Background: The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting intermittent negotiations and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted 'Guided Democracy.' After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1988 President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his 'New Order' government. After rioting toppled Suharto in 1998 free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world's third most populous democracy the world's largest archipelagic state and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. Current issues include: alleviating poverty improving education preventing terrorism consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism implementing economic and financial reforms stemming corruption reforming the criminal justice system holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations addressing climate change and controlling infectious diseases particularly those of global and regional importance. In 2005 Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance in Papua by the separatist Free Papua Movement.

Geographic coordinates: 5 00 S 120 00 E

Area
Rank: 15
Land: 1,811,569 km²
Water: 93,000 km²

Land boundaries
Border countries: (3) Timor-Leste 253 km; Malaysia 1881 km; Papua New Guinea 824 km

Coastline: 54,716 km

Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate: tropical; hot humid; more moderate in highlands

Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Elevation
Extremes highest point: Puncak Jaya 4,884 m

Natural resources: petroleum tin natural gas nickel timber bauxite copper fertile soils coal gold silver

Land use
Permanent crops: 10.5%
Other: 77.16% (2011)

Irrigated land: 67,220 km² (2005)

Total renewable water resources: 2019 km³ (2011)

Natural hazards: occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires
Volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java Sumatra the Sunda Islands Halmahera Island Sulawesi Island Sangihe Island and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (elev. 2,968 m) Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010 has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung Awu Karangetang Krakatau (Krakatoa) Makian Raung and Tambora

Geography
Note: archipelago of 17,508 islands some 6,000 of which are inhabited (Indonesia is the world's largest country comprised solely of islands); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

Population: 253,609,643 (July 2014 est.)
Rank: 5
Growth rate: 0.95% (2014 est.)
Growth rate rank: 124
Below poverty line: 11.7% (2012 est.)

Nationality
Adjective: Indonesian

Ethnic groups: Javanese 40.1% Sundanese 15.5% Malay 3.7% Batak 3.6% Madurese 3% Betawi 2.9% Minangkabau 2.7% Buginese 2.7% Bantenese 2% Banjarese 1.7% Balinese 1.7% Acehnese 1.4% Dayak 1.4% Sasak 1.3% Chinese 1.2% other 15% (2010 est.)

Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official modified form of Malay) English Dutch local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese)

Religions: Muslim 87.2% Christian 7% Roman Catholic 2.9% Hindu 1.7% other 0.9% (includes Buddhist and Confucian) unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)

Age structure
15-24 years: 17.1% (male 22,067,716/female 21,291,548)
25-54 years: 42.3% (male 54,500,650/female 52,723,359)
55-64 years: 7.9% (male 9,257,637/female 10,780,724)
65 years and over: 6.4% (male 7,176,865/female 9,308,056) (2014 est.)

Dependency ratios
Youth dependency ratio: 43 %
Elderly dependency ratio: 8 %
Potential support ratio: 12.5 (2014 est.)

Median age
Male: 28.7 years
Female: 29.8 years (2014 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.95% (2014 est.)
Rank: 124

Birth rate: 17.04 births/1000 population (2014 est.)
Rank: 108

Death rate: 6.34 deaths/1000 population (2014 est.)
Rank: 156

Net migration rate: -1.18 migrant(s)/1000 population (2014 est.)
Rank: 154

Urbanization
Rate of urbanization: 2.45% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Major urban areas
Population: JAKARTA (capital) 9.769 million; Surabaya 2.787 million; Bandung 2.429 million; Medan 2.118 million; Semarang 1.573 million; Palembang 1.455 million (2011)

Environment
Current issues: deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires
International agreements signed but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Sex ratio
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
Total population: 1 male(s)/female (2014 est.)

Mothers mean age at first birth: 22.8

Infant mortality rate
Rank: 71
Male: 29.45 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 20.66 deaths/1000 live births (2014 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
Rank: 137
Male: 69.59 years
Female: 74.88 years (2014 est.)

Total fertility rate: 2.18 children born/woman (2014 est.)
Rank: 102

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 61.9% (2012)

Drinking water source:

Physicians density: 0.2 physicians/1000 population (2012)

Hospital bed density: 0.6 beds/1000 population (2010)

Sanitation facility access:

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.4% (2012 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 74
People living with hivaids: 605,500 (2012 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 15
Deaths: 26,800 (2012 est.)
Deaths rank: 15

Major infectious diseases
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea hepatitis A and typhoid fever
Vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 4.8% (2008)
Rank: 160

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 18.6% (2010)
Rank: 36

Education expenditures: 2.8% of GDP (2011)
Rank: 143

Literacy
Total population: 92.8%
Male: 95.6%
Female: 90.1% (2011 est.)

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Male: 13 years
Female: 13 years (2011)

Country name
Conventional short form: Indonesia
Local long form: Republik Indonesia
Local short form: Indonesia
Former: Netherlands East Indies Dutch East Indies

Government type: republic

Capital
Geographic coordinates: 6 10 S 106 49 E
Time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington DC during Standard Time)

Administrative divisions: 31 provinces (provinsi-provinsi singular - provinsi) 1 autonomous province* 1 special region** (daerah-daerah istimewa singular - daerah istimewa) and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh* Bali Banten Bengkulu Gorontalo Jakarta Raya*** Jambi Jawa Barat (West Java) Jawa Tengah (Central Java) Jawa Timur (East Java) Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan) Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan) Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan) Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan) Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan) Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands) Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands) Lampung Maluku Maluku Utara (North Maluku) Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara) Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara) Papua Papua Barat (West Papua) Riau Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi) Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi) Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi) Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi) Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi) Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra) Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra) Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra) Yogyakarta**

Independence: 17 August 1945 (declared)

National holiday: Independence Day 17 August (1945)

Constitution: drafted July to August 1945 effective 17 August 1945 abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959; amended several times last in 2002 (2013)

Legal system: civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Executive branch
Head of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009)
Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
Elections: president and vice president elected for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by direct vote; presidential election last held on 8 July 2009 (next to be held in 2014)
Election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president; percent of vote - Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO 60.8% MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri 26.8% Jusuf KALLA 12.4%

Legislative branch: People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) is the upper house; it consists of members of the DPR and DPD and has role in inaugurating and impeaching the president and in amending the constitution but does not formulate national policy; House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (560 seats members elected to serve five-year terms) formulates and passes legislation at the national level; House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD) constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issues affecting regions (132 members four from each of Indonesia's origianal 30 provinces two special regions and one special capital city district)
Elections: last held on 9 April 2009 (next to be held in 2014)
Election results: percent of vote by party - PD 20.9% GOLKAR 14.5% PDI-P 14.0% PKS 7.9% PAN 6.0% PPP 5.3% PKB 4.9% GERINDRA 4.5% HANURA 3.8% others 18.2%; seats by party - PD 148 GOLKAR 107 PDI-P 94 PKS 57 PAN 46 PPP 37 PKB 28 GERINDRA 26 HANURA 17

Judicial branch
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement age; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president 3 by Supreme Court and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
Subordinate courts: High Courts of Appeal district courts religious courts

Political parties and leaders: United Development Party or PPP [Suryadharma ALI]

International organization participation: ADB APEC ARF ASEAN BIS CD CICA (observer) CP D-8 EAS EITI (candidate country) FAO G-11 G-15 G-20 G-77 IAEA IBRD ICAO ICC (national committees) ICRM IDA IDB IFAD IFC IFRCS IHO ILO IMF IMO IMSO Interpol IOC IOM (observer) IPU ISO ITSO ITU ITUC (NGOs) MIGA MONUSCO NAM OECD (Enhanced Engagement OIC OPCW PIF (partner) UN UNAMID UNCTAD UNESCO UNIDO UNIFIL UNISFA UNMIL UNMISS UNWTO UPU WCO WFTU (NGOs) WHO WIPO WMO WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW Washington DC 20,036
In the us telephone: [1] (202) 775-5,200
In the us FAX: [1] (202) 775-5,365
In the us consulate general: Chicago Houston Los Angeles New York San Francisco
From the us embassy: Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5 Jakarta 10,110
From the us mailing address: Unit 8,129 Box 1 FPO AP 96,520
From the us telephone: [62] (21) 3,435-9,000
From the us FAX: [62] (21) 386-2,259
From the us consulate general: Surabaya
From the us presence post: Medan
From the us consular agency: Bali

Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage white represents purity

National symbols: garuda (mythical bird)

National anthem
Lyrics and music: Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN

Economy overview: Indonesia a vast polyglot nation has grown strongly since 2010. During the global financial crisis Indonesia outperformed its regional neighbors and joined China and India as the only G20 members posting growth. The government has promoted fiscally conservative policies resulting in a debt-to-GDP ratio of less than 25% and historically low rates of inflation. Fitch and Moody's upgraded Indonesia's credit rating to investment grade in December 2011. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment inadequate infrastructure corruption a complex regulatory environment and unequal resource distribution among regions. The government also faces the challenges of quelling labor unrest and reducing fuel subsidies in the face of high oil prices.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Rank: 16

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 49

Real gdp per capita:
Rank: 158

Gross national saving:
Rank: 24

Gdp composition by end use
Government consumption: 9.4%
Investment in fixed capital: 32.7%
Investment in inventories: 2%
Exports of goods and services: 23.5%
Imports of goods and services: -25.8%: (2013 est.)

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Industry: 46.6%
Services: 39.1% (2013 est.)

Agriculture products: rubber and similar products palm oil poultry beef forest products shrimp cocoa coffee medicinal herbs essential oil fish and its similar products and spices

Industries: petroleum and natural gas textiles automotive electrical appliances apparel footwear mining cement medical instuments and appliances handicrafts chemical fertilizers plywood rubber processed food jewelry and tourism

Industrial production growth rate: 4.3% (2013 est.)
Rank: 67

Labor force: 120 million (2013 est.)
Rank: 5
By occupation industry: 13.2%
By occupation services: 47.9% (2012 est.)

Unemployment rate: 6.1% (2012 est.)
Rank: 70

Population below poverty line: 11.7% (2012 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Highest 10: 29.9% (2009)

Distribution of family income gini index: 39.4 (2005)
Rank: 82

Budget
Expenditures: $166 billion (2013 est.)
Surplus or deficit: -3.3% of GDP (2013 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 133

Taxes and other revenues: 15.8% of GDP (2013 est.)
Rank: 190

Public debt: 23% of GDP (2012 est.)
Rank: 129

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices: 4.3% (2012 est.)
Rank: 193

Central bank discount rate: 6.46% (31 December 2009)
Rank: 57

Commercial bank prime lending rate: 11.8% (31 December 2012 est.)
Rank: 67

Stock of narrow money: $87.04 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Rank: 39

Stock of broad money: $342 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Rank: 29

Stock of domestic credit: $350 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Rank: 33

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 24

Current account balance: -$24.07 billion (2012 est.)
Rank: 184

Exports: $187.3 billion (2012 est.)
Rank: 29
Commodities: oil and gas electrical appliances plywood textiles rubber
Partners: Japan 15.9% China 11.4% Singapore 9% South Korea 7.9% US 7.8% India 6.6% Malaysia 5.9% (2012)

Imports: $178.7 billion (2012 est.)
Rank: 28
Commodities: machinery and equipment chemicals fuels foodstuffs
Partners: China 15.3% Singapore 13.6% Japan 11.9% Malaysia 6.4% South Korea 6.2% US 6.1% Thailand 6% (2012)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $112.8 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Rank: 27

Debt external: $224.1 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Rank: 33

Stock of direct foreign investment at home: $192.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Rank: 27

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad: $14.81 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Rank: 48

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Production: 173.8 billion kWh (2011 est.)
Production rank: 23
Consumption: 158 billion kWh (2011 est.)
Consumption rank: 24
Exports: 0 kWh (2012 est.)
Exports rank: 150
Imports: 2.542 billion kWh (2011 est.)
Imports rank: 51
Installed generating capacity: 39.9 million kW (2011 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 23
Generation sources fossil fuels: 87% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 86
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 108
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 9.9% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 114
Generation sources other renewable sources: 3.1% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 60

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 974,300 bbl/day (2012 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 22
Crude oil exports: 338,100 bbl/day (2010 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 23
Crude oil imports: 388,400 bbl/day (2010 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 22
Crude oil proven reserves: 4.03 billion bbl (1 January 2013 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 27

Refined petroleum
Products production: 935,300 bbl/day (2011 est.)
Products production rank: 20
Products consumption: 1.322 million bbl/day (2011 est.)
Products consumption rank: 18
Products exports: 142,400 bbl/day (2010 est.)
Products exports rank: 39
Products imports: 473,400 bbl/day (2011 est.)
Products imports rank: 13

Natural gas
Production: 76.25 billion m³ (2011 est.)
Production rank: 12
Consumption: 39.56 billion m³ (2010 est.)
Consumption rank: 24
Exports: 38.67 billion m³ (2011 est.)
Exports rank: 12
Imports: 0 m³ (2011 est.)
Imports rank: 207
Proven reserves: 3.069 trillion m³ (1 January 2013 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 13

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 426.8 million Mt (2011 est.)

Telephones
Main lines in use: 37.983 million (2012)
Main lines in use rank: 8
Mobile cellular: 281.96 million (2012)
Mobile cellular rank: 4

Telephone system
Domestic: coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly
International: country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia the Middle East and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2011)

Broadcast media: mixture of about a dozen national TV networks - 2 public broadcasters the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks as well as regional and local stations; overall more than 700 radio stations with more than 650 privately operated (2008)

Internet
Country code: .id
Hosts: 1.344 million (2012)
Hosts rank: 42
Users: 20 million (2009)
Users rank: 22

Military expenditures:
Rank: 116

Military service age and obligation: 18-45 years of age for voluntary military service with selective conscription authorized; 2-year service obligation with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2012)

Airports: 673 (2013)
Rank: 10
With paved runways over 3047 m: 5
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 21
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 51
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 72
With paved runways under 914 m: 37 (2013)
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 4
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 23
With unpaved runways: 460 (2013)

Heliports: 76 (2013)

Pipelines: condensate 1064 km; condensate/gas 150 km; gas 11,702 km; liquid petroleum gas 119 km; oil 7,767 km; oil/gas/water 77 km; refined products 728 km; unknown 53 km; water 44 km (2013)

Railways
Rank: 35
Narrow gauge: 5,042 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2008)

Roadways
Rank: 13
Paved: 283,102 km
Unpaved: 213,505 km (2011)

Waterways: 21,579 km (2011)
Rank: 7

Merchant marine
Rank: 8
By type: bulk carrier 105 cargo 618 chemical tanker 69 container 120 liquefied gas 28 passenger 49 passenger/cargo 77 petroleum tanker 244 refrigerated cargo 6 roll on/roll off 12 specialized tanker 1 vehicle carrier 11
Foreign owned: 69 (China 1 France 1 Greece 1 Japan 8 Jordan 1 Malaysia 1 Norway 3 Singapore 46 South Korea 2 Taiwan 1 UK 2 US 2)
Registered in other countries: 95 (Bahamas 2 Cambodia 2 China 2 Hong Kong 10 Liberia 4 Marshall Islands 1 Mongolia 2 Panama 10 Singapore 60 Tuvalu 1 unknown 1) (2010)

Ports and terminals
Container port: Tanjung Priok (5,617,562)

Disputes international: Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area and no maritime or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries have been established between the countries; many refugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches; land and maritime negotiations with Malaysia are ongoing and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalizing their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists squatters and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; EEZ negotiations with Vietnam are ongoing and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary

Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy