Background: Upon independence in 1960 the former French region of Middle Congo became the Republic of the Congo. A quarter century of experimentation with Marxism was abandoned in 1990 and a democratically elected government installed in 1992. A brief civil war in 1997 restored former Marxist President SASSOU-NGUESSO.

Geographic coordinates: 1 00 S 15 00 E

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 342,000 km²
Land: 341,500 km²
Water: 500 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than Montana

Land boundaries
Total: 5,504 km
Border countries: (5) Angola 201 km; , Cameroon 523 km; , Central African Republic 467 km; , Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,410 km; , Gabon 1,903 km

Coastline: 169 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 200 NM

Climate: tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator

Terrain: coastal plain southern basin central plateau northern basin

Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
Extremes highest point: Mount Berongou 903 m

Natural resources: petroleum timber potash lead zinc uranium copper phosphates natural gas hydropower

Land use
Arable land: 0%
Permanent crops: 0%
Permanent pastures: 29%
Forests and woodland: 62%
Other: 9% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land: 10 km² (1993 est.)

Natural hazards: seasonal flooding

Geography
Note: about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville Pointe-Noire or along the railroad between them

Population
Note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)
Growth rate: 2.2% (2001 est.)
Below poverty line: NA%

Nationality
Noun: Congolese (singular and plural)
Adjective: Congolese or Congo

Ethnic groups: Kongo 48% Sangha 20% M'Bochi 12% Teke 17% Europeans NA%; note - Europeans estimated at 8,500 mostly French before the 1997 civil war; may be half that of 1998 following the widespread destruction of foreign businesses in 1997

Languages: French (official) Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages) many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo has the most users)

Religions: Christian 50% animist 48% Muslim 2%

Age structure
0-14 years: 42.43% (male 618,411; female 609,633)
15-64 years: 54.23% (male 765,501; female 804,125)
65 years and over: 3.34% (male 38,772; female 57,894) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate: 2.2% (2001 est.)

Birth rate: 38.24 births/1000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate: 16.22 deaths/1000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1000 population (2001 est.)

Environment
Current issues: air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from the dumping of raw sewage; tap water is not potable; deforestation
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.03 male/female
Under 15 years: 1.01 male/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male/female
Total population: 0.97 male/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 99.73 deaths/1000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 47.57 years
Male: 44.38 years
Female: 50.85 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate: 5 children born/woman (2001 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 6.43% (1999 est.)
People living with hivaids: 86,000 (1999 est.)
Deaths: 8,600 (1999 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 74.9%
Male: 83.1%
Female: 67.2% (1995 est.)

Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of the Congo
Conventional short form: none
Local long form: Republique du Congo
Local short form: none
Former: Middle Congo, Congo/Brazzaville, Congo

Government type: republic

Capital: Brazzaville

Administrative divisions: 9 regions (regions singular - region) and 1 commune*; Bouenza Brazzaville* Cuvette Kouilou Lekoumou Likouala Niari Plateaux Pool Sangha

Independence: 15 August 1960 (from France)

National holiday: Independence Day 15 August (1960)

Constitution: Draft constitution approved by transitional parliament in September 2000

Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 25 October 1997, following the civil war in which he toppled elected president Pascal LISSOUBA); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
Head of government: President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 25 October 1997, following the civil war in which he toppled elected president Pascal LISSOUBA); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
Elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 16 August 1992 (next was to be held 27 July 1997 but will be delayed for several years pending the drafting of a new constitution)
Election results: Pascal LISSOUBA elected president in 1992; percent of vote - Pascal LISSOUBA 61.3%, Bernard KOLELAS 38.7%; note - LISSOUBA was deposed in 1997, replaced by Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO

Legislative branch
Elections: National Transitional Council - last held NA January 1998 (next to be held NA 2001); note - at that election the National Transitional Council is to be replaced by a bicameral assembly
Election results: National Transitional Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA

Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Political parties and leaders: the most important of the many parties are the Democratic and Patriotic Forces or FDP (an alliance of Convention for Alternative Democracy Congolese Labor Party or PCT Liberal Republican Party National Union for Democracy and Progress Patriotic Union for the National Reconstruction and Union for the National Renewal) [Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO president]; Association for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Jean-Pierre Thystere TCHICAYA president]; Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [Michel MAMPOUYA]; Pan-African Union for Social Development or UPADS [Martin MBERI]; Union of Democratic Forces or UFD [Sebastian EBAO]

International organization participation: ACCT ACP AfDB BDEAC CCC CEEAC CEMAC ECA FAO FZ G-77 IBRD ICAO ICFTU ICRM IDA IFAD IFC IFRCS ILO IMF IMO Intelsat Interpol IOC IOM (observer) ITU NAM OAU OPCW UN UNCTAD UNESCO UNIDO UPU WCL WFTU WHO WIPO WMO WToO WTrO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires ad interim Serge MOMBOULI
In the us chancery: 4,891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20,011
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 726-5,500
In the us fax: [1] (202) 726-1860
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador David H. KAEUPER
From the us embassy: NA
From the us mailing address: NA
From the us telephone: [243] (88) 43,608
From the us fax: [243] (88) 41,036
From the us note: the embassy is temporarily collocated with the US Embassy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (US Embassy Kinshasa, 310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa)

Flag description: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Economy overview: The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts an industrial sector based largely on oil support services and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy providing a major share of government revenues and exports. In the early 1980s rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually one of the highest rates in Africa. Moreover the government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its oil earnings contributing to the government's shortage of revenues. The 12 January 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 61% in 1994 but inflation has subsided since. Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations notably the World Bank and the IMF. The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO who returned to power when the war ended in October 1997 publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. However economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998 which worsened the Republic of the Congo's budget deficit. Even with the IMF's renewed confidence and high world oil prices Congo is unlikely to realize growth of more than 5% in 2001-02. With the return to fragile peace the IMF approved a $14 million credit in November 2000 to aid post-conflict reconstruction.

Real gdp growth rate: 3.8% (2000 est.)

Real gdp per capita: purchasing power parity - $1100 (2000 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 10%
Industry: 48%
Services: 42% (1999 est.)

Agriculture products: cassava (tapioca) sugar rice corn peanuts vegetables coffee cocoa; forest products

Industries: petroleum extraction cement kilning lumbering brewing sugar milling palm oil soap flour cigarette making

Industrial production growth rate: NA%

Labor force: NA

Unemployment rate: NA%

Population below poverty line: NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: NA%
Highest 10: NA%

Budget
Revenues: $870 million
Expenditures: $970 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 3.5% (2000 est.)

Exports: $2.6 billion (f.o.b. 2000)
Commodities: petroleum 50% lumber plywood sugar cocoa coffee diamonds
Partners: US 23% Benelux 14% Germany Italy Taiwan China (1998)

Imports: $870 million (f.o.b. 2000)
Commodities: petroleum products capital equipment construction materials foodstuffs
Partners: France 23% US 9% Belgium 8% UK 7% Italy (1997 est.)

Debt external: $5 billion (1999 est.)

Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001) 711.98 (2000) 615.70 (1999) 589.95 (1998) 583.67 (1997) 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999 the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro

Electricity
Production: 302 million kWh (1999)
Production by source fossil fuel: 0.66%
Production by source hydro: 99.34%
Production by source nuclear: 0%
Production by source other: 0% (1999)
Consumption: 406.9 million kWh (1999)
Exports: 0 kWh (1999)
Imports: 126 million kWh (1999)

Telephones
Main lines in use: 22,000 (1997)
Mobile cellular: 1000 (1996)

Telephone system
General assessment: services barely adequate for government use; key exchanges are in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and Loubomo; intercity lines frequently out-of-order
Domestic: primary network consists of microwave radio relay and coaxial cable
International: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Internet
Country code: .cg
Service providers isps: 1 (2000)
Users: 500 (2000)

Military expenditures
Dollar figure: $110 million (FY93)
Percent of gdp: 3.8% (FY93)

Airports: 33 (2000 est.)
With paved runways total: 4
With paved runways over 3047 m: 1
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 3 (2000 est.)
With unpaved runways total: 29
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 7
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 12
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 10 (2000 est.)

Pipelines: crude oil 25 km

Railways
Total: 894 km
Narrow gauge: 894 km 1.067-m gauge (2000)

Waterways
Note: the Congo and Ubangi (Oubangui) rivers provide 1,120 km of commercially navigable water transport; other rivers are used for local traffic only