Background: Discovered by the Portuguese in 1505 Mauritius was subsequently held by the Dutch French and British before independence was attained in 1968. A stable democracy with regular free elections and a positive human rights record the country has attracted considerable foreign investment and has earned one of Africa's highest per capita incomes. Recent poor weather and declining sugar prices have slowed economic growth leading to some protests over standards of living in the Creole community.

Geographic coordinates: 20 17 S, 57 33 E

Map reference: World

Area
Total: 1,860 km²
Land: 1,850 km²
Water: 10 km²
Note: includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint Brandon), and Rodrigues
Comparative: almost 11 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: 0 km

Coastline: 177 km

Maritime claims
Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate: tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November; hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)

Terrain: small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central plateau

Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
Extremes highest point: Mont Piton 828 m

Natural resources: arable land, fish

Land use
Arable land: 49%
Permanent crops: 3%
Permanent pastures: 3%
Forests and woodland: 22%
Other: 23% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land: 170 km² (1993 est.)

Natural hazards: cyclones (November to April; almost completely surrounded by reefs that may pose maritime hazards

Population: 1,182,212 (July 1999 est.)
Growth rate: 1.18% (1999 est.)
Below poverty line: 10.6% (1992 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Mauritian(s)
Adjective: Mauritian

Ethnic groups: Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, Franco-Mauritian 2%

Languages: English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori

Religions: Hindu 52%, Christian 28.3% (Roman Catholic 26%, Protestant 2.3%), Muslim 16.6%, other 3.1%

Age structure
0-14 years: 26% (male 156,616; female 153,698)
15-64 years: 68% (male 398,557; female 402,674)
65 years and over: 6% (male 28,586; female 42,081) (1999 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.18% (1999 est.)

Birth rate: 18.49 births/1000 population (1999 est.)

Death rate: 6.69 deaths/1000 population (1999 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1000 population (1999 est.)

Environment
Current issues: water pollution
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sex ratio
At birth: 1 male(s)/female
Under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (1999 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 16.2 deaths/1000 live births (1999 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 71.09 years
Male: 67.21 years
Female: 74.96 years (1999 est.)

Total fertility rate: 2.21 children born/woman (1999 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 82.9%
Male: 87.1%
Female: 78.8% (1995 est.)

Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Mauritius
Conventional short form: Mauritius

Government type: parliamentary democracy

Capital: Port Louis

Administrative divisions: 9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega Islands*, Black River, Cargados Carajos Shoals*, Flacq, Grand Port, Moka, Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems, Port Louis, Riviere du Rempart, Rodrigues*, Savanne

Independence: 12 March 1968 (from UK)

National holiday: Independence Day, 12 March (1968)

Constitution: 12 March 1968; amended 12 March 1992

Legal system: based on French civil law system with elements of English common law in certain areas

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Cassam UTEEM (since 1 July 1992) and Vice President Angidi Verriah CHETTIAR (since 28 June 1997)
Head of government: Prime Minister Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM (since 27 December 1995)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
Elections: president and vice president elected by the National Assembly for five-year terms; election last held 28 June 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president and are responsible to the National Assembly
Election results: Cassam UTEEM reelected president and Angidi Verriah CHETTIAR elected vice president; percent of vote by the National Assembly_NA

Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (66 seats_62 elected by popular vote, 4 appointed by the election commission from the losing political parties to give representation to various ethnic minorities; members serve five-year terms)
Elections: last held on 20 December 1995 (next to be held by December 2000)
Election results: percent of vote by party_MLP/MMM 65%, MSM/MMR 20%, other 15%; seats by party_MLP 35, MMM 25, allies of MLP and MMM on Rodrigues Island 2; appointed were Rodrigues Movement 2, PMSD 1, Hizbullah 1

Judicial branch: Supreme Court

International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, InOC, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Chitmansing JESSERAMSING
In the us chancery: Suite 441, 4,301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 244-1491, 1492
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 966-0983
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Harold Walter GEISEL
From the us embassy: 4th Floor, Rogers House, John Kennedy Street, Port Louis
From the us mailing address: international mail:P.O. Box 544, Port Louis; US mail:American Embassy, Port Louis, Department of State, Washington, DC 20,521-2,450
From the us telephone: [230] 208-2,347, 208-2,354, 208-9,763 through 9,767
From the us FAX: [230] 208-9,534

Flag description: four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green

Economy overview: Since independence in 1968, Mauritius has developed from a low income, agriculturally based economy to a middle income diversified economy with growing industrial, financial services, and tourist sectors. For most of the period, annual growth has been of the order of 5% to 6%. This remarkable achievement has been reflected in increased life expectancy, lowered infant mortality, and a much improved infrastructure. Sugarcane is grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area and accounts for 25% of export earnings. The government's development strategy centers on industrialization (with a view to modernization and to exports), agricultural diversification, and tourism. Economic performance in 1991-98 continued strong with solid growth and low unemployment.

Real gdp growth rate: 5% (1998 est.)

Real gdp per capita: purchasing power parity: $10,000 (1998 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 8%
Industry: 29%
Services: 63% (1996)

Agriculture products: sugarcane, tea, corn, potatoes, bananas, pulses; cattle, goats; fish

Industries: food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, clothing; chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, nonelectrical machinery; tourism

Industrial production growth rate: 5.8% (1992)

Labor force: 514,000 (1995)
By occupation constructionandindustry: 36%
By occupation services: 24%
By occupation agriculture and fishing: 14%
By occupation trade restaurants hotels: 16%
By occupation transportationandcommunication: 7%
By occupation finance: 3% (1995)

Unemployment rate: 2% (1996 est.)

Population below poverty line: 10.6% (1992 est.)

Budget
Revenues: $824 million (FY94/95)
Expenditures: $1 billion, including capital expenditures of $198 million (FY95/96 est.)

Fiscal year: 1 July_30 June

Exports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1997)
Commodities: clothing and textiles 55%, sugar 24% (1995)
Partners: UK 34.4%, France 19.5%, US 13.0%, Germany 5.6%, Italy 4.0% (1996)

Imports: $2.3 billion (c.i.f., 1997)
Commodities: manufactured goods 37%, capital equipment 19%, foodstuffs 13%, petroleum products 8%, chemicals 7% (1995)
Partners: South Africa 12.0%, France 11.1%, India 8.9%, UK 6.5%, Germany 4.7%, (1996)

Debt external: $1.2 billion (1996 est.)

Exchange rates: Mauritian rupees (MauRs) per US$1_24.099 (January 1999), 22.803 (1998), 20.561 (1997), 17.948 (1996), 17.386 (1995), 17.960 (1994)

Electricity
Production: 1.125 billion kWh (1996)
Production by source fossil fuel: 86.67%
Production by source hydro: 13.33%
Production by source nuclear: 0%
Production by source other: 0% (1996)
Consumption: 1.125 billion kWh (1996)
Exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Imports: 0 kWh (1996)

Telephones: 107,000 (1993)

Telephone system: small system with good service
Domestic: primarily microwave radio relay
International: satellite earth station_1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean); new microwave link to Reunion; HF radiotelephone links to several countries

Military expenditures
Dollar figure: $11.2 million (FY97/98)
Percent of gdp: 0.4% (FY97/98)

Airports: 5 (1998 est.)
With paved runways total: 2
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 1
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 1 (1998 est.)
With unpaved runways total: 3
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 1
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 2 (1998 est.)

Railways: 0 km

Merchant marine
Total: 17 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 178,846 GRT/236,308 DWT
Ships by type: cargo 6, combination bulk 2, container 6, liquefied gas tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 2
Note: a flag of convenience registry; India owns 1 ship (1998 est.)

Disputes international: claims the Chagos Archipelago in UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory; claims French-administered Tromelin Island

Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; heroin consumption and transshipment are growing problems