Background: Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and the Togoland trust territory Ghana in 1957 became the first sub-Saharan country in colonial Africa to gain its independence. Ghana endured a long series of coups before Lt. Jerry RAWLINGS took power in 1981 and banned political parties. After approving a new constitution and restoring multiparty politics in 1992 RAWLINGS won presidential elections in 1992 and 1996 but was constitutionally prevented from running for a third term in 2000. John KUFUOR succeeded him and was reelected in 2004. John Atta MILLS took over as head of state in early 2009.

Geographic coordinates: 8 00 N 2 00 W

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 238,533 km²
Rank: 82
Land: 227,533 km²
Water: 11,000 km²
Comparative: slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries
Total: 2,094 km
Border countries: (3) Burkina Faso 549 km; Cote d'Ivoire 668 km; Togo 877 km

Coastline: 539 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm

Climate: tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north

Terrain: mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area

Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
Extremes highest point: Mount Afadjato 885 m

Natural resources: gold timber industrial diamonds bauxite manganese fish rubber hydropower petroleum silver salt limestone

Land use
Arable land: 17.54%
Permanent crops: 9.22%
Other: 73.24% (2005)

Irrigated land: 340 km² (2008)

Total renewable water resources: 53.2 km³ (2001)

Natural hazards: dry dusty northeastern harmattan winds occur from January to March; droughts

Geography
Note: Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake

Population: 24,791,073 (July 2011 est.)
Rank: 47
Note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy higher infant mortality higher death rates lower population growth rates and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected
Growth rate: 1.822% (2011 est.)
Growth rate rank: 63
Below poverty line: 28.5% (2007 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Ghanaian
Adjective: Ghanaian

Ethnic groups: Akan 45.3% Mole-Dagbon 15.2% Ewe 11.7% Ga-Dangme 7.3% Guan 4% Gurma 3.6% Grusi 2.6% Mande-Busanga 1% other tribes 1.4% other 7.8% (2000 census)

Languages: Asante 14.8% Ewe 12.7% Fante 9.9% Boron (Brong) 4.6% Dagomba 4.3% Dangme 4.3% Dagarte (Dagaba) 3.7% Akyem 3.4% Ga 3.4% Akuapem 2.9% other (includes English (official)) 36.1% (2000 census)

Religions: Christian 68.8% (Pentecostal/Charismatic 24.1% Protestant 18.6% Catholic 15.1% other 11%) Muslim 15.9% traditional 8.5% other 0.7% none 6.1% (2000 census)

Age structure
0-14 years: 36.5%
15-64 years: 60% (male 7,435,449/female 7,436,204)
65 years and over: 3.6% (male 399,737/female 482,471) (2011 est.)

Median age
Total: 21.4 years
Male: 21.1 years
Female: 21.6 years (2011 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.822% (2011 est.)
Rank: 63

Birth rate: 27.55 births/1000 population (2011 est.)
Rank: 47

Death rate: 8.75 deaths/1000 population (July 2011 est.)
Rank: 81

Net migration rate: -0.58 migrant(s)/1000 population (2011 est.)
Rank: 141

Urbanization
Urban population: 51% of total population
Rate of urbanization: 3.4% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Environment
Current issues: recurrent drought in north severely affects agricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and habitat destruction threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water
International agreements party to: Biodiversity Climate Change Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification Endangered Species Environmental Modification Hazardous Wastes Law of the Sea Ozone Layer Protection Ship Pollution Tropical Timber 83 Tropical Timber 94 Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.03 male/female
Under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
Total population: 1 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 48.55 deaths/1000 live births
Rank: 51
Male: 51.99 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 45.01 deaths/1000 live births (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 61 years
Rank: 185
Male: 59.78 years
Female: 62.25 years (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate: 3.48 children born/woman (2011 est.)
Rank: 46

Drinking water source:

Physicians density: 0.085 physicians/1000 population (2009)
Rank: 167

Hospital bed density: 0.93 beds/1000 population (2009)
Rank: 150

Sanitation facility access:

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 1.8% (2009 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 32
People living with hivaids: 260,000 (2009 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 23
Deaths: 18,000 (2009 est.)
Deaths rank: 16

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea hepatitis A and typhoid fever
Vectorborne diseases: malaria
Water contact disease: schistosomiasis
Respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
Animal contact disease: rabies
Note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible r

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 14.3% (2008)
Rank: 57

Education expenditures: 5.4% of GDP (2005)
Rank: 46

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 57.9%
Male: 66.4%
Female: 49.8% (2000 census)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 10 years
Male: 11 years
Female: 10 years (2009)

Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Ghana
Conventional short form: Ghana
Former: Gold Coast

Government type: constitutional democracy

Capital
Name: Accra
Geographic coordinates: 5 33 N 0 13 W
Time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington DC during Standard Time)

Administrative divisions: 10 regions; Ashanti Brong-Ahafo Central Eastern Greater Accra Northern Upper East Upper West Volta Western

Independence: 6 March 1957 (from the UK)

National holiday: Independence Day 6 March (1957)

Constitution: approved 28 April 1992

Legal system: mixed system of English common law and customary law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President John Evans Atta MILLS ; Vice President John Dramani MAHAMA (since 7 January 2009); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
Head of government: President John Evans Atta MILLS (since 7 January 2009); Vice President John Dramani MAHAMA (since 7 January 2009)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers; president nominates members subject to approval by Parliament
Elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held on 7 and 28 December 2008 (next to be held on 7 December 2012)
Election results: John Evans Atta MILLS elected president in run-off election; percent of vote - John Evans Atta MILLS 50.23% Nana Addo Dankwa AKUFO-ADDO 49.77%

Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (230 seats; members elected by direct popular vote in single-seat constituencies to serve four-year terms)
Elections: last held on 7 December 2008 (next to be held on 7 December 2012)
Election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NDC 114 NPP 107 PNC 2 CPP 1 independent 4 other 2

Judicial branch: Supreme Court; High Court; Court of Appeal; regional tribunals

Political parties and leaders: Convention People's Party or CPP [Ladi NYLANDER]; Democratic Freedom Party or DFP [Alhaji Abudu Rahman ISSAKAH]; Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere or EGLE; Great Consolidated Popular Party or GCPP [Dan LARTEY]; National Democratic Congress or NDC [Dr. Kwabena ADJEI]; New Patriotic Party or NPP [Jake OBETSEBI-LAMPEY]; People's National Convention or PNC [Alhaji Amed RAMADAN]; Reform Party [Kyeretwie OPUKU]; United Renaissance Party or URP [Charles WAYO]

International organization participation: ACP AfDB AU C ECOWAS FAO G-24 G-77 IAEA IBRD ICAO ICC ICRM IDA IFAD IFC IFRCS ILO IMF IMO IMSO Interpol IOC IOM IPU ISO ITSO ITU ITUC MIGA MINURSO MONUSCO NAM OAS (observer) OIF OPCW UN UNAMID UNCTAD UNESCO UNHCR UNIDO UNIFIL UNMIL UNOCI UNWTO UPU WCO WFTU WHO WIPO WMO WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Daniel Ohene AGYEKUM
In the us chancery: 3,512 International Drive NW Washington DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 686-4,520
In the us fax: [1] (202) 686-4,527
In the us consulate general: New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Donald G. TEITELBAUM
From the us embassy: 24 4th Circular Rd. Cantonments Accra
From the us mailing address: P. O. Box 194 Accra
From the us telephone: [233] (21) 741-000
From the us fax: [233] (21) 741-389

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top) yellow and green with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; red symbolizes the blood shed for independence yellow represents the country's mineral wealth while green stands for its forests and natural wealth; the black star is said to be the lodestar of African freedom
Note: uses the popular Pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band

National symbols: black star; golden eagle

National anthem
Name: 'God Bless Our Homeland Ghana'
Lyricsmusic: unknown/Philip GBEHO
Note: music adopted 1957 lyrics adopted 1966; the lyrics were changed twice once when a republic was declared in 1960 and again after a 1966 coup

Economy overview: Ghana is well endowed with natural resources and agriculture accounts for roughly one-third of GDP and employs more than half of the workforce mainly small landholders. The services sector accounts for 40% of GDP. Gold and cocoa production and individual remittances are major sources of foreign exchange. Oil production at Ghana's offshore Jubilee field began in mid-December 2010 and is expected to boost economic growth. Estimated oil reserves have jumped to almost 700 million barrels. Ghana signed a Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) Compact in 2006 which aims to assist in transforming Ghana's agricultural sector. Ghana opted for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) program in 2002 and is also benefiting from the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative that took effect in 2006. In 2009 Ghana signed a three-year Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility with the IMF to improve macroeconomic stability private sector competitiveness human resource development and good governance and civic responsibility. Sound macro-economic management along with high prices for gold and cocoa helped sustain GDP growth in 2008-10. In early 2010 President John Atta MILLS targeted recovery from high inflation and current account and budget deficits as his priorities.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Rank: 86
Note: data are in 2010 US dollars

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 57

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 180
Note: data are in 2010 US dollars

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 29.9%
Industry: 18.6%
Services: 51.4% (2010 est.)

Agriculture products: cocoa rice cassava (tapioca) peanuts corn shea nuts bananas; timber

Industries: mining lumbering light manufacturing aluminum smelting food processing cement small commercial ship building

Industrial production growth rate: 5% (2010 est.)
Rank: 83

Labor force: 10.56 million (2010 est.)
Rank: 49
By occupation agriculture: 56%
By occupation industry: 15%
By occupation services: 29% (2005 est.)

Unemployment rate: 11% (2000 est.)
Rank: 120

Population below poverty line: 28.5% (2007 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 2%
Highest 10: 32.8% (2006)

Distribution of family income gini index: 40.7 (1999)
Rank: 68

Budget
Revenues: $5.381 billion
Expenditures: $7.757 billion (2010 est.)
Surplus or deficit: -7.6% of GDP (2010 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 182

Taxes and other revenues: 17.3% of GDP (2010 est.)
Rank: 175

Public debt: 33.3% of GDP (2009 est.)
Rank: 83

Inflation rate consumer prices: 19.3% (2009 est.)
Rank: 204

Central bank discount rate: 17% (31 December 2008)
Rank: 11

Commercial bank prime lending rate: 28.8% (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 6

Stock of narrow money: $5.547 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 80

Stock of broad money: $8.292 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 99

Stock of domestic credit: $7.408 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 98

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 91

Current account balance: -$1.199 billion (2009 est.)
Rank: 163

Exports: $5.84 billion (2009 est.)
Rank: 99
Commodities: gold cocoa timber tuna bauxite aluminum manganese ore diamonds horticulture
Partners: Netherlands 11.7% UK 7% France 5.7% US 5.6% Ukraine 5% Belgium 4.6% (2010)

Imports: $8.046 billion (2009 est.)
Rank: 88
Commodities: capital equipment petroleum foodstuffs
Partners: China 16.6% Nigeria 12.7% US 8.4% Cote dIvoire 6.2% UK 4.5% France 4.2% (2010)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $3.165 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 87

Debt external: $5.72 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 102

Stock of direct foreign investment at home: $NA

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad: $NA

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Production: 8.167 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Production rank: 97
Consumption: 6.06 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Consumption rank: 106
Exports: 538 million kWh (2008 est.)
Imports: 263 million kWh (2008 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 0 m³ (2009 est.)
Production rank: 187
Consumption: 0 m³ (2009 est.)
Consumption rank: 179
Exports: 0 m³ (2009 est.)
Exports rank: 103
Imports: 0 m³ (2009 est.)
Imports rank: 125
Proven reserves: 22.65 billion m³ (1 January 2011 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 75

Telephones
Main lines in use: 277,900 (2010)
Main lines in use rank: 119
Mobile cellular: 17.436 million (2010)
Mobile cellular rank: 48

Telephone system
General assessment: primarily microwave radio relay; wireless local loop has been installed; outdated and unreliable fixed-line infrastructure heavily concentrated in Accra
Domestic: competition among multiple mobile-cellular providers has spurred growth with a subscribership of more than 60 per 100 persons and rising
International: country code - 233; landing point for the SAT-3/WASC Main One and GLO-1 fiber-optic submarine cables that provide connectivity to South Africa Europe and Asia; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay link to Panaftel system connects Ghana to its neighbors (2009)

Broadcast media: state-owned TV station 2 state-owned radio networks; several privately-owned TV stations and a large number of privately-owned radio stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are accessible; several cable and satellite TV subscription services are obtainable (2007)

Internet
Country code: .gh
Hosts: 41,082 (2010)
Hosts rank: 93
Users: 1.297 million (2009)
Users rank: 93

Military expenditures: 1.7% of GDP (2009)
Rank: 87

Military service age and obligation: 18-26 years of age for voluntary military service with basic education certificate; no conscription (2011)

Airports: 11 (2010)
Rank: 156
With paved runways total: 7
With paved runways over 3047 m: 1
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 1
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 3
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 2 (2010)
With unpaved runways total: 4
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 3
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 1 (2010)

Pipelines: gas 1 km; oil 5 km; refined products 312 km (2010)

Railways
Total: 947 km
Rank: 91
Narrow gauge: 947 km 1.067-m gauge (2009)

Roadways
Total: 62,221 km
Rank: 72
Paved: 9,955 km
Unpaved: 52,266 km (2006)

Waterways: 1293 km (168 km for launches and lighters on Volta Ankobra and Tano rivers; 1125 km of arterial and feeder waterways on Lake Volta) (2011)
Rank: 58

Merchant marine
Total: 4
Rank: 135
By type: petroleum tanker 1 refrigerated cargo 3
Foreign owned: 2 (Brazil 1 South Korea 1) (2010)

Ports and terminals: Takoradi Tema

Disputes international: Ghana struggles to accommodate returning nationals who worked in the cocoa plantations and escaped fighting in Cote d'Ivoire

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees: 35,653 (Liberia); 8,517 (Togo) (2007)

Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; major transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and to a lesser extent South American cocaine destined for Europe and the US; widespread crime and money laundering problem but the lack of a well developed financial infrastructure limits the country's utility as a money laundering center;