Background: In 1959 three years before independence from Belgium the majority ethnic group the Hutus overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the next several years thousands of Tutsis were killed and some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of these exiles later formed a rebel group the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) and began a civil war in 1990. The war along with several political and economic upheavals exacerbated ethnic tensions culminating in April 1994 in the genocide of roughly 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The Tutsi rebels defeated the Hutu regime and ended the killing in July 1994 but approximately 2 million Hutu refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to neighboring Burundi Tanzania Uganda and the former Zaire. Since then most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda but about 10,000 that remain in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo have formed an extremist insurgency bent on retaking Rwanda much as the RPF tried in 1990. Despite substantial international assistance and political reforms - including Rwanda's first local elections in March 1999 and its first post-genocide presidential and legislative elections in August and September 2003 respectively - the country continues to struggle to boost investment and agricultural output and ethnic reconciliation is complicated by the real and perceived Tutsi political dominance. Kigali's increasing centralization and intolerance of dissent the nagging Hutu extremist insurgency across the border and Rwandan involvement in two wars in recent years in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo continue to hinder Rwanda's efforts to escape its bloody legacy.

Geographic coordinates: 2 00 S 30 00 E

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 26,338 km²
Land: 24,948 km²
Water: 1,390 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than Maryland

Land boundaries
Total: 893 km
Border countries: (4) Burundi 290 km; , Democratic Republic of the Congo 217 km; , Tanzania 217 km; , Uganda 169 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

Terrain: mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous with altitude declining from west to east

Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Rusizi River 950 m
Extremes highest point: Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m

Natural resources: gold cassiterite (tin ore) wolframite (tungsten ore) methane hydropower arable land

Land use
Arable land: 40.54%
Permanent crops: 12.16%
Other: 47.3% (2001)

Irrigated land: 40 km² (1998 est.)

Natural hazards: periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo

Geography
Note: landlocked; most of the country is savanna grassland with the population predominantly rural

Population
Note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2004 est.)
Growth rate: 1.82% (2004 est.)
Below poverty line: 60% (2001 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Rwandan
Adjective: Rwandan

Ethnic groups: Hutu 84% Tutsi 15% Twa (Pygmoid) 1%

Languages: Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular French (official) English (official) Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers

Religions: Roman Catholic 56.5% Protestant 26% Adventist 11.1% Muslim 4.6% indigenous beliefs 0.1% none 1.7% (2001)

Age structure
0-14 years: 42.3% (male 1,690,122; female 1,674,147)
15-64 years: 55% (male 2,178,956; female 2,194,526)
65 years and over: 2.7% (male 85,472; female 130,790) (2004 est.)

Median age
Total: 18.2 years
Male: 18 years
Female: 18.4 years (2004 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.82% (2004 est.)

Birth rate: 40.01 births/1000 population (2004 est.)

Death rate: 21.86 deaths/1000 population (2004 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1000 population (2004 est.)

Environment
Current issues: deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
International agreements signed but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.03 male/female
Under 15 years: 1.01 male/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male/female
65 years and over: 0.65 male/female
Total population: 0.99 male/female (2004 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 101.68 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 106.68 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 96.53 deaths/1000 live births (2004 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 39.18 years
Male: 38.43 years
Female: 39.96 years (2004 est.)

Total fertility rate: 5.55 children born/woman (2004 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 5.1% (2003 est.)
People living with hivaids: 250,000 (2003 est.)
Deaths: 22,000 (2003 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 70.4%
Male: 76.3%
Female: 64.7% (2003 est.)

Country name
Conventional long form: Rwandese Republic
Conventional short form: Rwanda
Local long form: Republika y'u Rwanda
Local short form: Rwanda
Former: Ruanda

Government type: republic; presidential multiparty system

Capital: Kigali

Administrative divisions: 12 prefectures (in French - prefectures singular - prefecture; in Kinyarwanda - plural - NA singular - prefegitura); Butare Byumba Cyangugu Gikongoro Gisenyi Gitarama Kibungo Kibuye Kigali Rurale Kigali-ville Umutara Ruhengeri

Independence: 1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship)

National holiday: Independence Day 1 July (1962)

Constitution: a new constitution was adopted 26 May 2003

Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal adult

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Paul KAGAME (since 22 April 2000)
Head of government: Prime Minister Bernard MAKUZA (since 8 March 2000)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
Elections: last held 25 August 2003 (next to be held NA 2008)
Election results: Paul KAGAME elected president in first direct popular vote; Paul KAGAME 95.05%, Faustin TWAGIRAMUNGU 3.62%, Jean-Nepomuscene NAYINZIRA 1.33%

Legislative branch
Elections: last held 29 September 2003 (next to be held NA)
Election results: seats by party under the Arusha peace accord - RPF 40, PSD 7, PL 6

Judicial branch: Supreme Court; communal courts; appeals courts

Political parties and leaders: Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Alfred MUKEZAMFURA]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA]; Democratic Popular Union of Rwanda or UDPR [Adrien RANGIRA ]; Democratic Republican Movement or MDR (officially banned) [Celestin KABANDA]; Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal Party or PL [Prosper HIGIRO]; Party for Democratic Renewal (officially banned) [Pasteur BIZIMUNGU and Charles NTAKARUTINKA]; Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [Paul KAGAME]

International organization participation: ACCT ACP AfDB AU CEPGL FAO G-77 IBRD ICAO ICFTU ICRM IDA IFAD IFC IFRCS ILO IMF Interpol IOC IOM ISO (correspondent) ITU MIGA NAM OPCW UN UNCTAD UNESCO UNIDO UPU WCL WCO WHO WIPO WMO WToO WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Zac NSENGA
In the us chancery: 1714 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20,009
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 232-2,882
In the us fax: [1] (202) 232-4,544
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Margaret K. McMILLION
From the us embassy: #337 Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali
From the us mailing address: B. P. 28, Kigali
From the us telephone: [250] 50 56 01 through 03
From the us fax: [250] 57 2,128

Flag description: three horizontal bands of sky blue (top double width) yellow and green with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end of the blue band

Economy overview: Rwanda is a poor rural country with about 90% of the population engaged in (mainly subsistence) agriculture. It is the most densely populated country in Africa; landlocked with few natural resources and minimal industry. Primary foreign exchange earners are coffee and tea. The 1994 genocide decimated Rwanda's fragile economic base severely impoverished the population particularly women and eroded the country's ability to attract private and external investment. However Rwanda has made substantial progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy to pre-1994 levels although poverty levels are higher now. GDP has rebounded and inflation has been curbed. Export earnings however have been hindered by low beverage prices depriving the country of much needed hard currency. Attempts to diversify into non-traditional agriculture exports such as flowers and vegetables have been stymied by a lack of adequate transportation infrastructure. Despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem food production often does not keep pace with population growth requiring food to be imported. Rwanda continues to receive substantial aid money and was approved for IMF-World Bank Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative debt relief in late 2000. But Kigali's high defense expenditures cause tension between the government and international donors and lending agencies.

Real gdp growth rate: 3.5% (2003 est.)

Real gdp per capita: purchasing power parity - $1300 (2003 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 40.7%
Industry: 21.5%
Services: 37.8% (2003 est.)

Agriculture products: coffee tea pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums) bananas beans sorghum potatoes; livestock

Industries: cement agricultural products small-scale beverages soap furniture shoes plastic goods textiles cigarettes

Industrial production growth rate: 7% (2001 est.)

Labor force: 4.6 million (2000)
By occupation: agriculture 90%

Unemployment rate: NA

Population below poverty line: 60% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 4.2%
Highest 10: 24.2% (1985)

Distribution of family income gini index: 28.9 (1985)

Budget
Revenues: $365.9 million
Expenditures: $402.9 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2003 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 7.5% (2003 est.)

Current account balance: $-163 million (2003)

Exports: $73.33 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Commodities: coffee tea hides tin ore
Partners: Indonesia 39.2% Germany 4.6% China 3.9% (2003)

Imports: $245.8 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Commodities: foodstuffs machinery and equipment steel petroleum products cement and construction material
Partners: Kenya 23.3% Germany 7.5% Belgium 6.4% Uganda 6.4% France 5% (2003)

Debt external: $1.3 billion (2000 est.)

Exchange rates: Rwandan francs per US dollar - 537.658 (2003) 476.327 (2002) 442.801 (2001) 389.696 (2000) 333.942 (1999)

Electricity
Production: 96.78 million kWh (2001)
Consumption: 140 million kWh (2001)
Exports: 0 kWh (2001)
Imports: 50 million kWh (2001)

Natural gas
Proven reserves: 28.32 billion m³ (1 January 2002)

Telephones
Main lines in use: 23,200 (2002)
Mobile cellular note: Rwanda has mobile cellular service between Kigali and several prefecture capitals (2003)

Telephone system
General assessment: telephone system primarily serves business and government
Domestic: the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the prefectures by microwave radio relay and, recently, by cellular telephone service; much of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone
International: country code - 250; international connections employ microwave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more distant countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service)

Internet
Country code: .rw
Hosts: 1495 (2003)
Users: 25,000 (2002)

Military expenditures
Dollar figure: $47.7 million (2003)
Percent of gdp: 2.9% (2003)

Airports: 9 (2003 est.)
With paved runways total: 4
With paved runways over 3047 m: 1
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 2
With paved runways under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)
With unpaved runways total: 5
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 2
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Waterways: Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft (2004)

Disputes international: Tutsi Hutu Hema Lendu and other conflicting ethnic groups associated political rebels armed gangs and various government forces continue fighting in Great Lakes region transcending the boundaries of Burundi Democratic Republic of the Congo Rwanda and Uganda to gain control over populated areas and natural resources - government heads pledge to end conflicts but localized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees country of origin: 37,691 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
Idps: 4,158 (incursions by Hutu rebels from Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1997-1999; most IDPs in northwest) (2004)