Background: Kuwait was attacked and overrun by Iraq on 2 August 1990. Following several weeks of aerial bombardment a US-led UN coalition began a ground assault on 23 February 1991 that completely liberated Kuwait in four days. Kuwait has spent more than $5 billion dollars to repair oil infrastructure damaged during 1990-91.

Geographic coordinates: 29 30 N, 45 45 E

Map reference: Middle East

Area
Total: 17,820 km²
Land: 17,820 km²
Water: 0 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than New Jersey

Land boundaries
Total: 464 km
Border countries: (2) Iraq 242 km; , Saudi Arabia 222 km

Coastline: 499 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea:12 nm

Climate: dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters

Terrain: flat to slightly undulating desert plain

Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
Extremes highest point: unnamed location 306 m

Natural resources: petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas

Land use
Arable land: 0%
Permanent crops: 0%
Permanent pastures: 8%
Forests and woodland: 0%
Other: 92% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land: 20 km² (1993 est.)

Natural hazards: sudden cloudbursts are common from October to April, they bring inordinate amounts of rain which can damage roads and houses; sandstorms and dust storms occur throughout the year, but are most common between March and August

Geography
Note: strategic location at head of Persian Gulf

Population: 1,834,269 (July 1997 est.)
Note: includes 1,381,063 non-nationals (July 1997 est.)
Growth rate: 4.34% (1997 est.)
Growth rate note: this rate reflects the continued post-Gulf crisis return of expatriates

Nationality
Noun: Kuwaiti(s)
Adjective: Kuwaiti

Ethnic groups: Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%, other 7%

Languages: Arabic (official), English widely spoken

Religions: Muslim 85% (Shi'a 30%, Sunni 45%, other 10%), Christian, Hindu, Parsi, and other 15%

Age structure
0-14 years: 33% (male 333,251; female 272,206)
15-64 years: 65% (male 772,612; female 421,205)
65 years and over: 2% (male 21,028; female 13,967) (July 1997 est.)

Population growth rate: 4.34% (1997 est.)
Note: this rate reflects the continued post-Gulf crisis return of expatriates

Birth rate: 21.54 births/1000 population (1997 est.)

Death rate: 2.28 deaths/1000 population (1997 est.)

Net migration rate: 24.14 migrant(s)/1000 population (1997 est.)

Environment
Current issues: limited natural fresh water resources; some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities provide much of the water; air and water pollution; desertification

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
Under 15 years: 1.22 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.83 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.51 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.59 male(s)/female (1997 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 11.2 deaths/1000 live births (1997 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 76.44 years
Male: 74.43 years
Female: 78.56 years (1997 est.)

Total fertility rate: 3.54 children born/woman (1997 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 78.6%
Male: 82.2%
Female: 74.9% (1995 est.)

Country name
Conventional long form: State of Kuwait
Conventional short form: Kuwait
Local long form: Dawlat al Kuwayt
Local short form: Al Kuwayt

Government type: nominal constitutional monarchy

Capital: Kuwait

Administrative divisions: 5 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah; Al Ahmadi, Al Jahrah, Al Kuwayt, Hawalli, Al Farwaniyah

Independence: 19 June 1961 (from UK)

National holiday: National Day, 25 February (1950)

Constitution: approved and promulgated 11 November 1962

Legal system: civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: adult males who have been naturalized for 30 years or more or have resided in Kuwait since before 1920 and their male descendants at age 21
Note: only 10% of all citizens are eligible to vote; in 1996, naturalized citizens who do not meet the pre-1920 qualification but have been naturalized for 30 years were eligible to vote for the first time

Executive branch
Chief of state: Amir JABIR al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah (since 31 December 1977)
Head of government: Prime Minister and Crown Prince SAAD al-Abdallah al-Salim Al Sabah (since 8 February 1978); First Deputy Prime Minister SABAH al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah (since 17 October 1992); Second Deputy Prime Minister SALIM al-Sabah al-Salim Al Sabah (since 7 October 1996)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister and approved by the amir
Elections: none; the amir is a hereditary monarch of the MUBARAK line of the ruling Sabah family; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the amir

Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-Umma (50 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
Elections: last held 7 October 1996 (next to be held NA October 2000)
Election results: percent of vote - NA; seats - independents 50; note - all cabinet ministers are also ex officio members of the National Assembly

Judicial branch: High Court of Appeal

International organization participation: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BDEAC, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador MUHAMMAD al-Sabah al-Salim Al SABAH
In the us chancery: 2,940 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 966-0702
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 966-0517
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Ryan C. CROCKER
From the us embassy: Bneid al-Gar (opposite the Kuwait International Hotel), Kuwait City
From the us mailing address: P.O. Box 77, SAFAT, 13,001 SAFAT, Kuwait; Unit 6,900, APO AE 9,880-9,000
From the us telephone: [965] 539-5,307 or 539-5,308
From the us FAX: [965] 538-0282

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black trapezoid based on the hoist side

Economy overview: Kuwait is a small and relatively open economy with proved crude oil reserves of about 94 billion barrels - 10% of world reserves. Kuwait has rebuilt its war-ravaged petroleum sector; its crude oil production averaged 2 million barrels per day in 1996. Petroleum accounts for nearly half of GDP, 90% of export revenues, and 75% of government income. Kuwait lacks water and has practically no arable land, thus preventing development of agriculture. With the exception of fish, it depends almost wholly on food imports. About 75% of potable water must be distilled or imported. Because of its high per capita income, comparable with Western European incomes, Kuwait provides its citizens with extensive health, educational, and retirement benefits. The bulk of the work force is non-Kuwaiti, living at a considerably lower level. Per capita military expenditures are among the highest in the world. The economy improved moderately in 1994-96, with the growth in industry and finance. The World Bank has urged Kuwait to push ahead with privatization, including in the oil industry, but the government will move slowly on opening the petroleum sector.

Real gdp growth rate: 3% (1996 est.)

Real gdp per capita: purchasing power parity - $16,700 (1996 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 0%
Industry: 42%
Services: 58% (1994)

Agriculture products: practically no crops; extensive fishing in territorial waters

Industries: petroleum, petrochemicals, desalination, food processing, construction materials, salt, construction

Industrial production growth rate: 1% (1995 est.)

Labor force
Total: 1 million (1994 est.)
By occupation industry andagriculture: 25%
By occupation services: 25%
By occupation governmentandsocialservices: 50% (1994 est.)
Note: 72.07% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (July 1997 est.)

Unemployment rate: 1.8% (official 1996 est.)

Budget
Revenues: $10 billion
Expenditures: $14 billion, including capital expenditures of $N/A (FY96/97 est.)

Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June

Exports
Total value: $13.6 billion (f.o.b., 1996 est.)
Commodities: oil
Partners: Japan 23%, India 16%, US 12%, Singapore 10%, Netherlands 10% (1995 est.)

Imports
Total value: $8.4 billion (f.o.b., 1996 est.)
Commodities: food, construction materials, vehicles and parts, clothing
Partners: US 24%, UK 14%, France 13%, Japan 10%, Germany 8% (1995 est.)

Debt external: $8 billion (1995 est.)

Exchange rates: Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US$1 - 0.3010 (January 1997), 0.2994 (1996), 0.2984 (1995), 0.2976 (1994), 0.3017 (1993)

Electricity
Capacity: 6.99 million kW (1994)
Production: 21.76 billion kWh (1994)
Consumption per capita: 12,793 kWh (1995 est.)

Telephones: 548,000 (1991 est.)

Telephone system: the civil network suffered some damage as a result of the Gulf war, but most of the telephone exchanges were left intact and, by the end of 1994, domestic and international telecommunications had been restored to normal operation; the quality of service is excellent
Domestic: new telephone exchanges provide a large capacity for new subscribers; trunk traffic is carried by microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, open wire and fiber-optic cable; a cellular telephone system operates throughout Kuwait and the country is well supplied with pay telephones
International: coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean, 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean), and 1 Arabsat

Military expenditures
Dollar figure: $3.5 billion (FY95/96)
Percent of gdp: 12.8% (FY95/96)

Airports: 5 (1996 est.)
With paved runways total: 5
With paved runways over 3047 m: 3
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 1
With paved runways under 914 m: 1 (1996 est.)

Heliports: 1 (1996 est.)

Pipelines: crude oil 877 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 165 km

Railways: 0 km

Merchant marine
Total: 46 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,053,667 GRT/3,246,597 DWT
Ships by type: cargo 10, container 3, liquefied gas tanker 7, livestock carrier 4, oil tanker 21, vehicle carrier 1 (1996 est.)

Disputes international: in November 1994, Iraq formally accepted the UN-demarcated border with Kuwait which had been spelled out in Security Council Resolutions 687 (1991), 773 (1993), and 883 (1993; this formally ends earlier claims to Kuwait and to Bubiyan and Warbah islands; ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim islands disputed by Saudi Arabia