubber tires, plastics (2023)
Commodities note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Imports: $160.032 billion (2024 est.); $156.818 billion (2023 est.); $149.751 billion (2022 est.)
Note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Commodities: cars, refined petroleum, electricity, plastic products, gas turbines (2023)
Commodities note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Electricity
Installed generating capacity: 2.212 million kW (2023 est.)
Consumption: 5.87 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Exports: 1.188 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Imports: 6.39 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 141.867 million kWh (2023 est.)
Access electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels: 10.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Generation sources solar: 37.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Generation sources wind: 55.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity: -35.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) note: Luxembourg has negative net hydroelectric power generation based on losses from use of pumped storage hydropower
Generation sources biomass and waste: 32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Coal
Consumption: 34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Exports: 30.2 metric tons (2022 est.)
Imports: 34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum
Refined petroleum consumption: 51,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)

Natural gas
Consumption: 556.63 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Imports: 552.714 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions: 8.715 million metric tonnes of CO&sub2; (2023 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 75,000 metric tonnes of CO&sub2; (2023 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 7.496 million metric tonnes of CO&sub2; (2023 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 1.144 million metric tonnes of CO&sub2; (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita: 224.651 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 260,000 (2022 est.)
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 40 (2022 est.)
Mobile cellular total subscriptions: 961,000 (2023 est.)
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 137 (2021 est.)

Internet
Users percent of population: 99% (2024 est.)

Broadband fixed subscriptions
Total: 250,000 (2022 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 38 (2022 est.)

Military expenditures: 2% of GDP (2025 est.); 1.2% of GDP (2024 est.); 1.1% of GDP (2023 est.); 0.6% of GDP (2022 est.); 0.5% of GDP (2021 est.)

Airports: 3 (2025)

Heliports: 11 (2025)

Railways
Total: 271 km (2020) 262 km electrified

Merchant marine
Total: 147 (2023)
By type: bulk carrier 3, container ship 1, general cargo 24, oil tanker 4, other 115