Background: Although greatly reduced in size since its heyday of the 16th century the Sultanate of Brunei sits atop extensive petroleum and natural gas fields the source of one of the highest per capita GDPs in the less developed countries.

Geographic coordinates: 4 30 N, 114 40 E

Map reference: Southeast Asia

Area
Total: 5,770 km²
Land: 5,270 km²
Water: 500 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than Delaware

Land boundaries
Total: 381 km
Border countries: (1) Malaysia 381 km

Coastline: 161 km

Maritime claims
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm or to median line
Territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate: tropical; hot, humid, rainy

Terrain: flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west

Elevation
Extremes lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
Extremes highest point: Bukit Pagon 1,850 m

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, timber

Land use
Arable land: 1%
Permanent crops: 1%
Permanent pastures: 1%
Forests and woodland: 85%
Other: 12% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land: 10 km² (1993 est.)

Natural hazards: typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are very rare

Geography
Note: close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and Pacific Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost an enclave of Malaysia

Population: 322,982 (July 1999 est.)
Growth rate: 2.38% (1999 est.)
Below poverty line: NA%

Nationality
Noun: Bruneian(s)
Adjective: Bruneian

Ethnic groups: Malay 64%, Chinese 20%, other 16%

Languages: Malay (official), English, Chinese

Religions: Muslim (official) 63%, Buddhism 14%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs and other 15% (1981)

Age structure
0-14 years: 33% (male 54,154; female 51,766)
15-64 years: 63% (male 106,492; female 95,921)
65 years and over: 4% (male 7,945; female 6,704) (1999 est.)

Population growth rate: 2.38% (1999 est.)

Birth rate: 24.69 births/1000 population (1999 est.)

Death rate: 5.21 deaths/1000 population (1999 est.)

Net migration rate: 4.35 migrant(s)/1000 population (1999 est.)

Environment
Current issues: seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia
International agreements party to: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
Under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.11 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.19 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.09 male(s)/female (1999 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 22.83 deaths/1000 live births (1999 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 71.84 years
Male: 70.35 years
Female: 73.42 years (1999 est.)

Total fertility rate: 3.33 children born/woman (1999 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 88.2%
Male: 92.6%
Female: 83.4% (1995 est.)

Country name
Conventional long form: Negara Brunei Darussalam
Conventional short form: Brunei

Government type: constitutional sultanate

Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan

Administrative divisions: 4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular_daerah; Belait, Brunei and Muara, Temburong, Tutong

Independence: 1 January 1984 (from UK)

National holiday: National Day, 23 February (1984)

Constitution: 29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984)

Legal system: based on English common law; for Muslims, Islamic Shari'a law supersedes civil law in a number of areas

Suffrage: none

Executive branch
Chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji HASSANAL Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah (since 5 October 1967); note_the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government
Head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji HASSANAL Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah (since 5 October 1967); note_the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government
Cabinet: Council of Cabinet Ministers appointed and presided over by the monarch; deals with executive matters
Note: there is also a Religious Council (members appointed by the monarch) that advises on religious matters, a Privy Council (members appointed by the monarch) that deals with constitutional matters, and the Council of Succession (members appointed by the monarch) that determines the succession to the throne if the need arises
Elections: none; the monarch is hereditary

Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council or Majlis Masyuarat Megeri (a privy council that serves only in a consultative capacity; NA seats; members appointed by the monarch)
Elections: last held in March 1962
Note: in 1970 the Council was changed to an appointive body by decree of the monarch; an elected Legislative Council is being considered as part of constitutional reform, but elections are unlikely for several years

Judicial branch: Supreme Court, chief justice and judges are sworn in by the monarch for three-year terms

International organization participation: APEC, ASEAN, C, CCC, ESCAP, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDB, IFRCS, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Pengiran Anak Dato Haji PUTEH Ibni Mohammad Alam
In the us chancery: Watergate, Suite 300, 3rd floor, 2,600 Virginia Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,037
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 342-0159
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 342-0158
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Glen Robert RASE
From the us embassy: Third Floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan, Bandar Seri Begawan
From the us mailing address: PSC 470 (BSB), FPO AP 96,534-0001
From the us telephone: [673] (2) 229,670
From the us FAX: [673] (2) 225,293

Flag description: yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in red is superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a swallow-tailed flag on top of a winged column within an upturned crescent above a scroll and flanked by two upraised hands

Economy overview: This small, wealthy economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, government regulation and welfare measures, and village tradition. It is almost totally supported by exports of crude oil and natural gas, with revenues from the petroleum sector accounting for over half of GDP. Per capita GDP is far above most other Third World countries, and substantial income from overseas investment supplements income from domestic production. The government provides for all medical services and subsidizes food and housing. The government is beginning to show progress on its basic policy of diversifying the economy away from oil and gas. Brunei's leaders are concerned that steadily increased integration in the world economy will undermine internal social cohesion. Because of low world oil prices and the Asian crisis, growth in 1999 is expected to be moderate.

Real gdp growth rate: -1% (1998 est.)

Real gdp per capita: purchasing power parity: $17,000 (1998 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 5%
Industry: 46%
Services: 49% (1996 est.)

Agriculture products: rice, cassava (tapioca), bananas; water buffalo

Industries: petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction

Industrial production growth rate: 4% (1997 est.)

Labor force: 144,000 (1995 est.); note_includes foreign workers and military personnel
Note: temporary residents make up 41% of labor force (1991)
By occupation government: 48%
By occupation productionofoil naturalgas services and construction: 42%
By occupation agriculture forestry and fishing: 4%
By occupation other: 6% (1986est.)

Unemployment rate: 4.8% (1994 est.)

Population below poverty line: NA%

Budget
Revenues: $2.5 billion
Expenditures: $2.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $768 million (1995 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Exports: $2.62 billion (f.o.b., 1996 est.)
Commodities: crude oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum products
Partners: ASEAN 31%, Japan 27%, South Korea 26%, UK, Taiwan (1996 est.)

Imports: $2.65 billion (c.i.f., 1996 est.)
Commodities: machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals
Partners: Singapore 29%, UK 19%, US 13%, Malaysia 9%, Japan 5% (1994 est.)

Debt external: $0

Exchange rates: Bruneian dollars (B$) per US$1: 1.6781 (January 1999), 1.6736 (1998), 1.4848 (1997), 1.4100 (1996), 1.4174 (1995), 1.5274 (1994; note_the Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore dollar

Electricity
Production: 1.48 billion kWh (1996)
Production by source fossil fuel: 100%
Production by source hydro: 0%
Production by source nuclear: 0%
Production by source other: 0% (1996)
Consumption: 1.48 billion kWh (1996)
Exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Imports: 0 kWh (1996)

Telephones: 90,000 (1997 est.)

Telephone system: service throughout country is excellent; international service good to Europe, US, and East Asia
Domestic: NA
International: satellite earth stations_2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Military expenditures
Dollar figure: $343 million (1997)
Percent of gdp: 6% (1997)

Airports: 2 (1998 est.)
With paved runways total: 1
With paved runways over 3047 m: 1 (1998 est.)
With unpaved runways total: 1
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 1 (1998 est.)

Heliports: 3 (1998 est.)

Pipelines: crude oil 135 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 920 km

Railways
Total: 13 km (private line)
Narrow gauge: 13 km 0.610-m gauge

Waterways: 209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 m

Merchant marine: total:7 liquefied gas tankers (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 348,476 GRT/340,635 DWT (1998 est.)

Disputes international: possibly involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone that encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands, but has not publicly claimed the island