Background: Indonesia declared its independence in 1945 from the Netherlands, a claim disputed, then recognized by the Dutch in 1949. In 1975 Indonesian troops occupied Portuguese East Timor. Current issues include implementing IMF-mandated reforms (particularly restructuring and recapitalizing the insolvent banking sector), effecting a transition to a popularly elected government, addressing longstanding grievances over the role of the ethnic Chinese business class and charges of cronyism and corruption, alleged human rights violations by the military, the role of the military and religion in politics, and growing pressures for some form of independence or autonomy by Aceh, Irian Jaya, and East Timor.

Map reference: Southeast Asia

Area
Total area total: 1,919,440 km²
Land: 1,826,440 km²
Comparative: slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Land boundaries: total 2,602 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Coastline: 54,716 km

Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Natural resources: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Land use
Arable land: 8%
Permanent crops: 3%
Meadows and pastures: 7%
Forest and woodland: 67%
Other: 15%

Irrigated land: 75,500 km² (1989 est.)

Geography
Note: archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited; straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

Population: 203,583,886 (July 1995 est.)
Growth rate: 1.56% (1995 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Indonesian(s)
Adjective: Indonesian

Ethnic groups: Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26%

Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official), English, Dutch, local dialects the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Religions: Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1985)

Age structure
0-14 years: 32% (female 32,548,039; male 33,485,810)
15-64 years: 64% (female 65,394,816; male 64,914,362)
65 years and over: 4% (female 4,027,367; male 3,213,492) (July 1995 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.56% (1995 est.)

Birth rate: 24.06 births/1000 population (1995 est.)

Death rate: 8.48 deaths/1000 population (1995 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1000 population (1995 est.)

Environment
Current issues: deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas
Current issues natural hazards: occasional floods, severe droughts, and tsunamis
Current issues international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Marine Life Conservation, Tropical Timber 94

Infant mortality rate: 65 deaths/1000 live births (1995 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 61.22 years
Male: 59.13 years
Female: 63.42 years (1995 est.)

Total fertility rate: 2.74 children born/woman (1995 est.)

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990)
Total population: 82%
Male: 88%
Female: 75%

Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
Conventional short form: Indonesia
Local long form: Republik Indonesia
Local short form: Indonesia
Former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

Government type: republic

Capital: Jakarta

Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota; Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*

Independence: 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Constitution: August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Executive branch
Chief of state and head of government: President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993)
Cabinet: Cabinet

Legislative branch: unicameral
House of Representatives Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR: elections last held on 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - GOLKAR 68%, PPP 17%, PDI 15%; seats - (500 total, 400 elected, 100 military representatives appointed) GOLKAR 282, PPP 62, PDI 56
Note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five years to elect the president and vice president and, theoretically, to determine national policy

Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung)

International organization participation: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIH, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Arifin Mohamad SIREGAR
In the us chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,036
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 775-5,200
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 775-5,365
In the us consulates general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Robert L. BARRY
From the us embassy: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Box 1, Jakarta
From the us mailing address: APO AP 96,520
From the us telephone: [62] (21) 360,360
From the us FAX: [62] (21) 3,862,259
From the us consulates general: Medan, Surabaya

Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Economy overview: Indonesia is a mixed economy with some socialist institutions and central planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise. Indonesia has extensive natural wealth, yet, with a large and rapidly increasing population, it remains a rather poor country. Real GDP growth in 1985-94 averaged about 6%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the labor force. Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an important sector, accounting for 21% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force. The staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia is now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job generation. Industrial output now accounts for almost 40% of GDP and is based on a supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, timber, metals, and coal. Foreign investment has also boosted manufacturing output and exports in recent years. Indeed, the economy's growth is highly dependent on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Japan remains Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid. Rapid growth in the money supply in 1989-90 prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary policy in 1991, forcing the private sector to go to foreign banks for investment financing. Real interest rates remained above 10% and off-shore commercial debt grew. The growth in off-shore debt prompted Jakarta to limit foreign borrowing beginning in late 1991. Despite the continued problems in moving toward a more open financial system and the persistence of a fairly tight credit situation, GDP growth in 1992-94 has matched the government target of 6%-7% annual growth.

Real gdp growth rate: 6.7% (1994 est.)

Real gdp per capita: $3,090 (1994 est.)

Agriculture products: accounts for 21% of GDP; subsistence food production; small-holder and plantation production for export; main products are rice, cassava, peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products, poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Industries: petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber

Industrial production growth rate: 8.4% (1993 est.), accounts for 40% of GDP

Labor force: 67 million
By occupation agriculture: 55%
By occupation manufacturing: 10%
By occupation construction: 4%
By occupation transport and communications: 3% (1985est.)

Unemployment rate: 3% official rate; underemployment 40% (1994 est.)

Budget
Revenues: $32.8 billion
Expenditures: $32.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $12.9 billion (FY94/95)

Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March

Exports: $41.3 billion (f.o.b, 1994 est.)
Commodoties: manufactures 56.7%, fuels 24.8%, foodstuffs 11.1%, raw materials 7.4% (1994 est.)
Partners: Japan 30%, US 14%, Singapore 9%, South Korea 6%, Taiwan 4% (1993)

Imports: $31.4 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)
Commodoties: capital equipment 44.2%, intermed and raw materials 37.0%, consumer goods 11.5%, fuels 7.2% (1994 est.)
Partners: Japan 22%, US 11%, South Korea 7%, Germany 7%, Singapore 6%, Australia 5%, Taiwan 5% (1993)

Debt external: $87 billion (1994)

Exchange rates: Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 2,203.6 (January 1995), 2,160.7 (1994), 2,087.1 (1993), 2,029.9 (1992), 1,950.3 (1991), 1,842.8 (1990)

Electricity
Capacity: 12,100,000 kW
Production: 44 billion kWh
Production consumption per capita: 207 kWh (1993)

Telephone system: 763,000 telephones (1986); domestic service fair, international service good
Local: NA
Intercity: interisland microwave system and HF police net; 1 earth station for a domestic satellite
International: 2 INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) earth stations

Military expenditures
Dollar figure: $2.4 billion, 1.5% of GNP (FY94/95)

Airports: 450
With paved runways over 3047 m: 3
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 10
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 35
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 42
With paved runways under 914 m: 324
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2438 m: 4
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 32

Pipelines: crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989)

Waterways: 21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km

Merchant marine
Total: 438 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,942,527 GRT/2,818,296 DWT
Ships by type: bulk 26, cargo 259, chemical tanker 7, container 11, liquefied gas tanker 6, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 85, passenger 6, passenger-cargo 12, roll-on/roll-off cargo 7, short-sea passenger 7, specialized tanker 7, vehicle carrier 4

Disputes international: sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal and not recognized by the UN; two islands in dispute with Malaysia

Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting traffickers; growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin; increasing indigenous methamphetamine abuse