Background: The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender but it required four years of intermittent negotiations recurring hostilities and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. Free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999 after decades of repressive rule. Indonesia is now the world's third most populous democracy the world's largest archipelagic state and home to the world's largest Muslim population. Current issues include: alleviating poverty improving education preventing terrorism consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism implementing economic and financial reforms stemming corruption holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations addressing climate change and controlling infectious diseases particularly those of global and regional importance. In 2005 Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance by the separatist Free Papua Movement.

Geographic coordinates: 5 00 S 120 00 E

Map reference: Southeast Asia

Area
Total: 1,904,569 km²
Rank: 15
Land: 1,811,569 km²
Water: 93,000 km²
Comparative: slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Land boundaries
Total: 2,830 km
Border countries: (3) Timor-Leste 228 km; Malaysia 1782 km; Papua New Guinea 820 km

Coastline: 54,716 km

Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate: tropical; hot humid; more moderate in highlands

Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
Extremes highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

Natural resources: petroleum tin natural gas nickel timber bauxite copper fertile soils coal gold silver

Land use
Arable land: 11.03%
Permanent crops: 7.04%
Other: 81.93% (2005)

Irrigated land: 67,220 km² (2008)

Total renewable water resources: 2,838 km³ (1999)

Natural hazards: occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires
Volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java western Sumatra the Sunda Islands Halmahera Island Sulawesi Island Sangihe Island and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (elev. 2,968 m) Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010 has been deemed a 'Decade Volcano' by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung Awu Karangetang Krakatau (Krakatoa) Makian Raung and Tambora

Geography
Note: archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

Population: 245,613,043 (July 2011 est.)
Rank: 4
Growth rate: 1.069% (2011 est.)
Growth rate rank: 110
Below poverty line: 13.33% (2010)

Nationality
Noun: Indonesian
Adjective: Indonesian

Ethnic groups: Javanese 40.6% Sundanese 15% Madurese 3.3% Minangkabau 2.7% Betawi 2.4% Bugis 2.4% Banten 2% Banjar 1.7% other or unspecified 29.9% (2000 census)

Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official modified form of Malay) English Dutch local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese)

Religions: Muslim 86.1% Protestant 5.7% Roman Catholic 3% Hindu 1.8% other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)

Age structure
0-14 years: 27.3%
15-64 years: 66.5% (male 82,104,636/female 81,263,055)
65 years and over: 6.1% (male 6,654,695/female 8,446,603) (2011 est.)

Median age
Total: 28.2 years
Male: 27.7 years
Female: 28.7 years (2011 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.069% (2011 est.)
Rank: 110

Birth rate: 18.1 births/1000 population (2011 est.)
Rank: 104

Death rate: 6.26 deaths/1000 population (July 2011 est.)
Rank: 155

Net migration rate: -1.15 migrant(s)/1000 population (2011 est.)
Rank: 153

Urbanization
Urban population: 44% of total population
Rate of urbanization: 1.7% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Environment
Current issues: deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires
International agreements party to: Biodiversity Climate Change Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification Endangered Species Hazardous Wastes Law of the Sea Ozone Layer Protection Ship Pollution Tropical Timber 83 Tropical Timber 94 Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male/female
Under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
Total population: 1 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 27.95 deaths/1000 live births
Rank: 72
Male: 32.63 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 23.03 deaths/1000 live births (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 71.33 years
Rank: 137
Male: 68.8 years
Female: 73.99 years (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate: 2.25 children born/woman (2011 est.)
Rank: 102

Drinking water source:

Physicians density: 0.288 physicians/1000 population (2007)
Rank: 142

Hospital bed density: 0.6 beds/1000 population (2002)
Rank: 164

Sanitation facility access:

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.2% (2009 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 98
People living with hivaids: 310,000 (2009 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 19
Deaths: 8,300 (2009 est.)
Deaths rank: 27

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: high
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea hepatitis A and E and typhoid fever
Vectorborne diseases: chikungunya dengue fever and malaria
Note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 2.4% (2001)
Rank: 67

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 19.6% (2007)
Rank: 38

Education expenditures: 2.8% of GDP (2008)
Rank: 139

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 90.4%
Male: 94%
Female: 86.8% (2004 est.)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 13 years
Male: 13 years
Female: 13 years (2009)

Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
Conventional short form: Indonesia
Local long form: Republik Indonesia
Local short form: Indonesia
Former: Netherlands East Indies Dutch East Indies

Government type: republic

Capital
Name: Jakarta
Geographic coordinates: 6 10 S 106 49 E
Time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington DC during Standard Time)
Note: Indonesia is divided into three time zones

Administrative divisions: 30 provinces (provinsi-provinsi singular - provinsi) 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa singular - daerah istimewa) and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh* Bali Banten Bengkulu Gorontalo Jakarta Raya** Jambi Jawa Barat (West Java) Jawa Tengah (Central Java) Jawa Timur (East Java) Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan) Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan) Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan) Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan) Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands) Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands) Lampung Maluku Maluku Utara (North Maluku) Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara) Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara) Papua Papua Barat (West Papua) Riau Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi) Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi) Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi) Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi) Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi) Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra) Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra) Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra) Yogyakarta*
Note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001 regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

Independence: 17 August 1945 (declared); 27 December 1949 (recognized by the Netherlands); note - in August 2005 the Netherlands announced that it had recognized de facto Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945

National holiday: Independence Day 17 August (1945)

Constitution: August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950 restored 5 July 1959; series of amendments concluded in 2002

Legal system: civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO ; Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
Head of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009)
Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
Elections: president and vice president elected for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by direct vote of the citizenry; election last held on 8 July 2009 (next to be held in 2014)
Election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president; percent of vote - Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO 60.8% MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri 26.8% Jusuf KALLA 12.4%

Legislative branch: People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) is the upper house; it consists of members of the DPR and DPD and has role in inaugurating and impeaching the president and in amending the constitution but does not formulate national policy; House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (560 seats members elected to serve five-year terms) formulates and passes legislation at the national level; House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD) constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issues affecting regions (132 members four from each of Indonesia's 30 provinces two special regions and one special capital city district)
Elections: last held on 9 April 2009 (next to be held in 2014)
Election results: percent of vote by party - PD 20.9% GOLKAR 14.5% PDI-P 14.0% PKS 7.9% PAN 6.0% PPP 5.3% PKB 4.9% GERINDRA 4.5% HANURA 3.8% others 18.2%; seats by party - PD 148 GOLKAR 107 PDI-P 94 PKS 57 PAN 46 PPP 37 PKB 28 GERINDRA 26 HANURA 17
Note: 29 other parties received less than 2.5% of the vote so did not obtain any seats; because of election rules the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties

Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung is the final court of appeal but does not have the power of judicial review (justices are appointed by the president from a list of candidates selected by the legislature); in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lower court system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (invested by the president on 16 August 2003) has the power of judicial review jurisdiction over the results of a general election and reviews actions to dismiss a president from office; Labor Court under supervision of Supreme Court began functioning in January 2006; the Anti-Corruption Court has jurisdiction over corruption cases brought by the independent Corruption Eradication Commission

Political parties and leaders: Democrat Party or PD [Anas URANINGRUM]; Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Aburizal BAKRIE]; Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [SUHARDI]; Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Hatta RAJASA]; People's Conscience Party or HANURA [WIRANTO]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Luthfi Hasan ISHAQ]; United Development Party or PPP [Suryadharma ALI]

International organization participation: ADB APEC ARF ASEAN BIS CICA (observer) CP D-8 EAS FAO G-11 G-15 G-20 G-77 IAEA IBRD ICAO ICC ICRM IDA IDB IFAD IFC IFRCS IHO ILO IMF IMO IMSO Interpol IOC IOM (observer) IPU ISO ITSO ITU ITUC MIGA MONUSCO NAM OIC OPCW PIF (partner) UN UNAMID UNCTAD UNESCO UNIDO UNIFIL UNMIL UNWTO UPU WCO WFTU WHO WIPO WMO WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Dino Patti DJALAL
In the us chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW Washington DC 20,036
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 775-5,200
In the us fax: [1] (202) 775-5,365
In the us consulate general: Chicago Houston Los Angeles New York San Francisco
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Scot A. MARCIEL
From the us embassy: Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 4-5 Jakarta 10,110
From the us mailing address: Unit 8,129 Box 1 FPO AP 96,520
From the us telephone: [62] (21) 3,435-9,000
From the us fax: [62] (21) 3,435-9,922
From the us consulate general: Surabaya

Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage white represents purity
Note: similar to the flag of Monaco which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red

National symbols: garuda (mythical bird)

National anthem
Name: 'Indonesia Raya'
Lyricsmusic: Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN
Note: adopted 1945

Economy overview: Indonesia a vast polyglot nation has weathered the global financial crisis relatively smoothly because of its heavy reliance on domestic consumption as the driver of economic growth. Increasing investment by both local and foreign investors is also supporting solid growth. Although the economy slowed to 4.5% growth in 2009 from the 6%-plus growth rate recorded in 2007 and 2008 by 2010 growth returned to a 6% rate. During the recession Indonesia outperformed most of its regional neighbors. The government made economic advances under the first administration of President YUDHOYONO introducing significant reforms in the financial sector including tax and customs reforms the use of Treasury bills and capital market development and supervision. Indonesia's debt-to-GDP ratio in recent years has declined steadily because of increasingly robust GDP growth and sound fiscal stewardship leading two of the three leading credit agencies to upgrade credit ratings for Indonesia's sovereign debt to one notch below investment grade. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment inadequate infrastructure corruption a complex regulatory environment and unequal resource distribution among regions. YUDHOYONO and his vice president respected economist BOEDIONO have maintained broad continuity of economic policy although the economic reform agenda has been slowed during the first year of their term by corruption scandals and the departure of an internationally respected finance minister. In late 2010 increasing inflation driven by higher and volatile food prices posed an increasing challenge to economic policymakers and threatened to push millions of the near-poor below the poverty line. The government in 2011 faces the ongoing challenge of improving Indonesia's infrastructure to remove impediments to growth while addressing climate change concerns particularly with regard to conserving Indonesia's forests and peatlands the focus of a potentially trailblazi

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Rank: 16
Note: data are in 2010 US dollars

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 51

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 155
Note: data are in 2010 US dollars

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 15.3%
Industry: 47%
Services: 37.6% (2010 est.)

Agriculture products: rice cassava (tapioca) peanuts rubber cocoa coffee palm oil copra; poultry beef pork eggs

Industries: petroleum and natural gas textiles apparel footwear mining cement chemical fertilizers plywood rubber food tourism

Industrial production growth rate: 4.3% (2010 est.)
Rank: 98

Labor force: 116.5 million (2010 est.)
Rank: 5
By occupation agriculture: 38.3%
By occupation industry: 12.8%
By occupation services: 48.9% (2010 est.)

Unemployment rate: 7.9% (2009 est.)
Rank: 73

Population below poverty line: 13.33% (2010)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 3.3%
Highest 10: 29.9% (2009)

Distribution of family income gini index: 39.4 (2005)
Rank: 81

Budget
Revenues: $119.5 billion
Expenditures: $132.9 billion (2011 est.)
Surplus or deficit: -1.9% of GDP (2011 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 72

Taxes and other revenues: 16.9% of GDP (2011 est.)
Rank: 178

Public debt: 26.4% of GDP (2009 est.)
Rank: 99

Inflation rate consumer prices: 4.8% (2009 est.)
Rank: 151

Central bank discount rate: 6.46% (31 December 2009)
Rank: 62
Note: this figure represents the 3-month SBI rate; BI has not employed the one-month SBI since September 2010

Commercial bank prime lending rate: 14.498% (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 65
Note: these figures represent the average annualized rate on working capital loans

Stock of narrow money: $54.87 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 39

Stock of broad money: $227.8 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 33

Stock of domestic credit: $212.6 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 36

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 32

Current account balance: $10.63 billion (2009 est.)
Rank: 30

Exports: $119.6 billion (2009 est.)
Rank: 29
Commodities: oil and gas electrical appliances plywood textiles rubber
Partners: Japan 16.3% China 9.9% US 9.1% Singapore 8.7% South Korea 8% India 6.3% Malaysia 5.9% (2010)

Imports: $88.72 billion (2009 est.)
Rank: 30
Commodities: machinery and equipment chemicals fuels foodstuffs
Partners: China 15.1% Singapore 14.9% Japan 12.5% US 6.9% Malaysia 6.4% South Korea 5.7% Thailand 5.5% (2010)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $66.12 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 21

Debt external: $196.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
Rank: 32

Stock of direct foreign investment at home: $72.84 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 38

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad: $30.18 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 37

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Production: 141.2 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Production rank: 24
Consumption: 126.1 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Consumption rank: 26
Exports: 0 kWh (2009 est.)
Imports: 0 kWh (2009 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 82.8 billion m³ (2010 est.)
Production rank: 12
Consumption: 40.47 billion m³ (2010 est.)
Consumption rank: 22
Exports: 42.33 billion m³ (2010 est.)
Exports rank: 7
Imports: 0 m³ (2010 est.)
Imports rank: 135
Proven reserves: 3.001 trillion m³ (1 January 2011 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 14

Telephones
Main lines in use: 37.96 million (2010)
Main lines in use rank: 7
Mobile cellular: 220 million (2010)
Mobile cellular rank: 5

Telephone system
General assessment: domestic service includes an interisland microwave system an HF radio police net and a domestic satellite communications system; international service good
Domestic: coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly
International: country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia the Middle Ea

Broadcast media: mixture of about a dozen national television networks - 2 public broadcasters the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations operating; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks as well as regional and local stations; overall more than 700 radio stations operating with more than 650 privately-operated (2008)

Internet
Country code: .id
Hosts: 1.269 million (2010)
Hosts rank: 39
Users: 20 million (2009)
Users rank: 22

Military expenditures: 3% of GDP (2005 est.)
Rank: 42

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2008)

Airports: 684 (2010)
Rank: 10
With paved runways total: 171
With paved runways over 3047 m: 4
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 19
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 50
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 64
With paved runways under 914 m: 34 (2010)
With unpaved runways total: 513
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 4
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 25
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 484 (2010)

Heliports: 64 (2010)

Pipelines: condensate 812 km; condensate/gas 73 km; gas 7,165 km; oil 5,984 km; oil/gas/water 12 km; refined products 617 km; water 44 km (2010)

Railways
Total: 5,042 km
Rank: 35
Narrow gauge: 5,042 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2009)

Roadways
Total: 437,759 km
Rank: 14
Paved: 258,744 km
Unpaved: 179,015 km (2008)

Waterways: 21,579 km (2011)
Rank: 5

Merchant marine
Total: 1244
Rank: 8
By type: bulk carrier 95 cargo 601 chemical tanker 57 container 112 liquefied gas 17 passenger 47 passenger/cargo 76 petroleum tanker 214 refrigerated cargo 4 roll on/roll off 12 specialized tanker 1 vehicle carrier 8
Foreign owned: 61 (China 1 France 1 Greece 1 Japan 7 Malaysia 1 Norway 4 Singapore 42 South Korea 1 Taiwan 1 US 2)
Registered in other countries: 87 (Bahamas 2 Cambodia 2 Hong Kong 8 Liberia 4 Mongolia 2 Panama 14 Singapore 53 unknown 2) (2010)

Ports and terminals: Banjarmasin Belawan Kotabaru Krueg Geukueh Palembang Panjang Sungai Pakning Tanjung Perak Tanjung Priok

Disputes international: Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; some sections of border along Timor-Leste's Oecussi exclave and maritime boundaries with Timor-Leste remain unresolved; many refugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left the sovereignty of Unarang rock and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea in dispute; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists squatters and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and pla

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Idps: 200,000-350,000 (2007)

Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy