Background: South Africa occupied the German colony of South-West Africa during World War I and administered it as a mandate until after World War II when it annexed the territory. In 1966 the Marxist South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) guerrilla group launched a war of independence for the area that became Namibia but it was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to end its administration in accordance with a UN peace plan for the entire region. Namibia has been governed by SWAPO since the country won independence in 1990. Hifikepunye POHAMBA was elected president in November 2004 in a landslide victory replacing Sam NUJOMA who led the country during its first 14 years of self rule. POHAMBA was reelected in November 2009.

Geographic coordinates: 22 00 S 17 00 E

Map reference: Africa

Area
Total: 824,292 km²
Rank: 34
Land: 823,290 km²
Water: 1002 km²
Comparative: slightly more than half the size of Alaska

Land boundaries
Total: 3,936 km
Border countries: (4) Angola 1376 km; Botswana 1360 km; South Africa 967 km; Zambia 233 km

Coastline: 1572 km

Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate: desert; hot dry; rainfall sparse and erratic

Terrain: mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east

Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
Extremes highest point: Konigstein 2,606 m

Natural resources: diamonds copper uranium gold silver lead tin lithium cadmium tungsten zinc salt hydropower fish
Note: suspected deposits of oil coal and iron ore

Land use
Arable land: 0.99%
Permanent crops: 0.01%
Other: 99% (2005)

Irrigated land: 80 km² (2008)

Total renewable water resources: 45.5 km³ (1991)

Natural hazards: prolonged periods of drought

Geography
Note: first country in the world to incorporate the protection of the environment into its constitution; some 14% of the land is protected including virtually the entire Namib Desert coastal strip

Population: 2,147,585 (July 2011 est.)
Rank: 143
Note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy higher infant mortality higher death rates lower population growth rates and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected
Growth rate: 0.873% (2011 est.)
Growth rate rank: 127
Below poverty line: 55.8%
Below poverty line note: the UNDP's 2005 Human Development Report indicated that 34.9% of the population live on $1 per day and 55.8% live on $2 per day (2005 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Namibian
Adjective: Namibian

Ethnic groups: black 87.5% white 6% mixed 6.5%
Note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups include Herero 7% Damara 7% Nama 5% Caprivian 4% Bushmen 3% Baster 2% Tswana 0.5%

Languages: English (official) 7% Afrikaans (common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population) German 32% indigenous languages (includes Oshivambo Herero Nama) 1%

Religions: Christian 80% to 90% (at least 50% Lutheran) indigenous beliefs 10% to 20%

Age structure
0-14 years: 34.2%
15-64 years: 61.7% (male 671,853/female 652,414)
65 years and over: 4.1% (male 38,851/female 49,157) (2011 est.)

Median age
Total: 21.7 years
Male: 21.7 years
Female: 21.8 years (2011 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.873% (2011 est.)
Rank: 127

Birth rate: 21.48 births/1000 population (2011 est.)
Rank: 79

Death rate: 12.95 deaths/1000 population (July 2011 est.)
Rank: 24

Net migration rate: 0.2 migrant(s)/1000 population (2011 est.)
Rank: 69

Urbanization
Urban population: 38% of total population
Rate of urbanization: 3.3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Environment
Current issues: limited natural freshwater resources; desertification; wildlife poaching; land degradation has led to few conservation areas
International agreements party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources Biodiversity Climate Change Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification Endangered Species Hazardous Wastes Law of the Sea Ozone Layer Protection Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.03 male/female
Under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

Infant mortality rate
Total: 45.59 deaths/1000 live births
Rank: 54
Male: 48.86 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 42.21 deaths/1000 live births (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 52.19 years
Rank: 208
Male: 52.48 years
Female: 51.89 years (2011 est.)

Total fertility rate: 2.49 children born/woman (2011 est.)
Rank: 84

Drinking water source:

Physicians density: 0.374 physicians/1000 population (2007)
Rank: 132

Hospital bed density: 2.67 beds/1000 population (2009)
Rank: 84

Sanitation facility access:

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 13.1% (2009 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 7
People living with hivaids: 180,000 (2009 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 28
Deaths: 6,700 (2009 est.)
Deaths rank: 32

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: high
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea hepatitis A and typhoid fever
Vectorborne disease: malaria
Water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 17.5% (2007)
Rank: 43

Education expenditures: 6.4% of GDP (2008)
Rank: 23

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 85%
Male: 86.8%
Female: 83.5% (2001 census)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 12 years
Male: 12 years
Female: 12 years (2008)

Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Namibia
Conventional short form: Namibia
Local long form: Republic of Namibia
Local short form: Namibia
Former: German South-West Africa (Sued-West Afrika) South-West Africa

Government type: republic

Capital
Name: Windhoek
Geographic coordinates: 22 34 S 17 05 E
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington DC during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr begins first Sunday in September; ends first Sunday in April

Administrative divisions: 13 regions; Caprivi Erongo Hardap Karas Khomas Kunene Ohangwena Okavango Omaheke Omusati Oshana Oshikoto Otjozondjupa

Independence: 21 March 1990 (from South African mandate)

National holiday: Independence Day 21 March (1990)

Constitution: ratified 9 February 1990 effective 12 March 1990

Legal system: mixed legal system of uncodified civil law based on Roman-Dutch law and customary law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Hifikepunye POHAMBA
Head of government: Prime Minister Nahas ANGULA (since 21 March 2005)
Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly
Elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 27-28 November 2009 (next to be held in 2014)
Election results: Hifikepunye POHAMBA reelected president; percent of vote - Hifikepunye POHAMBA 76.4% Hidipo HAMUTENYA 11.0% Katuutire KAURA 3.0% Kuaima RIRUAKO 2.9% Justus GAROEB 2.4% Ignatius SHIXWAMENI 1.3% Hendrick MUDGE 1.2% other 1.8%

Legislative branch: bicameral legislature consists of the National Council primarily an advisory body (26 seats; two members chosen from each regional council to serve six-year terms) and the National Assembly (72 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
Elections: National Council - elections for regional councils to determine members of the National Council held on 26-27 November 2010 (next to be held in 2016); National Assembly - last held on 26-27 November 2009 (next to be held in November 2014)
Election results: National Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - SWAPO 24 UDF 1 DTA 1; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - SWAPO 75.3% RDP 11.3% DTA 3.1% NUDO 3.0% UDF 2.4% APP 1.4% RP 0.8% COD 0.7% SWANU 0.6% other 1.3%; seats by party - SWAPO 54 RDP 8 DTA 2 NUDO 2 UDF 2 APP 1 COD 1 RP 1 SWANU 1

Judicial branch: Supreme Court (judges appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission)

Political parties and leaders: All People's Party or APP [Ignatius SHIXWAMENI]; Congress of Democrats or COD [Benjamin ULENGA]; Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia or DTA [Katuutire KAURA]; Monitor Action Group or MAG [Jurie VILJOEN]; National Democratic Movement for Change or NamDMC; National Unity Democratic Organization or NUDO [Kuaima RIRUAKO]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Hidipo HAMUTENYA]; Republican Party or RP [Hendrick MUDGE]; South West Africa National Union or SWANU [Usutuaije MAAMBERUA]; South West Africa People's Organization or SWAPO [Hifikepunye POHAMBA]; United Democratic Front or UDF [Justus GAROEB]

International organization participation: ACP AfDB AU C FAO G-77 IAEA IBRD ICAO ICRM IFAD IFC IFRCS ILO IMF IMO Interpol IOC IOM IPU ISO ITSO ITU ITUC MIGA NAM OPCW SACU SADC UN UNAMID UNCTAD UNESCO UNHCR UNIDO UNISFA UNMIL UNMISS UNOCI UNWTO UPU WCO WHO WIPO WMO WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Martin ANDJABA
In the us chancery: 1605 New Hampshire Avenue NW Washington DC 20,009
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 986-0540
In the us fax: [1] (202) 986-0443
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Wanda L. NESBITT
From the us embassy: 14 Lossen Street Windhoek
From the us mailing address: Private Bag 12,029 Ausspannplatz Windhoek
From the us telephone: [264] (61) 295-8,500
From the us fax: [264] (61) 295-8,603

Flag description: a wide red stripe edged by narrow white stripes divides the flag diagonally from lower hoist corner to upper fly corner; the upper hoist-side triangle is blue and charged with a yellow 12-rayed sunburst; the lower fly-side triangle is green; red signifies the heroism of the people and their determination to build a future of equal opportunity for all; white stands for peace unity tranquility and harmony; blue represents the Namibian sky and the Atlantic Ocean the country's precious water resources and rain; the yellow sun denotes power and existence; green symbolizes vegetation and agricultural resources

National anthem
Name: 'Namibia Land of the Brave'
Lyricsmusic: Axali DOESEB
Note: adopted 1991

Economy overview: The economy is heavily dependent on the extraction and processing of minerals for export. Mining accounts for 8% of GDP but provides more than 50% of foreign exchange earnings. Rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds. Namibia is the world's fourth-largest producer of uranium. It also produces large quantities of zinc and is a small producer of gold and other minerals. The mining sector employs only about 3% of the population while about 35-40% of the population depends on subsistence agriculture for its livelihood. Namibia normally imports about 50% of its cereal requirements; in drought years food shortages are a major problem in rural areas. A high per capita GDP relative to the region hides one of the world's most unequal income distributions as shown by Namibia's 70.7 GINI coefficient. The Namibian economy is closely linked to South Africa with the Namibian dollar pegged one-to-one to the South African rand. Until 2010 Namibia drew 40% of its budget revenues from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). Increased payments from SACU put Namibia's budget into surplus in 2007 for the first time since independence. SACU allotments to Namibia increased in 2009 but will drop for 2010 and 2011 because South Africa went into recession during the global economic crisis reducing overall SACU income. Increased fish production and mining of zinc copper and uranium spurred growth in 2003-08 but growth in recent years was undercut by poor fish catches a dramatic decline in demand for diamonds higher costs of producing metals and the global recession. A rebound in diamond and uranium prices in 2010 provided a significant boost to Namibia's mining sector. Copper mines which closed in 2008 are slated to reopen in 2011.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Rank: 138
Note: data are in 2010 US dollars

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 86

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 132
Note: data are in 2010 US dollars

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 7.3%
Industry: 34.3%
Services: 58.4% (2010 est.)

Agriculture products: millet sorghum peanuts grapes; livestock; fish

Industries: meatpacking fish processing dairy products; mining (diamonds lead zinc tin silver tungsten uranium copper)

Industrial production growth rate: 6.5% (2010 est.)
Rank: 63

Labor force: 789,100 (2010 est.)
Rank: 146
By occupation agriculture: 16.3%
By occupation industry: 22.4%
By occupation services: 61.3%
By occupation note: statistics are for the formal sector only; about half of Namibia's people are unemployed while about two-thirds live in rural areas; roughly two-thirds of rural dwellers rely on subsistence agriculture (2008 est.)

Unemployment rate: 36.7% (2004 est.)
Rank: 192

Population below poverty line: 55.8%
Note: the UNDP's 2005 Human Development Report indicated that 34.9% of the population live on $1 per day and 55.8% live on $2 per day (2005 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 1.1%
Highest 10: 53% (2008)

Distribution of family income gini index: 70.7 (2003)
Rank: 1

Budget
Revenues: $3.103 billion
Expenditures: $3.874 billion (2010 est.)
Surplus or deficit: -6.5% of GDP (2010 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 170

Taxes and other revenues: 26.2% of GDP (2010 est.)
Rank: 116

Public debt: 14.8% of GDP (2009 est.)
Rank: 109

Inflation rate consumer prices: 8.8% (2009 est.)
Rank: 141

Central bank discount rate: 7% (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 48

Commercial bank prime lending rate: 11.12% (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 94

Stock of narrow money: $2.839 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 102

Stock of broad money: $6.595 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 109

Stock of domestic credit: $4.726 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 105

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 105

Current account balance: -$160.9 million (2009 est.)
Rank: 62

Exports: $3.535 billion (2009 est.)
Rank: 117
Commodities: diamonds copper gold zinc lead uranium; cattle processed fish karakul skins

Imports: $4.519 billion (2009 est.)
Rank: 116
Commodities: foodstuffs; petroleum products and fuel machinery and equipment chemicals

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $1.846 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 127

Debt external: $2.199 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Rank: 128

Stock of direct foreign investment at home: $NA

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad: $NA

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Production: 2.197 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Production rank: 132
Consumption: 3.928 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Consumption rank: 119
Exports: 47 million kWh (2008 est.)
Imports: 2.1 billion kWh (2008 est.)

Natural gas
Production: 0 m³ (2009 est.)
Production rank: 141
Consumption: 0 m³ (2009 est.)
Consumption rank: 208
Exports: 0 m³ (2009 est.)
Exports rank: 203
Imports: 0 m³ (2009 est.)
Imports rank: 201
Proven reserves: 62.29 billion m³ (1 January 2011 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 62

Telephones
Main lines in use: 152,000 (2010)
Main lines in use rank: 134
Mobile cellular: 1.535 million (2010)
Mobile cellular rank: 144

Telephone system
General assessment: good system; core fiber-optic network links most centers and connections are now digital
Domestic: multiple mobile-cellular providers with a combined subscribership of nearly 60 telephones per 100 persons; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity about 65 per 100 persons
International: country code - 264; fiber-optic cable to South Africa microwave radio relay link to Botswana direct links to other neighboring countries; connected to the South African Far East (SAFE) submarine cable through South Africa; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (2008)

Broadcast media: 1 private and 1 state-run television station; satellite and cable TV service is available; state-run radio service broadcasts in multiple languages; about a dozen private radio stations operating; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2007)

Internet
Country code: .na
Hosts: 76,020 (2010)
Hosts rank: 80
Users: 127,500 (2009)
Users rank: 151

Military expenditures: 3.7% of GDP (2006)
Rank: 31

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2010)

Airports: 129 (2010)
Rank: 46
With paved runways total: 21
With paved runways over 3047 m: 3
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 2
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 13
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 3 (2010)
With unpaved runways total: 108
With unpaved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 1
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 25
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 71
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 11 (2010)

Railways
Total: 2,626 km
Rank: 62
Narrow gauge: 2,626 km 1.067-m gauge (2010)

Roadways
Total: 64,189 km
Rank: 71
Paved: 5,477 km
Unpaved: 58,712 km (2010)

Merchant marine
Total: 1
Rank: 158
By type: cargo 1 (2010)

Ports and terminals: Luderitz Walvis Bay

Disputes international: concerns from international experts and local populations over the Okavango Delta ecology in Botswana and human displacement scuttled Namibian plans to construct a hydroelectric dam on Popa Falls along the Angola-Namibia border; managed dispute with South Africa over the location of the boundary in the Orange River; Namibia has supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River thereby de facto recognizing a short but not clearly delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Refugees: 4,700 (Angola) (2007)