Statistics Myanmar 
Myanmar in the World
Myanmar - Introduction 2015
top of pageBackground:
Various ethnic Burmese and ethnic minority city-states or kingdoms occupied the present borders through the 19th century. Over a period of 62 years (1824-1886) Britain conquered Burma and incorporated the country into its Indian Empire. Burma was administered as a province of India until 1937 when it became a separate self-governing colony; in 1948 Burma attained independence from the British Commonwealth. Gen. NE WIN dominated the government from 1962 to 1988 first as military ruler then as self-appointed president and later as political kingpin. In response to widespread civil unrest NE WIN resigned in 1988 but within months the military crushed student-led protests and took power.
Multiparty legislative elections in 1990 resulted in the main opposition party - the National League for Democracy (NLD) - winning a landslide victory. Instead of handing over power the junta placed NLD leader (and Nobel Peace Prize recipient) AUNG SAN SUU KYI under house arrest from 1989 to 1995 2000 to 2002 and from May 2003 to November 2010. In late September 2007 the ruling junta brutally suppressed protests over increased fuel prices led by prodemocracy activists and Buddhist monks killing at least 13 people and arresting thousands for participating in the demonstrations. In early May 2008 Burma was struck by Cyclone Nargis which left over 138,000 dead and tens of thousands injured and homeless. Despite this tragedy the junta proceeded with its May constitutional referendum the first vote in Burma since 1990. Legislative elections held in November 2010 considered flawed by many in the international community saw the ruling Union Solidarity and Development Party garner over 75% of the seats.
The national legislature convened in January 2011 and selected former Prime Minister THEIN SEIN as president. Although the vast majority of national-level appointees named by THEIN SEIN are former or current military officers the government initiated a series of political and economic reforms leading to a substantial opening of the long-isolated country. These reforms included releasing hundreds of political prisoners concluding negotiations on a draft nationwide cease-fire with the country's various ethnic armed groups pursuing legal reform and gradually reducing restrictions on freedom of the press association and civil society. At least due in part to these reforms AUNG SAN SUU KYI was elected to the national legislature in April 2012 and became chair of the Committee for Rule of Law and Tranquility. In a flawed but largely credible national legislative election in November 2015 featuring more than 90 political parties the NLD again won a landslide victory. Burma served as chair of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) for 2014.
Multiparty legislative elections in 1990 resulted in the main opposition party - the National League for Democracy (NLD) - winning a landslide victory. Instead of handing over power the junta placed NLD leader (and Nobel Peace Prize recipient) AUNG SAN SUU KYI under house arrest from 1989 to 1995 2000 to 2002 and from May 2003 to November 2010. In late September 2007 the ruling junta brutally suppressed protests over increased fuel prices led by prodemocracy activists and Buddhist monks killing at least 13 people and arresting thousands for participating in the demonstrations. In early May 2008 Burma was struck by Cyclone Nargis which left over 138,000 dead and tens of thousands injured and homeless. Despite this tragedy the junta proceeded with its May constitutional referendum the first vote in Burma since 1990. Legislative elections held in November 2010 considered flawed by many in the international community saw the ruling Union Solidarity and Development Party garner over 75% of the seats.
The national legislature convened in January 2011 and selected former Prime Minister THEIN SEIN as president. Although the vast majority of national-level appointees named by THEIN SEIN are former or current military officers the government initiated a series of political and economic reforms leading to a substantial opening of the long-isolated country. These reforms included releasing hundreds of political prisoners concluding negotiations on a draft nationwide cease-fire with the country's various ethnic armed groups pursuing legal reform and gradually reducing restrictions on freedom of the press association and civil society. At least due in part to these reforms AUNG SAN SUU KYI was elected to the national legislature in April 2012 and became chair of the Committee for Rule of Law and Tranquility. In a flawed but largely credible national legislative election in November 2015 featuring more than 90 political parties the NLD again won a landslide victory. Burma served as chair of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) for 2014.
Area
Total: 676,578 km²
Land: 653,508 km²
Water: 23,070 km²
Rank: 40
Comparative: slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries
Total: 6,522 km
Border countries: (5) Bangladesh 271 km; China 2,129 km; India 1468 km; Laos 238 km; Thailand 2,416 km
Maritime claims
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Climate: tropical monsoon; cloudy rainy hot humid summers (southwest monsoon June to September); less cloudy scant rainfall mild temperatures lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon December to April)
Elevation
Extremes lowest point: Andaman Sea/Bay of Bengal 0 m
Extremes highest point: Gamlang Razi 5,870 m
Natural resources: petroleum timber tin antimony zinc copper tungsten lead coal marble limestone precious stones natural gas hydropower arable land
Land use
Agricultural land: 19.2%
arable land: 16.5%
permanent crops: 2.2%
permanent pasture: 0.5%
permanent crops: 2.2%
permanent pasture: 0.5%
Forest: 48.2%
Other: 32.6%
Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts
Myanmar - People 2015
top of pagePopulation: 56,320,206
Note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy higher infant mortality higher death rates lower population growth rates and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected
Rank: 25
Growth rate: 1.01% (2015 est.)
Growth rate rank: 116
Below poverty line: 32.7% (2007 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years: 26.07%
15-24 years: 18.02%
25-54 years: 43.31%
55-64 years: 7.24%
65 years and over: 5.36% (2015 est.)
Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 49.1%
Youth dependency ratio: 41.1%
Elderly dependency ratio: 8%
Potential support ratio: 12.5%
Urbanization
Urban population: 34.1% of total population
Rate of urbanization: 2.49% annual rate of change
Major urban areas
Population: RANGOON (Yangon) (capital) 4.802 million; Mandalay 1.167 million; Nay Pyi Taw 1.03 million (2015)
Environment
Current issues: deforestation; industrial pollution of air soil and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease
International agreements party to: Biodiversity Climate Change Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification Endangered Species Law of the Sea Ozone Layer Protection Ship Pollution Tropical Timber 83 Tropical Timber 94
International agreements signed but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Sex ratio
At birth: 1.06 male/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male/female
15-24 years: 1.03 male/female
25-54 years: 0.99 male/female
55-64 years: 0.89 male/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male/female
Total population: 0.99 male/female
Infant mortality rate
Total: 43.55 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 49.84 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 36.88 deaths/1000 live births
Rank: 48
Drinking water source:
urban: 92.7% of population
rural: 74.4% of population
total: 80.6% of population
urban: 7.3% of population
rural: 25.6% of population
total: 19.4% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 74.4% of population
total: 80.6% of population
urban: 7.3% of population
rural: 25.6% of population
total: 19.4% of population (2015 est.)
Sanitation facility access:
urban: 84.3% of population
rural: 73.9% of population
total: 77.4% of population
urban: 15.7% of population
rural: 26.1% of population
total: 22.6% of population (2012 est.)
rural: 73.9% of population
total: 77.4% of population
urban: 15.7% of population
rural: 26.1% of population
total: 22.6% of population (2012 est.)
Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.69% (2014 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 55
People living with hivaids: 212,600 (2014 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 27
Deaths: 10,100 (2014 est.)
Deaths rank: 23
Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea hepatitis A and typhoid fever
Vectorborne diseases: dengue fever malaria and Japanese encephalitis
Water contact disease: leptospirosis
Animal contact disease: rabies
Note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds
Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 93.1%
Male: 95.2%
Female: 91.2%
Myanmar - Government 2015
top of pageCountry name
Conventional long form: Union of Burma
Conventional short form: Burma
Local long form: Pyidaungzu Thammada Myanma Naingngandaw
Local short form: Myanma Naingngandaw
Former: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma Union of Myanmar
Note: since 1989 the military authorities in Burma and the current parliamentary government have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; the US Government has not adopted the name
Etymology: both Burma and Myanmar derive from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group
Capital
Name: Rangoon ; note - Nay Pyi Taw is the administrative capital
Geographic coordinates: 16 48 N 96 09 E
Time difference: UTC+6.5
Administrative divisions: 7 regions (taing-myar singular - taing) 7 states (pyi ne-myar singular - pyi ne) 1 union territory
Regions: Ayeyawady Bago Magway Mandalay Sagaing Taninthayi Yangon (Rangoon)
States: Chin Kachin Kayah Kayin Mon Rakhine Shan
Union territory: Nay Pyi Taw
Constitution: previous 1947 1974 (suspended until 2008); latest approved by referendum 29 May 2008 (2015)
Legal system: mixed legal system of English common law (as introduced in codifications designed for colonial India) and customary law
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: both parents must be citizens of Burma
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: none
Note: an applicant for naturalization must be the child or spouse of a citizen
Executive branch
Chief of state: President THEIN SEIN ; Vice Presidents SAI MAUK KHAM (since 3 February 2011) NYAN TUN (since 15 August 2012); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
Head of government: President THEIN SEIN
Cabinet: Cabinet appointments shared by the president and the commander-in-chief
Electionsappointments: president indirectly elected by simple majority vote by the legislature's Presidential Electoral College from among 3 vice presidential nominees - 1 each from the Upper House the Lower House and military members of the legislature ; note - the next president will be elected in February 2016
Election results: president ; Presidential Electoral College vote NA
Legislative branch
Description: bicameral Assembly of the Union or Pyidaungsu consists of an Upper House called the House of Nationalities or Amyotha Hluttaw and a Lower House called the House of Representatives or Pyithu Hluttaw (440 seats; 330 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 110 appointed by the military; members serve 5-year terms)
Elections: last held on 8 November 2015
Election results: Upper House - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NLD 135 USDP 11 ANP 10 SNLD 3 ZCD 2 TNP 2 independent 2 other 3 military appointees 56; Lower House - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NLD 255 USDP 30 ANP 12 SNLD 12 PNO 3 TNP 3 ZCD 2 LNDP 2 independent 1 other 3 canceled due to insurgence 7 military appointees 110
Judicial branch
Highest court: Supreme Court of the Union
Judge selection and term of office: chief justice and judges nominated by the president with approval of the Lower House and appointed by the president; judges normally serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
Subordinate courts: High Courts of the Region; High Courts of the State; Court of the Self-Administered Division; Court of the Self-Administered Zone; district and township courts; special courts ; courts martial
Political parties and leaders:
Ta'ang National Party or TNP [AIK MONE]
Union Solidarity and Development Party or USDP [HTAY OO]
Zomi Congress for Democracy or ZCD [PU CIN SIAN THANG]
numerous smaller parties
Union Solidarity and Development Party or USDP [HTAY OO]
Zomi Congress for Democracy or ZCD [PU CIN SIAN THANG]
numerous smaller parties
International organization participation: ADB ARF ASEAN BIMSTEC CP EAS EITI (candidate country) FAO G-77 IAEA IBRD ICAO ICRM IDA IFAD IFC IFRCS IHO ILO IMF IMO Interpol IOC IOM IPU ISO (correspondent) ITU ITUC (NGOs) NAM OPCW (signatory) SAARC (observer) UN UNCTAD UNESCO UNIDO UNWTO UPU WCO WHO WIPO WMO WTO
Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador KYAW MYO HTUT
In the us chancery: 2,300 S Street NW Washington DC 20,008
In the us telephone: [1] 332-3,344
In the us FAX: [1] 332-4,351
In the us consulate general: Los Angeles New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Derek J. MITCHELL
From the us embassy: 110 University Avenue Kamayut Township Rangoon
From the us mailing address: Box B APO AP 96,546
From the us telephone: [95] 536-509 535-756 538-038
From the us FAX: [95] 511-069
Flag description: design consists of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow (top) green and red; centered on the green band is a large white five-pointed star that partially overlaps onto the adjacent colored stripes; the design revives the triband colors used by Burma from 1943-45 during the Japanese occupation
National anthem
Name: 'Kaba Ma Kyei'
Lyrics and music: SAYA TIN
Note: adopted 1948; Burma is among a handful of non-European nations that have anthems rooted in indigenous traditions; the beginning portion of the anthem is a traditional Burmese anthem before transitioning into a Western-style orchestrated work
Myanmar - Economy 2015
top of pageEconomy overview: Since the transition to a civilian government in 2011 Burma has begun an economic overhaul aimed at attracting foreign investment and reintegrating into the global economy. Economic reforms have included establishing a managed float of the Burmese kyat in 2012 re-writing the Foreign Investment Law in 2012 to allow more foreign investment participation granting the Central Bank operational independence in July 2013 enacting a new Anti-corruption Law in September 2013 and authorizing a small number of foreign banks to open branch offices for limited operations beginning in 2015. The government’s commitment to reform and the subsequent easing of most Western sanctions has begun to pay dividends as growth accelerated in 2013 and 2014. Burma’s abundant natural resources young labor force and proximity to Asia’s dynamic economies have attracted foreign investment in the energy sector garment industry information technology and food and beverages. Pledged foreign direct investment grew from US$1.4 billion in FY 2012 to US$4.1 billion in FY 2013. Despite these improvements living standards have not improved for the majority of the people residing in rural areas. Burma remains one of the poorest countries in Asia – nearly one-third of the country’s 51 million people live in poverty. The previous government’s isolationist policies and economic mismanagement have left Burma with poor infrastructure endemic corruption underdeveloped human resources and inadequate access to capital which will require a major commitment to reverse. The Burmese government has been slow to address impediments to economic development such as insecure land rights a restrictive trade licensing system an opaque revenue collection system and an antiquated banking system. Key benchmarks of sustained economic progress would include modernizing and opening the financial sector increasing budget allocations for social services and accelerating agricultural and land reforms.
Real gdp purchasing power parity:
$244.4 billion (2014 est.)
$225.3 billion (2013 est.)
$207.8 billion (2012 est.)
$225.3 billion (2013 est.)
$207.8 billion (2012 est.)
Note: data are in 2014 US dollars
Rank: 60
Real gdp per capita:
$4,800 (2014 est.)
$4,400 (2013 est.)
$4,000 (2012 est.)
$4,400 (2013 est.)
$4,000 (2012 est.)
Note: data are in 2014 US dollars
Rank: 171
Gross national saving:
19.4% of GDP (2014 est.)
17.7% of GDP (2013 est.)
13.8% of GDP (2012 est.)
17.7% of GDP (2013 est.)
13.8% of GDP (2012 est.)
Rank: 91
Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 79.6%
Government consumption: 3.8%
Investment in fixed capital: 19.9%
Investment in inventories: 0.4%
Exports of goods and services: 28.2%
Imports of goods and services: -31.9%: (2014 est.)
Agriculture products: rice pulses beans sesame groundnuts sugarcane; fish and fish products; hardwood
Industries: agricultural processing; wood and wood products; copper tin tungsten iron; cement construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer; oil and natural gas; garments jade gems
Labor force: 35.23 million (2014 est.)
Rank: 18
By occupation agriculture: 70%
By occupation industry: 7%
By occupation services: 23%
Budget
Revenues: $2.675 billion
Expenditures: $4.401 billion
Surplus or deficit: -2.7% of GDP (2014 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 115
Stock of narrow money:
$14.07 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
$12.38 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
$12.38 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
Rank: 71
Stock of domestic credit:
$16.91 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
$15.75 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
$15.75 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
Rank: 89
Exports:
$8.962 billion (2014 est.)
$9.022 billion (2013 est.)
$9.022 billion (2013 est.)
Note: official export figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of timber gems narcotics rice and other products smuggled to Thailand China and Bangladesh
Rank: 99
Commodities: natural gas wood products pulses beans fish rice clothing jade and gems
Partners: China 63% Thailand 15.8% India 5.7% (2014)
Imports:
$12.17 billion (2014 est.)
$9.462 billion (2013 est.)
$9.462 billion (2013 est.)
Note: import figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of consumer goods diesel fuel and other products smuggled in from Thailand China Malaysia and India
Rank: 93
Commodities: fabric petroleum products fertilizer plastics machinery transport equipment; cement construction materials crude oil; food products edible oil
Partners: China 42.4% Thailand 19% Singapore 10.9% Japan 5.4% (2014)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$9.417 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$8.727 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
$8.727 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
Rank: 76
Exchange rates:
kyats (MMK) per US dollar -
984.35 (2014 est.)
984.35 (2013 est.)
853.48 (2012 est.)
815 (2011 est.)
5.58 (2010 est.)
984.35 (2014 est.)
984.35 (2013 est.)
853.48 (2012 est.)
815 (2011 est.)
5.58 (2010 est.)
Myanmar - Energy 2015
top of pageElectricity
Production: 10.48 billion kWh (2012 est.)
Production rank: 95
Consumption: 7.765 billion kWh (2012 est.)
Consumption rank: 101
Exports: 0 kWh (2013 est.)
Exports rank: 110
Imports: 0 kWh (2013 est.)
Imports rank: 124
Installed generating capacity: 3.591 million kW (2012 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 87
Generation sources fossil fuels: 24.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 188
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 55
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 75.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 20
Generation sources other renewable sources: 0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 159
Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 20,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 72
Crude oil exports: 2,717 bbl/day (2012 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 77
Crude oil imports: 40 bbl/day (2012 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 84
Crude oil proven reserves: 50 million bbl (1 January 2015 est.)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 79
Refined petroleum
Products production: 15,780 bbl/day (2012 est.)
Products production rank: 99
Products consumption: 25,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Products consumption rank: 120
Products exports: 0 bbl/day (2012 est.)
Products exports rank: 156
Products imports: 8,557 bbl/day (2012 est.)
Products imports rank: 142
Natural gas
Production: 13.1 billion m³ (2013 est.)
Production rank: 37
Consumption: 4.6 billion m³ (2013 est.)
Consumption rank: 61
Exports: 8.5 billion m³ (2013 est.)
Exports rank: 24
Imports: 0 m³ (2013 est.)
Imports rank: 166
Proven reserves: 283.2 billion m³ (1 January 2014 est.)
Proven reserves rank: 39
Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 13.34 million Mt (2012 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 93
Myanmar - Communication 2015
top of pageTelephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 530,000
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1
Fixed lines rank: 96
Mobile cellular total: 26.6 million
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 48
Mobile cellular rank: 47
Telephone system
General assessment: meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for business and government
Domestic: system barely capable of providing basic service; mobile-cellular phone system is grossly underdeveloped
International: country code - 95; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 optical telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to Asia the Middle East and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat and ShinSat (2011)
Broadcast media: government controls all domestic broadcast media; 2 state-controlled TV stations with 1 of the stations controlled by the armed forces; 2 pay-TV stations are joint state-private ventures; access to satellite TV is limited; 1 state-controlled domestic radio station and 9 FM stations that are joint state-private ventures; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available in parts of Burma; the Voice of America (VOA) Radio Free Asia (RFA) BBC Burmese service the Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB) and Radio Australia use shortwave to broadcast in Burma; VOA RFA and DVB produce daily TV news programs that are transmitted by satellite to audiences in Burma
Myanmar - Military 2015
top of pageMilitary service age and obligation: 18-35 years of age (men) and 18-27 years of age (women) for voluntary military service; no conscription (a 2010 law reintroducing conscription has not yet entered into force); 2-year service obligation; male (ages 18-45) and female (ages 18-35) professionals (including doctors engineers mechanics) serve up to 3 years; service terms may be stretched to 5 years in an officially declared emergency; Burma signed the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) on 15 August 1991; on 27 June 2012 the regime signed a Joint Action Plan on prevention of child recruitment; in February 2013 the military formed a new task force to address forced child conscription; approximately 600 children have been released from military service since the signing of the joint action plan (2015)
Myanmar - Transportation 2015
top of pageAirports: 64 (2013)
Rank: 76
With paved runways total: 36
With paved runways over 3047 m: 12
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 11
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 12
With paved runways under 914 m: 1
With unpaved runways total: 28
With unpaved runways over 3047 m: 1
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 4
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 10
With unpaved runways: 13 (2013)
Merchant marine
Total: 29
By type: cargo 22 passenger 2 passenger/cargo 3 specialized tanker 1 vehicle carrier 1
Foreign owned: 2
Registered in other countries: 3 (2010)
Rank: 86
Myanmar - Transnational issues 2015
top of pageDisputes international: over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic groups who have substantial numbers of kin in neighboring countries; the Naf River on the border with Bangladesh serves as a smuggling and illegal transit route; Bangladesh struggles to accommodate 29,000 Rohingya Burmese Muslim minority from Arakan State living as refugees in Cox's Bazar; Burmese border authorities are constructing a 200 km (124 mi) wire fence designed to deter illegal cross-border transit and tensions from the military build-up along border with Bangladesh in 2010; Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Burmese forces attempting to dig in to the largely autonomous Shan State to rout local militias tied to the drug trade prompts local residents to periodically flee into neighboring Yunnan Province in China; fencing along the India-Burma international border at Manipur's Moreh town is in progress to check illegal drug trafficking and movement of militants; over 90,000 mostly Karen refugees and asylum seekers fleeing civil strife political upheaval and economic stagnation in Burma were living in remote camps in Thailand near the border as of year-end 2013
Refugees and internally displaced persons
IDPs: up to 662,400 (2015)
Stateless persons: 1.45 million ; note - Rohingya Muslims living in Rakhine State are Burma's main group of stateless people; the Burmese Government does not recognize the Rohingya as a 'national race' and stripped them of their citizenship under the 1982 Citizenship law categorizing them as 'non-national' or 'foreign residents'; under the Rakhine State Action Plan drafted in October 2014 the Rohingya must demonstrate their family has lived in Burma for at least 60 years to qualify for a lesser naturalized citizenship and the classification of Bengali or be put in detention camps and face deportation; native-born but non-indigenous people such as Indians are also stateless; the Burmese Government does not grant citizenship to children born outside of the country to Burmese parents who left the country illegally or fled persecution such as those born in Thailand
Illicit drugs: world's third largest producer of illicit opium with an estimated production in 2012 of 690 metric tons an increase of 13% over 2011 and poppy cultivation in 2012 totaled 51,000 hectares a 17% increase over 2011; production in the United Wa State Army's areas of greatest control remains low; Shan state is the source of 94.5% of Burma's poppy cultivation; lack of government will to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrug effort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin for regional consumption (2013)
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