Background: The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting intermittent negotiations and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted 'Guided Democracy.' After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1988 President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his 'New Order' government. After rioting toppled SUHARTO in 1998 free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world's third most populous democracy the world's largest archipelagic state and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. Current issues include: alleviating poverty improving education preventing terrorism consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism implementing economic and financial reforms stemming corruption reforming the criminal justice system holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations addressing climate change and controlling infectious diseases particularly those of global and regional importance. In 2005 Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance in Papua by the separatist Free Papua Movement.

Geographic coordinates: 5 00 S 120 00 E

Map reference: Southeast Asia

Area
Total: 1,904,569 km²
Land: 1,811,569 km²
Water: 93,000 km²
Rank: 15
Comparative: slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Land boundaries
Total: 2,958 km
Border countries: (3) Timor-Leste 253 km; Malaysia 1881 km; Papua New Guinea 824 km

Coastline: 54,716 km

Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate: tropical; hot humid; more moderate in highlands

Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Elevation
Mean elevation: 367 m
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m: highest point: Puncak Jaya 4,884 m

Natural resources: petroleum tin natural gas nickel timber bauxite copper fertile soils coal gold silver

Land use
Agricultural land: 31.2%
Forest: 51.7%
Other: 17.1%

Irrigated land: 67,220 km² (2012)

Natural hazards: occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires
Volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java Sumatra the Sunda Islands Halmahera Island Sulawesi Island Sangihe Island and in the Banda Sea; Merapi Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010 has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung Awu Karangetang Krakatau (Krakatoa) Makian Raung and Tambora

Geography
Note: archipelago of 17,508 islands some 6,000 of which are inhabited (Indonesia is the world's largest country comprised solely of islands); straddles the equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean; despite having the fourth largest population in the world Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon

Population: 258,316,051 (July 2016 est.)
Rank: 5
Growth rate: 0.89% (2016 est.)
Growth rate rank: 126
Below poverty line: 11.3% (2014 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Indonesian
Adjective: Indonesian

Ethnic groups: Javanese 40.1% Sundanese 15.5% Malay 3.7% Batak 3.6% Madurese 3% Betawi 2.9% Minangkabau 2.7% Buginese 2.7% Bantenese 2% Banjarese 1.7% Balinese 1.7% Acehnese 1.4% Dayak 1.4% Sasak 1.3% Chinese 1.2% other 15% (2010 est.)

Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (official modified form of Malay) English Dutch local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese)
Note: more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia

Religions: Muslim 87.2% Christian 7% Roman Catholic 2.9% Hindu 1.7% other 0.9% (includes Buddhist and Confucian) unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)

Age structure
0-14 years: 25.42%
15-24 years: 17.03%
25-54 years: 42.35%
55-64 years: 8.4%
65 years and over: 6.79% (2016 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 49%
Youth dependency ratio: 41.2%
Elderly dependency ratio: 7.7%
Potential support ratio: 13%

Median age
Total: 29.9 years
Male: 29.3 years
Female: 30.5 years
Rank: 117

Population growth rate: 0.89% (2016 est.)
Rank: 126

Birth rate: 16.4 births/1000 population (2016 est.)
Rank: 113

Death rate: 6.4 deaths/1000 population (2016 est.)
Rank: 149

Net migration rate: -1.2 migrant(s)/1000 population (2016 est.)
Rank: 148

Urbanization
Urban population: 53.7% of total population
Rate of urbanization: 2.69% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: JAKARTA (capital) 10.323 million; Surabaya 2.853 million; Bandung 2.544 million; Medan 2.204 million; Semarang 1.63 million; Makassar 1.489 million (2015)

Environment
Current issues: deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires
International agreements party to: Biodiversity Climate Change Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Desertification Endangered Species Hazardous Wastes Law of the Sea Ozone Layer Protection Ship Pollution Tropical Timber 83 Tropical Timber 94 Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Sex ratio
At birth: 1.05 male/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male/female
25-54 years: 1.04 male/female
55-64 years: 0.84 male/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male/female
Total population: 1 male/female

Mothers mean age at first birth: 22.8
Note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

Infant mortality rate
Total: 23.5 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 27.5 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 19.2 deaths/1000 live births
Rank: 71

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 72.7 years
Male: 70.1 years
Female: 75.5 years
Rank: 141

Total fertility rate: 2.13 children born/woman (2016 est.)
Rank: 102

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 61.9% (2012)

Drinking water source:

Physicians density: 0.2 physicians/1000 population (2012)

Hospital bed density: 0.9 beds/1000 population (2012)

Sanitation facility access:

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.48% (2015 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 71
People living with hivaids: 692,800 (2015 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 14
Deaths: 35,300 (2015 est.)
Deaths rank: 8

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: very high
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea hepatitis A and typhoid fever
Vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 5.7% (2014)
Rank: 160

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 19.9% (2013)
Rank: 31

Education expenditures: 3.3% of GDP (2014)
Rank: 143

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 93.9%
Male: 96.3%
Female: 91.5%

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 13 years
Male: 13 years
Female: 13 years

Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
Conventional short form: Indonesia
Local long form: Republik Indonesia
Local short form: Indonesia
Former: Netherlands East Indies Dutch East Indies
Etymology: the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words 'Indos' and 'nesoi' (islands) meaning 'Indian islands'

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: Jakarta
Geographic coordinates: 6 10 S 106 49 E
Time difference: UTC+7
Note: Indonesia has three time zones

Administrative divisions: 31 provinces (provinsi-provinsi singular - provinsi) 1 autonomous province* 1 special region** (daerah-daerah istimewa singular - daerah istimewa) and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh* Bali Banten Bengkulu Gorontalo Jakarta Raya*** Jambi Jawa Barat (West Java) Jawa Tengah (Central Java) Jawa Timur (East Java) Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan) Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan) Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan) Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan) Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan) Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands) Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands) Lampung Maluku Maluku Utara (North Maluku) Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara) Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara) Papua Papua Barat (West Papua) Riau Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi) Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi) Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi) Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi) Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi) Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra) Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra) Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra) Yogyakarta**
Note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001 regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

Independence: 17 August 1945 (declared)

National holiday: Independence Day 17 August (1945)

Constitution: drafted July to August 1945 effective 17 August 1945 abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959; amended several times last in 2002; note - an amendment on 'national character building and national consciousness awareness' was pending parliamentary review in early 2016 (2016)

Legal system: civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 continuous years

Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Joko WIDODO ; Vice President Jusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2014); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
Head of government: President Joko WIDODO ; Vice President Jusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2014)
Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
Electionsappointments: president and vice president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote for a 5-year term ; election last held on 9 July 2014 (next to be held in 2019)
Election results: Joko WiDODO elected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO 53.2% PRABOWO Subianto (GERINDRA) 46.8%

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral People's Consultative Assembly or Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat consists of the Regional Representative Council or Dewan Perwakilan Daerah and the House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (560 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by single non-transferable vote to serve 5-year terms)
Note: 29 other parties received less than the 2.5% vote threshold and failed to win so did not obtain any seats; because of election rules the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties
Elections: last held on 9 April 2014
Election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDI-P 19% Golkar 15% Gerindra 12% PD 10% PKB 9% PAN 8% PKS 7% NasDem 7% PPP 7% Hanura 5%; seats by party - PDI-P 109 Golkar 91 Gerindra 73 PD 61 PAN 49 PKB 47 PKS 40 NasDem 35 PPP 39 Hanura 16

Judicial branch
Highest court: Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung ; Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president 3 by Supreme Court and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70
Subordinate courts: High Courts of Appeal district courts religious courts

Political parties and leaders: United Development Party or PPP [NA]

International organization participation: ADB APEC ARF ASEAN BIS CD CICA (observer) CP D-8 EAS EITI (compliant country) FAO G-11 G-15 G-20 G-77 IAEA IBRD ICAO ICC (national committees) ICRM IDA IDB IFAD IFC IFRCS IHO ILO IMF IMO IMSO Interpol IOC IOM (observer) IPU ISO ITSO ITU ITUC (NGOs) MIGA MINURSO MINUSTAH MONUSCO NAM OECD (Enhanced Engagement OIC OPCW PIF (partner) UN UNAMID UNCTAD UNESCO UNIDO UNIFIL UNISFA UNMIL UNWTO UPU WCO WFTU (NGOs) WHO WIPO WMO WTO

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Budi BOWOLEKSONO
In the us chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW Washington DC 20,036
In the us telephone: [1] 775-5,200
In the us FAX: [1] 775-5,365
In the us consulate general: Chicago Houston Los Angeles New York San Francisco
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador Robert O. BLAKE Jr.
From the us embassy: Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5 Jakarta 10,110
From the us mailing address: Unit 8,129 Box 1 FPO AP 96,520
From the us telephone: [62] 3,435-9,000
From the us FAX: [62] 386-2,259
From the us consulate general: Surabaya
From the us consulate: Medan
From the us consular agency: Bali

Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage white represents purity
Note: similar to the flag of Monaco which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland which is white and red

National symbols: garuda (mythical bird); national colors: red white

National anthem
Name: 'Indonesia Raya'
Lyrics and music: Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN
Note: adopted 1945

Economy overview:

Real gdp purchasing power parity:
Note: data are in 2015 US dollars
Rank: 9

Real gdp growth rate:
Rank: 51

Real gdp per capita:
Note: data are in 2015 US dollars
Rank: 131

Gross national saving:
Rank: 20

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 57%
Government consumption: 9.7%
Investment in fixed capital: 33.2%
Investment in inventories: -0.1%
Exports of goods and services: 21.1%
Imports of goods and services: -20.9%

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 14%
Industry: 41.3%
Services: 44.7%

Agriculture products: rubber and similar products palm oil poultry beef forest products shrimp cocoa coffee medicinal herbs essential oil fish and its similar products and spices

Industries: petroleum and natural gas textiles automotive electrical appliances apparel footwear mining cement medical instruments and appliances handicrafts chemical fertilizers plywood rubber processed food jewelry and tourism

Industrial production growth rate: 2.7% (2015 est.)
Rank: 81

Labor force: 122.4 million (2015 est.)
Rank: 5
By occupation agriculture: 38.9%
By occupation industry: 13.2%
By occupation services: 47.9%

Unemployment rate:
Rank: 71

Population below poverty line: 11.3% (2014 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 3.4%
Highest 10: 28.2%

Distribution of family income gini index:
Rank: 79

Budget
Revenues: $112.6 billion
Expenditures: $134.2 billion
Surplus or deficit: -2.5% of GDP (2015 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 102

Taxes and other revenues: 13.1% of GDP (2015 est.)
Rank: 204

Public debt:
Rank: 145

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:
Rank: 188

Central bank discount rate:
Note: this figure represents the 3-month SBI rate; the Bank of Indonesia has not employed the one-month SBI since September 2010
Rank: 61

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Note: these figures represent the average annualized rate on working capital loans
Rank: 61

Stock of narrow money:
Rank: 41

Stock of broad money:
Rank: 29

Stock of domestic credit:
Rank: 31

Market value of publicly traded shares:
Rank: 27

Current account balance:
Rank: 185

Exports:
Rank: 31
Commodities: mineral fuels animal or vegetable fats (includes palm oil) electrical machinery rubber machinery and mechanical appliance parts
Partners: Japan 12% US 10.8% China 10% Singapore 8.4% India 7.8% South Korea 5.1% Malaysia 5.1% (2015)

Imports:
Rank: 32
Commodities: mineral fuels boilers machinery and mechanical parts electric machinery iron and steel foodstuffs
Partners: China 20.6% Singapore 12.6% Japan 9.3% Malaysia 6% South Korea 5.9% Thailand 5.7% US 5.3% (2015)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Rank: 23

Debt external:
Rank: 33

Stock of direct foreign investment at home:
Rank: 23

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad:
Rank: 50

Exchange rates:

Electricity
Access population without electricity: 48,700,000
Access electrification total population: 81%
Access electrification urban areas: 94%
Access electrification rural areas: 66%
Production: 216 billion kWh (2014 est.)
Production rank: 23
Consumption: 195 billion kWh (2014 est.)
Consumption rank: 22
Exports: 0 kWh (2013 est.)
Exports rank: 152
Imports: 9 million kWh (2014 est.)
Imports rank: 162
Installed generating capacity: 55 million kW (2014 est.)
Installed generating capacity rank: 23
Generation sources fossil fuels: 83.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Generation sources fossil fuels rank: 92
Generation sources nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Generation sources nuclear rank: 111
Generation sources hydroelectricity: 11% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Generation sources hydroelectricity rank: 113
Generation sources other renewable sources: 5.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Generation sources other renewable sources rank: 55

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 785,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 23
Crude oil exports: 310,100 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 25
Crude oil imports: 463,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 23
Crude oil proven reserves: 3.693 billion bbl (1 January 2016 es)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 29

Refined petroleum
Products production: 926,300 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Products production rank: 24
Products consumption: 1.688 million bbl/day (2014 est.)
Products consumption rank: 14
Products exports: 81,950 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Products exports rank: 51
Products imports: 691,600 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Products imports rank: 10

Natural gas
Production: 73.45 billion m³ (2014 est.)
Production rank: 12
Consumption: 41.72 billion m³ (2014 est.)
Consumption rank: 23
Exports: 31.78 billion m³ (2014 est.)
Exports rank: 12
Imports: 1.8 billion m³ (2013 est.)
Imports rank: 211
Proven reserves: 2.875 trillion m³ (1 January 2016 es)
Proven reserves rank: 13

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 442 million Mt (2013 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 15

Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 22.386 million
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9
Fixed lines rank: 11
Mobile cellular total: 338.426 million
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 132
Mobile cellular rank: 4

Telephone system
General assessment: domestic service includes an interisland microwave system an HF radio police net and a domestic satellite communications system; international service good
Domestic: coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly
International: country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia the Middle East and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (2015)

Broadcast media: mixture of about a dozen national TV networks - 2 public broadcasters the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks as well as regional and local stations; overall more than 700 radio stations with more than 650 privately operated (2008)

Internet
Country code: .id
Users total: 56.257 million
Users percent of population: 22%
Users rank: 14

Military expenditures:
Rank: 116

Military service age and obligation: 18-45 years of age for voluntary military service with selective conscription authorized; 2-year service obligation with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2012)

National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 29
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 550
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 88,685,767
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 747,473,207 mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: PK (2016)

Airports: 673 (2013)
Rank: 10
With paved runways total: 186
With paved runways over 3047 m: 5
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 21
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 51
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 72
With paved runways under 914 m: 37
With unpaved runways total: 487
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 4
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 23
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 460

Heliports: 76 (2013)

Pipelines: condensate 1064 km; condensate/gas 150 km; gas 11,702 km; liquid petroleum gas 119 km; oil 7,767 km; oil/gas/water 77 km; refined products 728 km; unknown 53 km; water 44 km (2013)

Railways
Total: 8,159 km
Narrow gauge: 8,159 km 1.067-m gauge
Note: 4,816 km operational
Rank: 26

Roadways
Total: 496,607 km
Paved: 283,102 km
Unpaved: 213,505 km
Rank: 14

Waterways: 21,579 km (2011)
Rank: 7

Merchant marine
Total: 1340
By type: bulk carrier 105 cargo 618 chemical tanker 69 container 120 liquefied gas 28 passenger 49 passenger/cargo 77 petroleum tanker 244 refrigerated cargo 6 roll on/roll off 12 specialized tanker 1 vehicle carrier 11
Foreign owned: 69
Registered in other countries: 95 (2010)
Rank: 8

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Banjarmasin Belawan Kotabaru Krueg Geukueh Palembang Panjang Sungai Pakning Tanjung Perak Tanjung Priok
Container port: Tanjung Priok (5,617,562)
LNG terminal:

Disputes international: Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area and no maritime or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries have been established between the countries; many refugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches; land and maritime negotiations with Malaysia are ongoing and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalizing their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists squatters and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; EEZ negotiations with Vietnam are ongoing and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary

Refugees and internally displaced persons
IDPs: 6,100 (2015) (2011)

Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy; President WIDODO's war on drugs has led to an increase in death sentences and executions particularly of foreign drug traffickers (2015)