Background: Following its heyday as a world power during the 15th and 16th centuries Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake occupation during the Napoleonic Wars and the independence in 1822 of Brazil as a colony. A 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy; for most of the next six decades repressive governments ran the country. In 1974 a left-wing military coup installed broad democratic reforms. The following year Portugal granted independence to all of its African colonies. Portugal is a founding member of NATO and entered the EC (now the EU) in 1986.

Geographic coordinates: 39 30 N 8 00 W

Map reference: Europe

Area
Total: 92,391 km²
Land: 91,951 km²
Water: 440 km²
Note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands
Comparative: slightly smaller than Indiana

Land boundaries
Total: 1,214 km
Border countries: (1) Spain 1,214 km

Coastline: 1793 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate: maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north warmer and drier in south

Terrain: mountainous north of the Tagus River rolling plains in south

Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
Extremes highest point: Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico in the Azores 2,351 m

Natural resources: fish forests (cork) iron ore copper zinc tin tungsten silver gold uranium marble clay gypsum salt arable land: hydropower

Land use
Arable land: 21.75%
Permanent crops: 7.81%
Other: 70.44% (2001)

Irrigated land: 6,320 km² (1998 est.)

Natural hazards: Azores subject to severe earthquakes

Geography
Note: Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar

Population: 10,566,212 (July 2005 est.)
Growth rate: 0.39% (2005 est.)
Below poverty line: NA

Nationality
Noun: Portuguese (singular and plural)
Adjective: Portuguese

Ethnic groups: homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal

Languages: Portuguese (official) Mirandese (official - but locally used)

Religions: Roman Catholic 94% Protestant (1995)

Age structure
0-14 years: 16.6% (male 916,234/female 839,935)
15-64 years: 66.3% (male 3,468,844/female 3,538,779)
65 years and over: 17.1% (male 744,787/female 1,057,633) (2005 est.)

Median age
Total: 38.2 years
Male: 36.06 years
Female: 40.33 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.39% (2005 est.)

Birth rate: 10.82 births/1000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate: 10.43 deaths/1000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate: 3.49 migrant(s)/1000 population (2005 est.)

Environment
Current issues: soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution especially in coastal areas
International agreements party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Environmental Modification

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.07 male/female
Under 15 years: 1.09 male/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male/female
Total population: 0.94 male/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 5.05 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 5.53 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 4.55 deaths/1000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 77.53 years
Male: 74.25 years
Female: 81.03 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.47 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.4% (2001 est.)
People living with hivaids: 22,000 (2001 est.)
Deaths: less than 1000 (2003 est.)

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 93.3%
Male: 95.5%
Female: 91.3% (2003 est.)

Country name
Conventional long form: Portuguese Republic
Conventional short form: Portugal
Local long form: Republica Portuguesa
Local short form: Portugal

Government type: parliamentary democracy

Capital: Lisbon

Administrative divisions: 18 districts (distritos singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro Acores (Azores)* Beja Braga Braganca Castelo Branco Coimbra Evora Faro Guarda Leiria Lisboa Madeira* Portalegre Porto Santarem Setubal Viana do Castelo Vila Real Viseu

Independence: 1143 (Kingdom of Portugal recognized); 5 October 1910 (independent republic proclaimed)

National holiday: Portugal Day 10 June (1580); note - also called Camoes Day the day that revered national poet Luis de Camoes (1524-80) died

Constitution: 25 April 1976; revised many times

Legal system: civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Jorge SAMPAIO (since 9 March 1996)
Head of government: Prime Minister Jose SOCRATES (since 12 March 2005)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
Note: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative body to the president
Elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 14 January 2001 (next to be held January 2006); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president
Election results: Jorge SAMPAIO reelected president; percent of vote - Jorge SAMPAIO (Socialist) 55.8%, Joaquim FERREIRA Do Amaral (Social Democrat) 34.5%, Antonio ABREU (Communist) 5.1%

Legislative branch
Elections: last held 20 February 2005 (next to be held February 2009); note - President SAMPAIO called for early elections after dissolving parliament on 10 December 2004 because he lacked confidence in the four-month center-right government
Election results: percent of vote by party - PS 45.1%, PSD 28.7%, CDU 7.6%, PP 7.3%, BE 6.4%; seats by party - PS 121, PSD 75, CDU 14, PP 12, BE 8

Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (judges appointed for life by the Conselho Superior da Magistratura)

Political parties and leaders: Green Ecologist Party or PEV [Heloisa APOLONIA]; Popular Party or PP [Jose Ribeiro e CASTRO]; Portuguese Communist Party or PCP [Jeronimo de SOUSA]; Portuguese Socialist Party or PS [Jose SOCRATES Carvalho Pinto de Sousa]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Luis Marques MENDES]; The Left Bloc or BE [Franciso Anacleto LOUCA]; Unitarian Democratic Coalition or UDC [Jeronimo de SOUSA]

International organization participation: AfDB AsDB Australia Group BIS CE CERN EAPC EBRD EIB EMU ESA EU FAO IADB IAEA IBRD ICAO ICC ICCt ICFTU ICRM IDA IEA IFAD IFC IFRCS IHO ILO IMF IMO Interpol IOC IOM ISO ITU LAIA (observer) MIGA NAM (guest) NATO NEA NSG OAS (observer) OECD ONUB OPCW OSCE PCA UN UNCTAD UNESCO UNIDO UNMIK UNMISET UPU WCL WCO WEU WFTU WHO WIPO WMO WToO WTO ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Pedro Manuel Dos Reis Alves CATARINO
In the us chancery: 2,125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 328-8,610
In the us fax: [1] (202) 462-3,726
In the us consulates general: Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), and San Francisco
In the us consulates: New Bedford (Massachusetts), Providence (Rhode Island)
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Adrienne S. O'NEAL
From the us embassy: Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600-081 Lisbon
From the us mailing address: Apartado 4,258, 1507 Lisboa Codex; PSC 83, APO AE 9,726
From the us telephone: [351] (21) 727-3,300
From the us fax: [351] (21) 726-9,109
From the us consulates: Ponta Delgada (Azores)

Flag description: two vertical bands of green (hoist side two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line

Economy overview: Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-based economy since joining the European Community in 1986. Over the past decade successive governments have privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy including the financial and telecommunications sectors. The country qualified for the European Monetary Union (EMU) in 1998 and began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002 along with 11 other EU member economies. Economic growth had been above the EU average for much of the past decade but fell back in 2001-04. GDP per capita stands at two-thirds that of the Big Four EU economies. A poor educational system in particular has been an obstacle to greater productivity and growth. Portugal has been increasingly overshadowed by lower-cost producers in Central Europe and Asia as a target for foreign direct investment. The government faces tough choices in its attempts to boost Portugal's economic competitiveness while keeping the budget deficit within the eurozone's 3%-of-GDP ceiling.

Real gdp purchasing power parity: $188.7 billion (2004 est.)

Real gdp growth rate: 1.1% (2004 est.)

Real gdp per capita: purchasing power parity - $17,900 (2004 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 5.9%
Industry: 30.2%
Services: 63.9% (2004 est.)

Agriculture products: grain potatoes olives grapes; sheep cattle goats poultry beef dairy products

Industries: textiles and footwear; wood pulp paper and cork; metals and metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; rubber and plastic products; ceramics; electronics and communications equipment; rail transportation equipment; aerospace equipment; ship construction and refurbishment; wine; tourism

Industrial production growth rate: 1.1% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 5.48 million (2004 est.)
By occupation agriculture: 10%
By occupation industry: 30%
By occupation services: 60% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate: 6.5% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line: NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 3.1%
Highest 10: 28.4% (1995 est.)

Distribution of family income gini index: 35.6 (1994-95)

Budget
Revenues: $74.38 billion
Expenditures: $79.86 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.)

Public debt: 61.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 2.1% (2004 est.)

Current account balance: $-8.12 billion (2004 est.)

Exports: $37.68 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Commodities: clothing and footwear machinery chemicals cork and paper products hides
Partners: Spain 25% France 14% Germany 13.5% UK 9.6% US 6% Italy 4.3% Netherlands 4% (2004)

Imports: $52.1 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Commodities: machinery and transport equipment chemicals petroleum textiles agricultural products
Partners: Spain 29.3% Germany 14.3% France 9.3% Italy 6.1% UK 4.6% Netherlands 4.6% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $12.3 billion (2004 est.)

Debt external: $274.7 billion (2004 est.)

Exchange rates: euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004) 0.886 (2003) 1.0626 (2002) 1.1175 (2001) 1.0854 (2000)

Electricity
Production: 43.28 billion kWh (2002)
Consumption: 42.15 billion kWh (2002)
Exports: 3.4 billion kWh (2002)
Imports: 5.3 billion kWh (2002)

Natural gas
Production: 0 m³ (2001 est.)
Consumption: 2.542 billion m³ (2001 est.)
Exports: 0 m³ (2001 est.)
Imports: 2.553 billion m³ (2001 est.)

Telephones
Main lines in use: 4,278,800 (2003)
Mobile cellular: 9,341,400 (2003)

Telephone system
General assessment: Portugal's telephone system has achieved a state-of-the-art network with broadband, high-speed capabilities and a main line telephone density of 53%
Domestic: integrated network of coaxial cables, open-wire, microwave radio relay, and domestic satellite earth stations
International: country code - 351; 6 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to Azores; note - an earth station for Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region) is planned

Internet
Country code: .pt
Hosts: 346,078 (2004)
Users: 3.6 million (2002)

Military expenditures
Dollar figure: $3,498 million (2003)
Percent of gdp: 2.3% (2003)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; compulsory military service was ended in 2004 (January 2005)

Airports: 65 (2004 est.)
With paved runways total: 42
With paved runways over 3047 m: 5
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 9
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 3
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 15
With paved runways under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)
With unpaved runways total: 23
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 1
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 22 (2004 est.)

Pipelines: gas 1099 km; oil 8 km; refined products 174 km (2004)

Railways
Total: 2,850 km
Broad gauge: 2,576 km 1.668-m gauge (623 km electrified)
Narrow gauge: 274 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Waterways: 210 km (on Douro River from Porto) (2003)

Merchant marine
Total: 114 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 872,557 GRT/1,236,025 DWT
By type: bulk carrier 10, cargo 38, chemical tanker 14, container 7, liquefied gas 9, passenger 8, passenger/cargo 7, petroleum tanker 9, roll on/roll off 4, vehicle carrier 8
Foreign owned: 97 (Australia 1, Belgium 6, Denmark 5, Germany 18, Greece 4, Iceland 1, Italy 11, Japan 8, Lebanon 1, Malta 1, Norway 4, Spain 19, Switzerland 4)
Registered in other countries: 28 (2005)

Disputes international: none

Illicit drugs: gateway country for Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market (especially from Brazil); transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Europe; consumer of Southwest Asian heroin