year=2016&name=Kazakhstan - Gheos Worldguide

Statistics Kazakhstan

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Kazakhstan in the World

Kazakhstan - Introduction 2016

Background: Ethnic Kazakhs a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who migrated to the region by the 13th century were rarely united as a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th century and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. During the 1950s and 1960s agricultural 'Virgin Lands' program Soviet citizens were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures. This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians but also some other deported nationalities) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-ethnic Kazakhs to outnumber natives. Non-Muslim ethnic minorities departed Kazakhstan in large numbers from the mid-1990s through the mid-2000s and a national program has repatriated about a million ethnic Kazakhs back to Kazakhstan. These trends have allowed Kazakhs to become the titular majority again. This dramatic demographic shift has also undermined the previous religious diversity and made the country more than 70 percent Muslim. Kazakhstan's economy is larger than those of all the other Central Asian states largely due to the country's vast natural resources. Current issues include: developing a cohesive national identity; managing Islamic revivalism; expanding the development of the country's vast energy resources and exporting them to world markets; diversifying the economy outside the oil gas and mining sectors; enhancing Kazakhstan's economic competitiveness; developing a multiparty parliament and advancing political and social reform; and strengthening relations with neighboring states and other foreign powers.

Geographic coordinates: 48 00 N 68 00 E

Map reference: Asia

Area
Total: 2,724,900 km²
Land: 2,699,700 km²
Water: 25,200 km²
Rank: 9
Comparative: slightly less than four times the size of Texas

Land boundaries
Total: 13,364 km
Border countries: (5) China 1765 km; Kyrgyzstan 1212 km; Russia 7,644 km; Turkmenistan 413 km; Uzbekistan 2,330 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea now split into two bodies of water (1070 km) and the Caspian Sea (1894 km)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: continental cold winters and hot summers arid and semiarid

Terrain: vast flat steppe extending from the Volga in the west to the Altai Mountains in the east and from the plains of western Siberia in the north to oases and deserts of Central Asia in the south

Elevation
Mean elevation: 387 m
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Vpadina Kaundy -132 m: highest point: Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) 6,995 m

Natural resources: major deposits of petroleum natural gas coal iron ore manganese chrome ore nickel cobalt copper molybdenum lead zinc bauxite gold uranium

Land use
Agricultural land: 77.4%

arable land: 8.9%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pasture: 68.5%

Forest: 1.2%
Other: 21.4%

Irrigated land: 20,660 km² (2012)

Major rivers

Major watersheds area km²

Total water withdrawal

Total renewable water resources

Natural hazards: earthquakes in the south; mudslides around Almaty

Geography
Note: world's largest landlocked country; Russia leases approximately 6,000 km² of territory enclosing the Baykonur Cosmodrome; in January 2004 Kazakhstan and Russia extended the lease to 2,050

Kazakhstan - People 2016

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Population
Distribution: most of the country displays a low population density particularly the interior; population clusters appear in urban agglomerations in the far northern and southern portions of the country: 18,360,353 (July 2016 est.)
Rank: 63
Growth rate: 1.09% (2016 est.)
Growth rate rank: 107
Below poverty line: 5.3% (2011 est.)

Nationality
Noun: Kazakhstani
Adjective: Kazakhstani

Ethnic groups: Kazakh (Qazaq) 63.1% Russian 23.7% Uzbek 2.9% Ukrainian 2.1% Uighur 1.4% Tatar 1.3% German 1.1% other 4.4% (2009 est.)

Languages: Kazakh (official Qazaq) 74% (understand spoken language) Russian (official used in everyday business designated the 'language of interethnic communication') 94.4% (understand spoken language) (2009 est.)

Religions: Muslim 70.2% Christian 26.2% (mainly Russian Orthodox) other 0.2% atheist 2.8% unspecified 0.5% (2009 est.)

Demographic profile

Age structure
0-14 years: 25.68%
15-24 years: 14.66%
25-54 years: 42.5%
55-64 years: 9.77%
65 years and over: 7.4% (2016 est.)

Dependency ratios
Total dependency ratio: 50.3%
Youth dependency ratio: 40.1%
Elderly dependency ratio: 10.1%
Potential support ratio: 9.9%

Median age
Total: 30.3 years
Male: 29 years
Female: 31.6 years
Rank: 113

Population growth rate: 1.09% (2016 est.)
Rank: 107

Birth rate: 18.7 births/1000 population (2016 est.)
Rank: 91

Death rate: 8.2 deaths/1000 population (2016 est.)
Rank: 89

Net migration rate: 0.4 migrant(s)/1000 population (2016 est.)
Rank: 68

Population distribution: most of the country displays a low population density particularly the interior; population clusters appear in urban agglomerations in the far northern and southern portions of the country

Urbanization
Urban population: 53.2% of total population
Rate of urbanization: 0.86% annual rate of change

Major urban areas
Population: Almaty 1.523 million; ASTANA (capital) 759,000 (2015)

Environment
Current issues: radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with former defense industries and test ranges scattered throughout the country pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers that flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation it is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices
International agreements party to: Air Pollution Biodiversity Climate Change Desertification Endangered Species Environmental Modification Hazardous Wastes Ozone Layer Protection Ship Pollution Wetlands
International agreements signed but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Air pollutants

Sex ratio
At birth: 0.94 male/female
0-14 years: 0.98 male/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male/female
25-54 years: 0.95 male/female
55-64 years: 0.78 male/female
65 years and over: 0.53 male/female
Total population: 0.92 male/female

Mothers mean age at first birth: 25 (2013 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

Infant mortality rate
Total: 20.3 deaths/1000 live births
Male: 22.9 deaths/1000 live births
Female: 17.8 deaths/1000 live births
Rank: 82

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 70.8 years
Male: 65.6 years
Female: 75.7 years
Rank: 152

Total fertility rate: 2.28 children born/woman (2016 est.)
Rank: 92

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 51% (2010/11)

Drinking water source:

urban: 99.4% of population
rural: 85.6% of population
total: 92.9% of population
urban: 0.6% of population
rural: 14.4% of population
total: 7.1% of population (2015 est.)

Current health expenditure

Physicians density: 3.62 physicians/1000 population (2013)

Hospital bed density: 7.2 beds/1000 population (2012)

Sanitation facility access:

urban: 97% of population
rural: 98.1% of population
total: 97.5% of population
urban: 3% of population
rural: 1.9% of population
total: 2.5% of population (2015 est.)

Hivaids
Adult prevalence rate: 0.21% (2015 est.)
Adult prevalence rate rank: 98
People living with hivaids: 23,100 (2015 est.)
People living with hivaids rank: 78
Deaths: 500 (2015 est.)
Deaths rank: 87

Major infectious diseases

Obesity adult prevalence rate: 23.5% (2014)
Rank: 74

Alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 3.7% (2011)
Rank: 100

Education expenditures: 3.1% of GDP (2009)
Rank: 138

Literacy
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.8%
Male: 99.8%
Female: 99.8%

School life expectancy primary to tertiary education
Total: 15 years
Male: 15 years
Female: 15 years

Youth unemployment

Kazakhstan - Government 2016

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Country name
Conventional long form: Republic of Kazakhstan
Conventional short form: Kazakhstan
Local long form: Qazaqstan Respublikasy
Local short form: Qazaqstan
Former: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Etymology: the name 'Kazakh' derives from the Turkic word 'kaz' meaning 'to wander' recalling the Kazakh's nomadic lifestyle; the Persian suffix '-stan' means 'place of' or 'country' so the word Kazakhstan literally means 'Land of the wanderers'

Government type: presidential republic

Capital
Name: Astana
Geographic coordinates: 51 10 N 71 25 E
Time difference: UTC+6
Note: Kazakhstan has two time zones

Administrative divisions: 14 provinces (oblystar singular - oblys) and 3 cities* (qalalar singular - qala); Almaty (Taldyqorghan) Almaty* Aqmola (Kokshetau) Aqtobe Astana* Atyrau Batys Qazaqstan [West Kazakhstan] (Oral) Bayqongyr [Baykonur]* Mangghystau (Aqtau) Ongtustik Qazaqstan [South Kazakhstan] (Shymkent) Pavlodar Qaraghandy Qostanay Qyzylorda Shyghys Qazaqstan [East Kazakhstan] (Oskemen) Soltustik Qazaqstan [North Kazakhstan] (Petropavl) Zhambyl (Taraz)
Note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers ; in 1995 the Governments of Kazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 km² enclosing the Baykonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr (Baykonur formerly Leninsk); in 2004 a new agreement extended the lease to 2,050

Dependent areas

Independence: 16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

National holiday: Independence Day 16 December (1991)

Constitution: previous 1937 1978 (preindependence); latest adopted 28 January 1993 approved by referendum 30 August 1995 effective 5 September 1995; amended several times last in 2011 (2016)

Legal system: civil law system influenced by Roman-Germanic law and by the theory and practice of the Russian Federation

International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship
Citizenship by birth: no
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Kazakhstan
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch
Chief of state: President Nursultan Abishuly NAZARBAYEV
Head of government: Prime Minister Bakytzhan SAGINTAYEV ; Deputy Prime Minister Dariga NAZARBAYEVA (since 11 September 2015)
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
Electionsappointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term ; election last held on 26 April 2015 (next to be held in 2020); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president approved by the Mazhilis; note - constitutional amendments in May 2007 shortened the presidential term from 7 to 5 years and established a 2-consecutive-term limit; NAZARBAYEV has official status as the 'First President of Kazakhstan' and is allowed unlimited terms
Election results: Nursultan Abishuly NAZARBAYEV reelected president; percent of vote - Nursultan Abishuly NAZARBAYEV 97.8% other 2.2%

Legislative branch
Description: bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate and the Mazhilis (107 seats; 98 members directly elected in a single national constituency by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms and 9 indirectly elected by the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan a 350-member presidentially appointed advisory body designed to represent the country's ethnic minorities)
Elections: Senate - last held on 1 October 2014 ; Mazhilis - last held on 20 March 2016 (next to be held by 2021)
Election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Nur Otan 16; Mazhilis - percent of vote by party - Nur Otan 82.2% Ak Zhol 7.2% Communist People's Party 7.1% other 3.5%; seats by party - Nur Otan 84 Ak Zhol 7 Communist People's Party 7

Judicial branch
Highest court: Supreme Court of the Republic ; Constitutional Council (consists of 7 members)
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges proposed by the president of the republic on recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council and confirmed by the Senate; judges normally serve until age 65 but can be extended to age 70; Constitutional Council - the president of the republic the Senate chairperson and the Majilis chairperson each appoints 1 member for a 3-year term and each appoints 1 member for a 6-year term; chairperson of the Constitutional Council appointed by the president of the republic for a 6-year term
Subordinate courts: regional and local courts

Political parties and leaders:

Ak Zhol (Bright Path) Party or Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol [Azat PERUASHEV]
Auyl National Patriotic Party [Ali BEKTAYEV] (Auyl is a September 2015 merger of the Patriots’ Party and the Auyl Social Democratic Party)
Birlik (Unity) [Seril SULTANGALI] (Birlik is an April 2013 merger of Adilet (Justice; formerly Democratic Party of Kazakhstan) and Rukhaniyat (Spirituality))
Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan [Vladislav KOSAREV]
National Social Democratic Party or NSDP [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAY]
Nur Otan (Radiant Fatherland) Democratic People's Party [Nursultan NAZARBAYEV] (the Agrarian Asar and Civic parties merged with Otan)

International organization participation: ADB CICA CIS CSTO EAEC EAEU EAPC EBRD ECO EITI (compliant country) FAO GCTU IAEA IBRD ICAO ICC (NGOs) ICRM IDA IDB IFAD IFC IFRCS ILO IMF IMO Interpol IOC IOM IPU ISO ITSO ITU MIGA MINURSO NAM (observer) NSG OAS (observer) OIC OPCW OSCE PFP SCO UN UNCTAD UNESCO UNIDO UNWTO UPU WCO WFTU (NGOs) WHO WIPO WMO WTO (observer) ZC

Diplomatic representation
In the us chief of mission: Ambassador Kayrat UMAROV
In the us chancery: 1401 16th Street NW Washington DC 20,036
In the us telephone: [1] 232-5,488
In the us FAX: [1] 232-5,845
In the us consulate general: New York
From the us chief of mission: Ambassador George KROL
From the us embassy: Rakhymzhan Koshkarbayev Ave. No 3 Astana 10,010
From the us mailing address: use embassy street address
From the us telephone: [7] 70-21-00
From the us FAX: [7] 54-09-14
From the us Consulate General: Almaty

Flag description

: a gold sun with 32 rays above a soaring golden steppe eagle both centered on a sky blue background; the hoist side displays a national ornamental pattern 'koshkar-muiz' (the horns of the ram) in gold; the blue color is of religious significance to the Turkic peoples of the country and so symbolizes cultural and ethnic unity; it also represents the endless sky as well as water; the sun a source of life and energy exemplifies wealth and plenitude; the sun's rays are shaped like grain which is the basis of abundance and prosperity; the eagle has appeared on the flags of Kazakh tribes for centuries and represents freedom power and the flight to the future; blue and yellow are the national colors

National symbols: golden eagle; national colors: blue yellow

National anthem
Name: 'Menin Qazaqstanim'
Lyrics and music: Zhumeken NAZHIMEDENOV and Nursultan NAZARBAYEV/Shamshi KALDAYAKOV
Note: adopted 2006; President Nursultan NAZARBAYEV played a role in revising the lyrics

National heritage

Kazakhstan - Economy 2016

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Economy overview:

Kazakhstan geographically the largest of the former Soviet republics excluding Russia possesses substantial fossil fuel reserves and other minerals and metals such as uranium copper and zinc. It also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain. The government realizes that its economy suffers from an overreliance on oil and extractive industries and has embarked on an ambitious diversification program aimed at developing targeted sectors like transport pharmaceuticals telecommunications petrochemicals and food processing.
Kazakhstan's vast hydrocarbon and mineral reserves form the backbone of its economy. Kazakhstan is landlocked and depends on Russia to export its oil to Europe. In 2010 Kazakhstan joined Russia and Belarus to establish a Customs Union in an effort to boost foreign investment and improve trade. The Customs Union evolved into a Single Economic Space in 2012 and the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) in January 2015.
The economic downturn of its EEU partner Russia and the decline in global commodity prices have contributed to an economic slowdown in Kazakhstan which is experiencing its slowest economic growth since the financial crises of 2008-09. Kazakhstan devalued its currency the tenge by 19% in February 2014 and in November 2014 the government announced a stimulus package to cope with its economic challenges. In spring 2015 Kazakhstan embarked on an ambitious reform agenda to modernize its economy and improve its institutions. In the face of further decline in the ruble oil prices and the regional economic slowdown Kazakhstan announced in August 2015 that it would cancel its currency band in favor of a floating exchange rate that sparked further devaluation of the tenge. In 2015 Kazakhstan's president signed into law a new Entrepreneurial Code and a new Labor Code both aimed at improving the business environment. Despite some positive institutional and legislative changes investors remain concerned about corruption bureaucracy and arbitrary law enforcement especially at the regional and municipal levels.

Real gdp purchasing power parity:

$429.1 billion (2015 est.)
$424.2 billion (2014 est.)
$406.7 billion (2013 est.)

Note: data are in 2015 US dollars
Rank: 43

Real gdp growth rate:

1.2% (2015 est.)
4.3% (2014 est.)
6% (2013 est.)

Rank: 160

Real gdp per capita:

$24,300 (2015 est.)
$24,300 (2014 est.)
$23,700 (2013 est.)

Note: data are in 2015 US dollars
Rank: 74

Gross national saving:

26% of GDP (2015 est.)
29.1% of GDP (2014 est.)
26% of GDP (2013 est.)

Rank: 42

Gdp composition by end use
Household consumption: 54.3%
Government consumption: 12.3%
Investment in fixed capital: 24%
Investment in inventories: 5.3%
Exports of goods and services: 30.1%
Imports of goods and services: -26.2%

Gdp composition by sector of origin
Agriculture: 5%
Industry: 32.5%
Services: 62.5%

Agriculture products: grain (mostly spring wheat and barley) potatoes vegetables melons; livestock

Industries: oil coal iron ore manganese chromite lead zinc copper titanium bauxite gold silver phosphates sulfur uranium iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery electric motors construction materials

Industrial production growth rate: 0.1% (2015 est.)
Rank: 163

Labor force: 8.989 million (2015 est.)
Rank: 55
By occupation agriculture: 25.8%
By occupation industry: 11.9%
By occupation services: 62.3%

Unemployment rate:

5% (2015 est.)
5% (2014 est.)

Rank: 50

Youth unemployment

Population below poverty line: 5.3% (2011 est.)

Gini index

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10: 3.9%
Highest 10: 23.7%

Distribution of family income gini index:

28.9 (2011)
31.5 (2003)

Rank: 127

Budget
Revenues: $34.43 billion
Expenditures: $37.1 billion
Surplus or deficit: -1.5% of GDP (2015 est.)
Surplus or deficit rank: 74

Taxes and other revenues: 19.9% of GDP (2015 est.)
Rank: 161

Public debt:

24.1% of GDP (2015 est.)
14.8% of GDP (2014 est.)

Rank: 153

Revenue

Fiscal year: calendar year

Inflation rate consumer prices:

6.7% (2015 est.)
6.6% (2014 est.)

Rank: 191

Central bank discount rate:

16% (31 December 2015)
5.5% (31 December 2014)

Rank: 9

Commercial bank prime lending rate:

9.56% (31 December 2015 est.)
7.24% (31 December 2014 est.)

Rank: 84

Stock of narrow money:

$8.933 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$16.35 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Rank: 84

Stock of broad money:

$52.89 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
$56.49 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Rank: 67

Stock of domestic credit:

$50.83 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$78.46 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Rank: 63

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$23.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$43.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
$60.74 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Rank: 61

Current account balance:

-$4.5 billion (2015 est.)
$5.994 billion (2014 est.)

Rank: 167

Exports:

$46.29 billion (2015 est.)
$80.24 billion (2014 est.)

Rank: 51
Commodities: oil and oil products natural gas ferrous metals chemicals machinery grain wool meat coal
Partners: China 15.1% Russia 12.3% France 9.2% Germany 7.9% Italy 6.7% Greece 4.1% (2015)

Imports:

$33.65 billion (2015 est.)
$43.55 billion (2014 est.)

Rank: 61
Commodities: machinery and equipment metal products foodstuffs
Partners: Russia 32.9% China 25.9% Germany 4.2% (2015)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$28.07 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$29.21 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Rank: 50

Debt external:

$153.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$157.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Rank: 39

Stock of direct foreign investment at home:

$139.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$132.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Rank: 37

Stock of direct foreign investment abroad:

$33.77 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$30.56 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Rank: 49

Exchange rates:

tenge (KZT) per US dollar -
221.73 (2015 est.)
179.19 (2014 est.)
179.19 (2013 est.)
149.11 (2012 est.)
146.62 (2011 est.)

Kazakhstan - Energy 2016

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Coal

Petroleum
Petroleum total petroleum production: 1.653 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
Petroleum total petroleum production rank: 15
Crude oil exports: 1.466 million bbl/day (2013 est.)
Crude oil exports rank: 9
Crude oil imports: 142,400 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Crude oil imports rank: 41
Crude oil proven reserves: 30 billion bbl (1 January 2016 es)
Crude oil proven reserves rank: 12

Crude oil

Refined petroleum
Products production: 300,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Products production rank: 44
Products consumption: 267,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)
Products consumption rank: 49
Products exports: 140,900 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Products exports rank: 40
Products imports: 53,780 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Products imports rank: 80

Natural gas
Production: 20.81 billion m³ (2014 est.)
Production rank: 32
Consumption: 15.97 billion m³ (2014 est.)
Consumption rank: 42
Exports: 11.54 billion m³ (2014 est.)
Exports rank: 19
Imports: 6.695 billion m³ (2014 est.)
Imports rank: 32
Proven reserves: 2.407 trillion m³ (1 January 2016 es)
Proven reserves rank: 15

Carbon dioxide emissions
From consumption of energy: 199 million Mt (2013 est.)
From consumption of energy rank: 27

Energy consumption per capita

Kazakhstan - Communication 2016

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Telephones
Fixed lines total subscriptions: 4,143,100
Fixed lines subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 23
Fixed lines rank: 39
Mobile cellular total: 31.39 million
Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 173
Mobile cellular rank: 45

Telephone system
General assessment: inherited an outdated telecommunications network from the Soviet era requiring modernization
Domestic: intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; number of fixed-line connections is inadequate; mobile-cellular usage has increased rapidly and the subscriber base now exceeds 170 per 100 persons
International: country code - 7; international traffic with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay and with other countries by satellite and by the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (2015)

Broadcast media: state owns nearly all radio and TV transmission facilities and operates national TV and radio networks; nearly all nationwide TV networks are wholly or partly owned by the government; some former state-owned media outlets have been privatized; households with satellite dishes have access to foreign media; a small number of commercial radio stations operate along with state-run radio stations; recent legislation requires all media outlets to register with the government and all TV providers to broadcast in digital format by 2018 (2015)

Internet
Country code: .kz
Users total: 13.23 million
Users percent of population: 72.9%
Users rank: 45

Broadband fixed subscriptions

Kazakhstan - Military 2016

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Military expenditures:

1.21% of GDP (2012)
0.97% of GDP (2011)
1.21% of GDP (2010)

Rank: 81

Military and security forces

Military service age and obligation: 18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 2 years but Kazakhstan may be transitioning to a contract force; 19 is the legal minimum age for voluntary service; military cadets in intermediate (ages 15-17) and higher (ages 17-21) education institutes are classified as military service personnel (2012)

Space program

Terrorist groups

Kazakhstan - Transportation 2016

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National air transport system
Number of registered air carriers: 10
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 71
Annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 5,081,631
Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 37,669,008 mt-km

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: UP (2016)

Airports: 96 (2013)
Rank: 59
With paved runways total: 63
With paved runways over 3047 m: 10
With paved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 25
With paved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 15
With paved runways 914 to 1523 m: 5
With paved runways under 914 m: 8
With unpaved runways total: 33
With unpaved runways over 3047 m: 5
With unpaved runways 2438 to 3047 m: 7
With unpaved runways 15-24 to 2437 m: 3
With unpaved runways 914 to 1523 m: 5
With unpaved runways under 914 m: 13

Heliports: 3 (2013)

Pipelines: condensate 658 km; gas 12,432 km; oil 11,313 km; refined products 1095 km; water 1465 km (2013)

Railways
Total: 14,184 km
Broad gauge: 14,184 km 1.520-m gauge (2014)
Rank: 19

Roadways
Total: 97,418 km
Paved: 87,140 km
Unpaved: 10,278 km
Rank: 46

Waterways: 4,000 km (on the Ertis (Irtysh) River (80%) and Syr Darya (Syrdariya) River) (2010)
Rank: 25

Merchant marine
Total: 11
By type: cargo 1 petroleum tanker 8 refrigerated cargo 1 specialized tanker 1
Foreign owned: 3 (2010)
Rank: 109

Ports and terminals
Major seaport: Caspian Sea - Aqtau Atyrau (Gur'yev)
River port: Oskemen Pavlodar Semey (Semipalatinsk) (Irtysh River)

Kazakhstan - Transnational issues 2016

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Disputes international: Kyrgyzstan has yet to ratify the 2001 boundary delimitation with Kazakhstan; field demarcation of the boundaries commenced with Uzbekistan in 2004 and with Turkmenistan in 2005; ongoing demarcation with Russia began in 2007; demarcation with China was completed in 2002; creation of a seabed boundary with Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea remains under discussion; Azerbaijan Kazakhstan and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea

Refugees and internally displaced persons
Stateless persons: 7,909

Illicit drugs: significant illicit cultivation of cannabis for CIS markets as well as limited cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra (for the drug ephedrine); limited government eradication of illicit crops; transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and the rest of Europe; significant consumer of opiates

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