Background: Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers whose Angkor Empire extended over much of Southeast Asia and reached its zenith between the 10th and 13th centuries. Subsequently attacks by the Thai and Cham (from present-day Vietnam) weakened the empire ushering in a long period of decline. In 1863 the king of Cambodia placed the country under French protection; it became part of French Indochina in 1887. Following Japanese occupation in World War II Cambodia became independent within the French Union in 1949 and fully independent in 1953. After a five-year struggle Communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh in April 1975 and ordered the evacuation of all cities and towns; at least 1.5 million Cambodians died from execution enforced hardships or starvation during the Khmer Rouge regime under POL POT. A December 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside led to a 10-year Vietnamese occupation and touched off almost 13 years of civil war. The 1991 Paris Peace Accords mandated democratic elections and a ceasefire which was not fully respected by the Khmer Rouge. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy and the final elements of the Khmer Rouge surrendered in early 1999. Factional fighting in 1997 ended the first coalition government but a second round of national elections in 1998 led to the formation of another coalition government and renewed political stability. The July 2003 elections were relatively peaceful but it took one year of negotiations between contending political parties before a coalition government was formed. Nation-wide local elections are scheduled for 2007 and national elections for 2008.

Geographic coordinates: 13 00 N 105 00 E

Map reference: Southeast Asia

Area
Total: 181,040 km²
Land: 176,520 km²
Water: 4,520 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than Oklahoma

Land boundaries
Total: 2,572 km
Border countries: (3) Laos 541 km; , Thailand 803 km; , Vietnam 1,228 km

Coastline: 443 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm

Climate: tropical; rainy monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain: mostly low flat plains; mountains in southwest and north

Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m
Extremes highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m

Natural resources: oil and gas timber gemstones some iron ore manganese phosphates hydropower potential

Land use
Arable land: 20.96%
Permanent crops: 0.61%
Other: 78.43% (2001)

Irrigated land: 2,700 km² (1998 est.)

Natural hazards: monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts

Geography
Note: a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap

Population
Note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2005 est.)
Growth rate: 1.81% (2005 est.)
Below poverty line: 40% (2004 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Cambodian
Adjective: Cambodian

Ethnic groups: Khmer 90% Vietnamese 5% Chinese 1% other 4%

Languages: Khmer (official) 95% French English

Religions: Theravada Buddhist 95% other 5%

Age structure
0-14 years: 37.3% (male 2,559,734/female 2,510,235)
15-64 years: 59.7% (male 3,887,642/female 4,232,313)
65 years and over: 3.1% (male 150,862/female 266,283) (2005 est.)

Median age
Total: 19.91 years
Male: 19.16 years
Female: 20.79 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.81% (2005 est.)

Birth rate: 27.08 births/1000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate: 8.97 deaths/1000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1000 population (2005 est.)

Environment
Current issues: illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in particular destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas most of the population does not have access to potable water; declining fish stocks because of illegal fishing and overfishing
International agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male/female
Under 15 years: 1.02 male/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male/female
65 years and over: 0.57 male/female
Total population: 0.94 male/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 71.48 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 80.13 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 62.43 deaths/1000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 58.92 years
Male: 56.98 years
Female: 60.95 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate: 3.44 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 2.6% (2003 est.)
People living with hivaids: 170,000 (2003 est.)
Deaths: 15,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
Vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Japanese encephalitis are high risks in some locations (2004)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 73.6%
Male: 84.7%
Female: 64.1% (2004 est.)

Country name
Conventional long form: Kingdom of Cambodia
Conventional short form: Cambodia
Local long form: Preahreacheanacha Kampuchea (phonetic pronunciation)
Local short form: Kampuchea
Former: Kingdom of Cambodia, Khmer Republic, Democratic Kampuchea, People's Republic of Kampuchea, State of Cambodia

Government type: multiparty democracy under a constitutional monarchy established in September 1993

Capital: Phnom Penh

Administrative divisions:

Independence: 9 November 1953 (from France)

National holiday: Independence Day 9 November (1953)

Constitution: promulgated 21 September 1993

Legal system: primarily a civil law mixture of French-influenced codes from the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) period royal decrees and acts of the legislature with influences of customary law and remnants of communist legal theory; increasing influence of common law in recent years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October 2004)
Head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985) and Deputy Prime Ministers SAR KHENG (since 3 February 1992), Norodom SIRIVUDH, SOK AN, LU LAY SRENG, TEA BANH, HOR NAMHONG, NHEK BUNCHHAY (since 16 July 2004)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers in theory appointed by the monarch; in practice named by the prime minister
Elections: none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council; following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or majority coalition is named prime minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and appointed by the king

Legislative branch
Elections: National Assembly - last held 27 July 2003 (next to be held in July 2008); Senate - last held 2 March 1999 (scheduled to be held in 2004 but delayed)
Election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CPP 47%, SRP 22%, FUNCINPEC 21%, other 10%; seats by party - CPP 73, FUNCINPEC 26, SRP 24; Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CPP 31, FUNCINPEC 21, SRP 7, other 2 (July 2003)

Judicial branch: Supreme Council of the Magistracy (provided for in the constitution and formed in December 1997); Supreme Court (and lower courts) exercises judicial authority

Political parties and leaders: Cambodian Pracheachon Party (Cambodian People's Party) or CPP [CHEA SIM]; National United Front for an Independent Neutral Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [Prince NORODOM Ranariddh]; Sam Rangsi Party or SRP [SAM RANGSI]

International organization participation: ACCT APT ARF AsDB ASEAN FAO G-77 IBRD ICAO ICCt ICRM IDA IFAD IFC IFRCS ILO IMF IMO Interpol IOC IOM ISO (subscriber) ITU MIGA NAM OPCW (signatory) PCA UN UNCTAD UNESCO UNIDO UPU WCO WFTU WHO WIPO WMO WToO WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador EK SEREYWATH
In the us chancery: 4,530 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20,011
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 726-7,742
In the us fax: [1] (202) 726-8,381
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph A. MUSSOMELI
From the us embassy: 27 EO Street 240, Phnom Penh
From the us mailing address: Box P, APO AP 96,546
From the us telephone: [855] (23) 216-436/438
From the us fax: [855] (23) 216-437/811

Flag description: three horizontal bands of blue (top) red (double width) and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red band; only national flag to incorporate a building in its design

Economy overview: Cambodia's economy slowed dramatically in 1997 and 1998 due to the regional economic crisis civil violence and political infighting and foreign investment and tourism decreased. In 1999 the first full year of peace in 30 years the government made progress on economic reforms. Growth resumed and remained about 5% from 2000 to 2004. Economic growth has been largely driven by expansion in the garment sector and tourism but is expected to fall in 2005 as growth in the garment sector stalls. Clothing exports were fostered by a US-Cambodian Bilateral Textile Agreement signed in 1999 which gave Cambodia a guaranteed quota of US textile imports and established a bonus for improving working conditions and enforcing Cambodian labor laws and international labor standards in the industry. With the January 2005 expiration of a WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing Cambodia-based textile producers are in direct competition with lower priced producing countries such as China and India. Faced with the possibility that over the next five years Cambodia may lose orders and some of the 250,000 well-paid jobs the industry provides Cambodia has committed itself to a policy of continued support for high labor standards in an attempt to maintain favor with buyers. Tourism growth remains strong with arrivals up 15% in 2004. The long-term development of the economy after decades of war remains a daunting challenge. The population lacks education and productive skills particularly in the poverty-ridden countryside which suffers from an almost total lack of basic infrastructure. Fully 75% of the population remains engaged in subsistence farming. Fear of renewed political instability and a dysfunctional legal system coupled with extensive government corruption discourage foreign investment. The Cambodian government continues to work with bilateral and multilateral donors to address the country's many pressing needs. In December 2004 official donors pledged $504 million in aid for 2005 on the condition that the Cambodian government begins taking steps to address rampant corruption. The next donor pledging session is scheduled for December 2005. The major economic challenge for Cambodia over the next decade will be fashioning an economic environment in which the private sector can create enough jobs to handle Cambodia's demographic imbalance. More than 50% of the population is 20 years or younger.

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $26.99 billion (2004 est.)

Real gdp growth rate: 5.4% (2004 est.)

Real gdp per capita: purchasing power parity - $2000 (2004 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 35%
Industry: 30%
Services: 35% (2004 est.)

Agriculture products: rice rubber corn vegetables cashews tapioca

Industries: tourism garments rice milling fishing wood and wood products rubber cement gem mining textiles

Industrial production growth rate: 22% (2002 est.)

Labor force: 7 million (2003 est.)
By occupation: agriculture 75% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate: 2.5% (2000 est.)

Population below poverty line: 40% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 2.9%
Highest 10: 33.8% (1997)

Distribution of family income gini index: 40 (2004 est.)

Budget
Revenues: $548.2 million
Expenditures: $836.7 million, including capital expenditures of $291 million of which 75% was financed by external assistance (2004 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 3.1% (2004 est.)

Current account balance: $-316.2 million (2004 est.)

Exports: $2.311 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Commodities: Clothing timber rubber rice fish tobacco footwear
Partners: US 55.9% Germany 11.7% UK 6.9% Vietnam 4.4% Canada 4.2% (2004)

Imports: $3.129 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Commodities: petroleum products cigarettes gold construction materials machinery motor vehicles pharmaceutical products
Partners: Thailand 22.5% Hong Kong 14.1% China 13.6% Vietnam 10.9% Singapore 10.8% Taiwan 8.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $997.5 million (2004 est.)

Debt external: $2.4 billion (2002 est.)

Exchange rates: riels per US dollar - 4,016 (2004) 3,973 (2003) 3,912 (2002) 3,916 (2001) 3,841 (2000)

Electricity
Production: 122 million kWh (2003)
Consumption: 100.6 million kWh (2002)
Exports: 0 kWh (2002)
Imports: 0 kWh (2002)

Telephones
Main lines in use: 35,400 (2002)
Mobile cellular: 380,000 (2002)

Telephone system
General assessment: adequate landline and/or cellular service in Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; mobile phone coverage is rapidly expanding in rural areas
Domestic: NA
International: country code - 855; adequate but expensive landline and cellular service available to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincial cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)

Internet
Country code: .kh
Hosts: 818 (2003)
Users: 30,000 (2002)

Military expenditures
Dollar figure: $112 million (FY01 est.)
Percent of gdp: 3% (FY01 est.)

Military service age and obligation: 18-30 years of age for compulsory military service for all males; conscription law passed September 2004; service obligation is 18 months (September 2004)

Airports: 20 (2004 est.)
With paved runways total: 6
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 2
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 2
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 2 (2004 est.)
With unpaved runways total: 14
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 2
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 11
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 2 (2004 est.)

Railways
Total: 602 km
Narrow gauge: 602 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Waterways: 2,400 km (mainly on Mekong River) (2004)

Merchant marine
Total: 479 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,913,910 GRT/2,713,967 DWT
By type: bulk carrier 34, cargo 396, chemical tanker 9, container 6, livestock carrier 3, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 11, refrigerated cargo 11, roll on/roll off 5, specialized tanker 1
Foreign owned: 193 (Canada 4, China 39, China 2, Cyprus 4, Egypt 5, Estonia 2, France 1, Germany 1, Greece 6, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 3, Indonesia 1, Isle of Man 1, Israel 1, Italy 1, Japan 1, Lebanon 1, Nigeria 2, Norway 1, Russia 58, Singapore 5, South Korea 23, Syria 8, Turkey 7, Ukraine 6, UAE 1, United States 7, Yemen 1) (2005)

Disputes international: Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Thailand dispute sections of boundary with missing boundary markers and Thai encroachments into Cambodian territory; maritime boundary with Vietnam is hampered by unresolved dispute over offshore islands; Cambodia accuses Thailand of obstructing access to Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962; in 2004 Cambodian-Laotian and Laotian-Vietnamese boundary commissions reerect missing markers completing most of their demarcations

Illicit drugs: narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in the government military and police; possible small-scale opium heroin and amphetamine production; large producer of cannabis for the international market; vulnerable to money laundering due to its cash-based economy and porous borders